Showing papers in "American Sociological Review in 1969"

The Educational and Early Occupational Attainment Process

Abstract: Blau and Duncan (1967:165–172) have recently presented a path model of the occupational attainment process of the American adult male population. This basic model begins with two variables describing the early stratification position of each person; these are his father’s educational and occupational attainment statuses. It then moves to two behavioral variables; these are the educational level the individual has completed and the prestige level of his first job. The dependent variable is the person’s occupational prestige position in 1962. That the model is not without power is attested by the fact that it accounts for about 26 percent of the variance in educational attainment, 33 percent of the variance in first job, and 42 percent of the variance in 1962 level of occupational attainment. Various additions to the basic model are presented in the volume, but none is clearly shown to make much of an improvement in it. These include nativity, migration, farm origin, subgroup position, marriage, and assortative mating. Without detracting from the excellence of the Blau and Duncan analysis, we may make several observations. Because the dependent behaviors are occupational prestige attainments—attainment levels in a stratification system—it is appropriate to single out variables indicating father’s stratification position as the most relevant social structural inputs. It is unfortunate that practical considerations prevented the inclusion of psychological inputs in their model, especially considering the repeated references to one such—mental ability—in the literature on differential occupational attainment (Lipset and Bendix, 1959:203–226; Sewell and Armer, 1966). More recently, this gap has been partially filled (Duncan, 1968). Also omitted are social psychological factors which mediate the influence of the input variables on attainment. This, too, is unfortunate in view not only of the speculative theory but also the concrete research in social psychology, which suggests the importance of such intervening variables as reference groups (Merton, 1957:281–386), significant others (Gerth and Mills, 1953:84–91), self-concept (Super, 1957:80–100), behavior expectations (Gross et al., 1958), levels of educational and occupational aspiration (Haller and Miller, 1963; Kuvlesky and Ohlendorf, 1967; Ohlendorf et al., 1967), and experiences of success or failure in school (Parsons, 1959; Brookover et al., 1965).

The Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitudes and Behaviour.

Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 2. The worker and his job 3. The worker and his work group 4. The worker and his firm 5. The worker and his union 6. the worker and his economic future 7. Orientation to work and its social correlates 8. Conclusion Appendices Index.

Time for Dying.

Abstract: This work has been written for those who must work with and give care to the dying. The book's discussion is not a simple narrative or description; it is a "rendition of reality," informed by a rather densely woven and fairly abstract theoretical scheme. This scheme evolved gradually during the course of the author's research. The second audience for this volume is social scientists who are less interested in dying than they are in useful substantive theory. The training of physicians and nurses equips them for the technical aspects of dealing with illness. Medical students learn not to kill patients through error, and to save lives through diagnosis and treatment. But their teachers put little or no emphasis on how to talk with dying patients; how-or whether to disclose an impending death; or even how to approach the subject with families of the dying. Students of nursing are taught how to give nursing care to terminal patients, as well as how to give "post-mortem care." But the psychological aspects of dealing with the dying and their families are virtually absent from training. The process of dying in hospitals is much affected by professional training and codes, and by the particular conditions of work generated by hospitals as places of work. Dying is a social as well as a biological and psychological process. It is not simply leaving life. Unless the individual dies without kin or friends, and in such a way that their death is completely undiscovered their death is recorded. Their dying is inextricably bound up with the life of society.

Social Structure in a Group of Scientists: A Test of the "Invisible College" Hypothesis

Abstract: The existence of social organization within a research area may be inferred (a) if scientists who have published in the area have more social ties with one another than with scientists who have not published, and (b) if scientists who have published in the area can be differentiated by degree of social participation within the area. Using a mail questionnaire, sociometric data on different types of scientific relationships were obtained from scientists, all of whom had published in a particular problem area. Respondents chose scientists who had not published in the area as often as they chose scientists within the area. Analysis of direct and indirect ties, using Coleman's method for analysis of sociometric connectedness, revealed that a tie with one or more of the highly productive scientists brought other scientists of less productivity into a large network of influence and communication. Similarities between this type of social organization and that of the “social circle” are discussed.

Appearance and education in marriage mobility

Abstract: The relative influence of attractiveness and educational attainment in marriage mobility was investigated in a longitudinal sample of women from middle- and working-class families. The women were born in the early 1920s, were intensively studied during the 1930s, and most of them participated in at least one adult follow-up. During adolescence, middle-class girls were significantly higher on physical attractiveness, groomed appearance, and IQ than girls from the working class. The two groups did not differ on status aspiration or academic aptitude. In the total sample, girls who became upwardly mobile through marriage were characterized by physical attractiveness, a desire to impress and control others, high aspirations for the future, and an avoidance of steady dating. Intelligence and academic aptitude were not directly predictive of marriage mobility, although both factors influenced the adult status of the women through their educational attainment. Among women from the working class, physical attractiveness was more predictive of marriage to a high-status man than educational attainment, while the relative effects of these factors were reversed among women of middle-class origin. Social ascent from the working class was also related to sexual restraint and a well-groomed appearance. M ARRIAGE between persons of similar

Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientists.

Abstract: Buku ini memberikan penjelasan mengenai konsep umum tentang penelitian, bagian, keseluruhan dan tingkatan dari integrasi, sistem, organisasi dan logika hubungan dan sejenisnya.

Primary Group Structures and Their Functions: Kin, Neighbors, and Friends

Abstract: Simon, Herbert A. 1957 Administrative Behavior, 2nd edition. New York: Macmillan. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1968 Constructing Social Reality. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Thompson, James D. 1967 Organizations in Action: Social Science Basis of Administrative Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. Truman, David B. 1953 The Governmental Process. New York: Knopf. Weber, Max. 1947 The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Oxford University Press.

Socialization and society

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Sexual status and psychiatric symptoms.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with testing the hypothesis that women will report more psychiatric symptoms than will men with an equal number of physical illnesses. Our hypothesis arises from an assessment of the societal definitions of what is "appropriate" or "inappropriate" behavior for someone occupying the status of male or female. In our view, men are expected to be less expressive than women in their emotional behavior. Analysis of data collected from a sample of 278 adults in 1965 and 1966 provides strong support for the hypothesis. On two indices consisting of what are judged to be psychological and psychophysiological symptoms, a greater percentage of women than men have "high" scores. Two other indices, containing physiological and ambiguous items, show a tendency for men to have slightly higher scores. Since the first two indices contain 15 items and the other two only 7, not unexpectedly women are higher than men on the over-all mental health inventory. This pattern is revealed in the analysis of data for both 1965 and 1966, and is also shown in analysis of "turnover" during the one-year period. A further finding is that women are more likely to seek medical care than are men with the same number of physical illnesses and similar psychiatric symptoms.

Voluntary Association Membership: A Longitudinal Analysis

Abstract: Litt, Edgar. 1963 "Civic education, community norms and political indoctrination." American Sociological Review 28 (February), p. 74. McClosky, Herbert; P. J. Hoffman; R. O'Hara. 1960 "Issue conflict and consensus among party leaders and and followers." American Political Science Review 54 (June), 416. Milbrath, Lester W. 1965 Political Participation. Chicago: Rand McNally. Miller, S. M. and Martin Rein. 1966 "Poverty, inequality and policy." In Howard S. Becker (ed.), Social Problems. New York: Wiley. Mills, C. Wright. 1956 The Power Elite. Pp. 269-297. New York: Oxford University Press. Prothro, James W. and Charles M. Grigg. 1960 "Fundamental principles of democracy: Bases of agreement and disagreement." Journal of Politics 22 (May), 276-294. Riesman, David. 1953 The Lonely Crowd. Pp. 242-258. Garden City: Doubleday. Schatzman, Leonard and Anselm Strauss. 1955 "Social class and modes of communication." American Journal of Sociology 60 (January), 329-338. Scheler, Max. 1961 Ressentiment. Lewis Coser (trans.). Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. U.S. Census of Population. 1960 General Summary, Social and Economic Characteristics. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. Weber, Max. 1956 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der Verstehenden Soziologie I. P. 179. Johannes Winckelman (ed.), TUbingen: J.C.B. Mohr.