Showing papers in "American Sociological Review in 1988"
TL;DR: In this article, a multilevel empirical test of a systemic theory of community attachment in mass society is presented, where the structural determinants of between-community variations in local friendship ties, collective attachment, and rates of local social participation are examined.
Abstract: This study presents a multilevel empirical test of a systemic theory of community attachment in mass society. The data bases are derived from a recent national sample of 10,905 residents of 238 localities in Great Britain that vary across an urban-rural continuum. The first stage of analysis examines the structural determinants of between-community variations in local friendship ties, collective attachment, and rates of local social participation. Community residential stability has positive effects on all three dimensions of community social integration, independent of urbanization, density, and numerous other controls. The second stage of analysis examines the extent to which community characteristics affect individual-level local social bonds. Residential stability has both individual-level and contextual effects on locality-based friendships and on participation in social and leisure activities. The results support the systemic model and demonstrate the importance of linking the microand macro-level dimensions of local community bonds.
820 citations
652 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyzes organizational case histories from the pro-choice (abortion rights) movement to explore the consequences of professional leadership and formal structure in social movements, concluding that professional leaders and formalized social movement organizations stimulate the use of institutionalized tactics.
Abstract: Resource mobilization theorists have argued that professionalized social movements emerge as more sources offending become available for activists who make careers out of being movement leaders. This paper analyzes organizational case histories from the pro-choice (abortion rights) movement to explore the consequences of professional leadership and formal structure in social movements. Five general propositions are drawn from the case of the pro-choice movement: (1) professional movement activists do not initiate movements and create new tactics; the roles of movement "professional" and movement "entrepreneur" are distinct; (2) professional movement leaders tend to formalize the organizations they lead; (3) formalized social movement organizations (SMOs) help maintain social movements when environmental conditions make mobilization difficult; (4) professional leaders and formalized SMOs stimulate the use of institutionalized tactics; and (5) professionalization and formalization facilitate coalition work.
537 citations
TL;DR: The effect of group size on collective action depends on the costs of collective goods and the number of contributors who share in the collective goods as mentioned in this paper, and if the costs vary little with group size, larger groups exhibit more collective action than smaller ones.
Abstract: Many sociologists incorrectly believe that larger groups are less likely to support collective action than smaller ones. The effect of group size. infact, depends on costs. If the costs of collective goods rise with the number who share in them, larger groups act less frequently than smaller ones. If the costs vary little with group size, larger groups should exhibit more collective action than smaller ones because larger groups have more resources and are more likely to have a critical mass of highly interested and resourceful actors. The positive effects of group size increase with group heterogeneity and nonrandom social ties. Paradoxically, when groups are hetero geneous, fewer contributors may be needed to provide a good to larger groups, making collective action less complex and less expensive.
491 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that a relatively stable general involvement in deviance accounted for virtually all association between different types of deviance, but the stability of each behavior could only be explained by equally important and stable specific influences.
Abstract: Because a wide variety of deviant behaviors are positively correlated with one another, some researchers conclude that all are manifestations of a single general tendency. The present analysis incorporated three waves of self-reports about heavy alcohol use, marijuana use, use of other illicit drugs, dangerous driving, and other criminal behavior for a nationally representative sample of high school seniors. A relatively stable general involvement in deviance accounted for virtually all association between different types of deviance, but the stability of each behavior could only be explained by equally important and stable specific influences. Thus, theories that treat different deviant behaviors as alternative manifestations of a single general tendency can account for some, but far from all, of the meaningful variance in these behaviors. The only significant influence of one type of deviance on another was that of marijuana use on later use of other illicit drugs. The causal model also revealed interpretable shifts in the associations among these behaviors over the four years following high school.
486 citations
TL;DR: The authors argued that religious participation is and ought to be higher in cities and that competition among religious bodies increases levels of religious mobilization, based on the 1906 U.S. Census of Religious Bodies, and the units of analysis are the 150 largest cities.
Abstract: For generations, sociologists have believed that cities are less hospitable to religion than are rural areas and that where many faiths compete for followers, the credibility of each is reduced. In this essay we attempt to explain why these received truths are, in fact, nostalgic myths. We try to demonstrate that religious participation is and ought to be higher in cities and that competition among religious bodies increases levels of religious mobilization. Our analysis is based on the 1906 U.S. Census of Religious Bodies, and the units of analysis are the 150 largest cities-all of those having an estimated population of 25,000 or more.
475 citations
Abstract: Most cross-national tests of inverse association between democracy and inequality have operationalized the concept of democracy by measuring its level at a single point in time. More compelling theoretical arguments can be made for causal relationships that operate over time between (1) a country's years of democratic experience and income inequality; and (2) income inequality and the stability of democracy. Continuous and qualitative measures of years of democratic experience are estimated to have a significant negative impact on income inequality independent of economic development and other control variables for a sample of 55 countries. A very strong inverse correlation is also observed between income inequality and regime stability for a sample of 33 democracies. This association holds independent of economic development, which is found to have no direct effect on democratic stability after controlling for income inequality.
470 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a network-exchange theory is proposed to solve the problem of how a social structure affects the experiences and behaviors of its members, which is consistent with all previously reported experimental research and generalized to conditions not considered by other formulations.
Abstract: Many theories address the problem of how a social structure affects the experiences and behaviors of its members. This paper offers a network-exchange theory to solve this problem. Previous research has shown that the nature and outcomes of negotiations among individual or corporate actors can be inferred from their network positions. The impact of this research has been limited because its theory does not enable the researcher to locate power positions in the networks. We offer a theory that is both consistent with all previously reported experimental research and is generalized to conditions not considered by other formulations. In addition to supporting derived hypotheses pertaining to network-based power, our experiments demonstrate, among other things, that certain unstable networks break down to form stable substructures and that some networks contain overlapping but autonomous domains of power and exchange. Although no single exchange theory dominates the social sciences, a fairly coherent social-exchange perspective exists. In this perspective, social structures and processes impinge on and emerge from resource and sanction transfers between individuals and/or collectivities.' Recently, some theories have moved beyond two-party exchange contexts to focus on networks of exchange relations. As structural theories, network-exchange theories attempt to explain how macro-properties bear upon micro-units within structures. Concretely, they try to show how network structures affect the power of actors to extract valued resources in their exchanges with others.
428 citations
TL;DR: This paper used a model with fixed effects to predict the earnings of young men and women from a pooled cross-section time-series of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSS) for both blacks and whites.
Abstract: Does segregation arise because "female" occupations have financial advantages for women planning to spend some time as homemakers as human-capital theorists claim? Do "male" occupations have more onerous working conditions that explain their higher earnings as the neoclassical notion of "compensating differentials" suggests? Or do female occupations have low wages that are depressed by the sort of discrimination at issue in "comparable worth" as sociologists have argued? To answer these questions the authors use a model with fixed effects to predict the earnings of young men and women from a pooled cross-section time-series of the National Longitudinal Survey. Analyses are undertaken for both blacks and whites. A fixed-effects model is useful for answering these questions because it corrects for the selection bias that results from the tendency of persons who differ on stable characteristics that are unmeasured but affect earnings to select themselves into different occupations. The authors find little evidence that female occupations provide either low penalties for intermittent employment at high starting wages the advantages human capital theorists have argued them to have. Rather there is evidence of pay discrimination against men and women in predominantly female occupations. Implications for economic and sociological theories of labor markets are discussed. (authors)
427 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed biosocial models of adolescent sexuality that combine traditional sociological models with models derived from a biological theory of hormone effects, and showed that the combined models show not only additive contributions of sociological and biological variables, but interactions between sociological variables and hormonal variables.
Abstract: This paper develops biosocial models of adolescent sexuality that combine traditional sociological models with models derived from a biological theory of hormone effects. Data are presented from a representative sample of 102 males and 99 females, drawn from grades 8, 9, and 10 in public schools in a southern U.S. city, and ranging in age from 13 to 16 years old. Although the sociological models alone look quite satisfactory, the combined models are stronger and give a different picture of the determinants of adolescent sexuality. The combined models show not only additive contributions of sociological and biological variables, but interactions between sociological and hormonal variables. Some sociological relationships are shown to be spurious. In other cases, sociological predictors are shown to be endogenous to biological predictors.
296 citations
TL;DR: The effects of members' interests in incentives offered by collective-action organizations are examined with data from a national sample of American associations as mentioned in this paper, showing that participants with higher interests in normative and social inducements offered by their organizations are more likely to contribute time, money, and psychological commitment and to engage in internal participatory actions.
Abstract: The effects of members' interests in incentives offered by collective-action organizations are examined with data from a national sample of American associations. Members expressed interests in six distinct dimensions underlying organizational-incentive systems, and these different aspects are specifically related to different types of member involvement, controlling for other personal and organizational attributes. Members with higher interests in normative and social inducements offered by their organizations are more likely to contribute time, money, and psychological commitment and to engage in internal participatory actions. Lobbying incentives are strongly related to external participation. Overtly utilitarian incentives such as material benefits, occupational rewards, and informational incentives are either unrelated to involvement or actually attract members unwilling to participate. The implications of these results for Olson's "by-product" or selective-incentive explanation of collective action are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretically integrated model is presented that guides the calculation of disaggregated rates and the derivation of hypothesized relationships, showing that indicators of resource deprivation and social disintegration tend to have significant effects across subtypes of homicides, although the magnitude of the effects varies.
Abstract: The growing research on comparative studies of homicide in the United States reveals significant methodological advances but inconsistent findings. A major goal is to identify sources of inconsistency and accumulate more valid and reliable results. This analysis empirically examines a major problem with most previous comparative studies-the failure to disaggregate the overall homicide rate into more refined and conceptually meaningful categories of homicide. A theoretically integrated model is presented that guides the calculation of disaggregated rates and the derivation of hypothesized relationships. Using data from the Comparative Homicide File (CHF), the analysis shows that indicators of resource deprivation and social disintegration tend to have significant effects across subtypes of homicide, although the magnitude of the effects varies, while indicators of violent cultural orientation are confined to homicides resulting from interpersonal conflicts. The implications of the results for comparative research on homicide are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the manuscript-evaluation process can account for the observed variation in rejection rates and also casts light on additional characteristics of manuscript evaluation processes in different disciplines as well.
Abstract: Rejection rates for scholarly journals show substantial variation between disciplines. Explanations of this variation have focused on two possible sources: variation in consensus and in space shortages. Longitudinal data on journal rejection rates show that they have been very stable over time and are largely unaffected by changes in submissions, impugning the argument that space shortages explain disciplinary variation in rejection rates. In contrast, a model of the manuscript-evaluation process can account for the observed variation in rejection rates and also casts light on additional characteristics of manuscript evaluation processes in different disciplines as well. Possible links between consensus and each of the elements of the model are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the relationship between premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital stability and analyzes data from the 1981 Women in Sweden survey using a hazards model approach.
Abstract: In recent years the incidence of premarital cohabitation has increased dramatically in many countries of Western Europe and in the US. As cohabitation becomes more common an experience it is increasingly important to understand the links between cohabitation and other steps in the process of family formation and dissolution. This paper focuses on the relationship between premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital stability and analyzes data from the 1981 Women in Sweden survey using a hazards model approach. Results indicate that women who premaritally cohabit have almost 80% higher marital dissolution rates than those who do not cohabit. Women who live with their future husbands for over 3 years prior to marriage have over 50% higher dissolution rates than women who cohabit for shorter durations. Last cohabitors and non-cohabitors whose marriages have remained intact for 8 years appear to have dissolution rates after that time that are identical. In sum evidence strongly suggests that the higher marital dissolution rates of cohabitors reflect their weaker commitment to the institution of marriage. (authors)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the exchange of local actions yields a self-perpetuating prelude, or stable balance, between actors who each seek coveted roles that would put the other in less desirable complementary roles.
Abstract: In most settings, roles are givens and role behavior is a salient ideal for retaining status. Yet in settings that admit only like actors, coveted roles often can only be acquired through interaction. During the interaction prelude to role setting, claiming a coveted role through unilateral role behavior is strategically vulnerable. A distinct action ideal, called local action, is needed to avoid role claims until there is evidence a claimed role will be conferred. Ironically, local action suppresses role differentiation when used by both sides in interaction. The exchange of local actions yields a self-perpetuating prelude, or stable balance, between actors who each seek coveted roles that would put the other in less desirable complementary roles. Local action thereby provides an explanation for balanced reciprocity and casts new light on balance as a purely local phenomenon. No longer must generalized role behavior (i.e., the norm of reciprocity) be invoked where roles are not given. The coexistence of two salient ideals (local action and role behavior) should alert us to discontinuities in behavior as settings and ideals change, as well as to the pockets of ambiguity that are a part of larger role structures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the causal order of grievances and social movement participation in nuclear energy protests and found that grievances had a causal effect on SMP, but not a direct cross-lagged effect on protest.
Abstract: This paper addresses three questions regarding the dynamics of grievances: (1) What is the causal order of grievances and social movement participation (SMP)? (2) To what extent does the intensity of grievances before a critical incident, such as the reactor accident at Chernobyl, affect the extent of SMP after the incident? (3) Is the intensity of grievances related to the kind of SMP adopted? To answer these questions, 121 opponents of nuclear energy were interviewed in 1982 and 1987. The data indicate that grievances have a causal effect on SMP, but not a direct cross-lagged effect on protest. There was also a shock effect: the grievances of respondents with low dissatisfaction before Chernobyl increased more than those of respondents with high dissatisfaction. An aggression effect, i.e., high discontent leading primarily to violent or illegal SMP, was not ascertained. Protesters generally chose those actions they considered most efficacious for reaching the goals of the movement.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between societal economic distress and crime and found that government engages in dualistic social control policies to discourage antisocial behavior via placative forms of control and, on the other, it exercises its deterrent capacities.
Abstract: Informed by the insights of political economy, this study investigates the often-presumed though empirically elusive relationship between societal economic distress and crime. In a social-indicators model, we argue for including both unemployment and inflation rates as measures of the overall health of the economy. We contend that in the face of these destabilizing economic conditions, government engages in dualistic social control policies. On one hand, it attempts to discourage antisocial behavior via placative forms of control and, on the other, it exercises its deterrent capacities. Using annual time-series data for the period 1948-1985, we employ dynamic modeling techniques to examine these influences on annual fluctuations in rates of homicide, robbery, and burglary. The results yield mixed support for the hypothesized relationships, with the posited model gaining potency as we move from explaining more violent to less violent offenses. Finally, these findings hold when we control for changes in two other theoretically important influences: criminal opportunity and the age structure of the population. (abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1988. Copyright © 1988 by the American Sociological Association) Socioeconomic Factors Crime Rates 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Violence Rates Homicide Rates Robbery Rates Burglary Rates Crime Causes Violence Causes Economic Inequality 07-02
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined factors influencing defensive weapon ownership and found that self-help (defensive weapon ownership) is a structured form of social action, and that purchases of defensive weapons are associated with household demographics, past victimization, and perceived risk of crime.
Abstract: Using Donald Black's theory of self-help, and drawing on the collective security model and the "fear and loathing" hypothesis, this paper examines factors influencing defensive weapon ownership. Interview data from 9,021 randomly selected households in 59 residential neighborhoods are used to assess the association between household and neighborhood characteristics and decisions to purchase weapons for self-protection. Findings indicate that defensive weapon ownership varies inversely with other forms of social control, such as the perceived effectiveness of police. Additionally, purchases of defensive weapons are associated with household demographics, past victimization, and perceived risk of crime. Collectively, these results indicate that self-help (defensive weapon ownership) is a structured form of social action.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that gender differences in grade promotion were largely explained by differences in ladder-specific opportunities, even when personal attributes and organizational location were controlled, and the greatest female disadvantage occurred near the boundary between the lower and upper-tier grades.
Abstract: White-collar internal labor markets are typically segmented in various ways. Job ladders, job ladder groupings, and tiers create a complicated set of boundaries that make advancement contingent on such factors as the chances for advancement in a job ladder, the chances to move to other job ladders that offer greater opportunity, and the distribution of preferred statuses that influence promotion outcomes. This paper shows how these contingencies created gender differences in promotion rates in the federal civil service during the middle 1970s. Gender promotions varied by level. The greatest female disadvantage occurred near the boundary between the lowerand upper-tier grades. No gender difference was found in the higher grades, and no zero-order difference existed in the lower grades. Gender differences in grade promotion were largely explained by differences in ladder-specific opportunities. But significant gender differences in promotion from the lowerto the upper-tier remained, even when personal attributes and organizational location were controlled.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that when small companies expand through vertical and horizontal integration, they usually create other small firms that they control, and that greater reliance by small firms on bureaucratic relations is frequently compensated by their increased dependence on market relations through intensified subcontracting.
Abstract: The success of small manufacturing firms is premised on their ability to develop alternative organizational strategies. This research, centered in Modena, a province of 600,000 located in the region of Emilia Romagna in north central Italy, demonstrates that when small companies expand through vertical and horizontal integration, they usually create other small firms that they control. This strategy preserves the advantages that Italian small firms enjoy in terms of state support, labor-market flexibility, and organizational efficiencies. Though this organizational form replaces market relations with bureaucratic relations, it bears little resemblance to the markets-versus-hierarchies theory of Oliver Williamson. Small firms integrate vertically and horizontally to insulate themselves from competition, not from the opportunistic practices of buyers and sellers. Indeed, greater reliance by smallfirms on bureaucratic relations is frequently compensated by their increased dependence on market relations through intensified subcontracting.
TL;DR: In this article, a multilayered analysis of two phases of a lengthy verbal routine discussion among Italian nursery school children is presented, demonstrating how the children, in the course of producing the routine, attempt to deal with aspects of the world they do not fully grasp and, thereby, move closer toward appropriating certain elements of the adult culture.
Abstract: This paper addresses the lack of theoretical work on young children in sociology by presenting an interpretive approach to childhood socialization. This approach extends traditional views of human development by demonstrating that socialization is a collective process that occurs in a social, rather than in a private, realm. To illustrate the interpretive approach, we present a multilayered analysis of two phases of a lengthy verbal routine discussionn) among Italian nursery school children. The analysis demonstrates how (1) the routine of discussion is produced sociolinguistically; (2) the production of the routine builds on and extends shared knowledge basic to peer culture; and (3) the children, in the course of producing the routine, attempt to deal with aspects of the world they do not fully grasp and, thereby, move closer toward appropriating certain elements of the adult culture.
TL;DR: The second follow-up study of 1960s civil rights activists and two control groups was conducted by as mentioned in this paper, who found that although both the protesters and the institutional activists are highly involved in politics, they tend to be on opposite sides in various political arenas.
Abstract: This research is the second follow-up study of 1960s civil rights activists and two control groups. The data support Mannheim's theory of distinctive intragenerational units who are agents of social change. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis verified five separate dimensions of political behavior. Civil rights activists scored the highest on four measures of active conventional and unconventional politics. The noninvolved in college politics are the least active as adults. Although both the protesters and the institutional activists are highly involved in politics, they tend to be on opposite sides in various political arenas.
TL;DR: The authors used a large representative sample of American women to systematically evaluate these explanations for the first time and found that various aspects of women's family and work life do have consistent effects on women's support of a range of feminist goals but the effects are smaller than several previous studies suggested.
Abstract: Recent research has attempted to explain wide ecological divisions among women in terms of their different life styles and their subjective commitment to them. Special attention has been given to the potential effects of womens work and family life on their attitudes. This paper uses a large representative sample of American women to systematically evaluate these explanations for the 1st time. The evidence suggests that various aspects of womens family and work life do have consistent effects on womens support of a range of feminist goals but the effects are smaller than several previous studies suggested. The analysis also suggests that the relative importance of these factors may be increasing and that work and family differences may become important lines of political cleavage in the future. (authors)
TL;DR: This paper examined historical differences in personnel practices among U.S. industries to explore the roots of modern "bureaucratic" work control, and found evidence of three early strands of bureaucratic labor control in different industrial sectors: worker allocation and job-evaluation techniques, which evolved from scientific management in modern assembly-line industries; internal labor-market mechanisms in white-collar nonmanufacturing; practices related to seniority and the formalization of rules in unionized and skilled industries.
Abstract: This paper examines historical differences in personnel practices among U.S. industries to explore the roots of modern "bureaucratic" work control. We report multivariate analyses of data describing organizational personnel practices, collected by the National Industrial Conference Board between 1935 and 1946. We find evidence of three early strands of bureaucratic labor control in different industrial sectors: worker allocation and job-evaluation techniques, which evolved from scientific management in modern assembly-line industries; internal labor-market mechanisms in white-collar nonmanufacturing; practices related to seniority and the formalization of rules in unionized and skilled industries. Our analyses suggest that the institutional environment and the historical period of an industry's founding were among the central contingencies shaping labor control in a particular sector, as were several factors that past research has emphasized more, such as technology and skills, labor market conditions, and unionization. Our analyses thus corroborate some previous accounts of industrial differences in "bureaucratic control," while also suggesting some revisions concerning where, when, and why employment relations first became bureaucratized.
TL;DR: In this article, a modified version of the white-collar sentencing model developed by Wheeler, Weisburd, and Bode (1982) was used to analyze sentences for a sample of whitecollar offenders adjudicated in one federal court between 1970 and 1980.
Abstract: With a modified version of the white-collar sentencing model developed by Wheeler, Weisburd, and Bode (1982), we analyze sentences for a sample of white-collar offenders adjudicated in one federal court between 1970 and 1980. Contrary to Wheeler et al., in this study socioeconomic status is not related to sanction severity. Higher-status offenders are no more likely to be incarcerated than low-status offenders, nor do they receive longer sentences. We explore whether the relationship between socioeconomic status and sentence severity changed after the 1974 Watergate scandal. Our analysis suggests that the contextual characteristics of the districts studied by Wheeler et al. may account for their anomalous finding on social status. We argue that contextual variations in criminal sentencing extend both to social status and race.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tried to determine whether the decline in the black marriage rate is due to factors in the composition of the black population or to differences in the propensity of blacks to marry.
Abstract: Data from the North Carolina Division of Health Services the Virginia Department of Health the 1970 Public Use Sample tapes and the 1980 Public Use Microdata tapes from the US Bureau of the Census show that marriage rates in Virginia and North Carolina declined between 1970 and 1980. Analysis of the data by race sex and educational level showed that the rate of black marriages declined substantially more than white marriage rates at all levels of education. This paper attempts to determine whether the decline in the black marriage rate is due to factors in the composition of the black population or to differences in the propensity of blacks to marry. Compositional differences include the following: 1) black women outnumber black men; 2) black women have more education than black men and therefore must marry "down" or not at all; and 3) fewer black men have the potential for stable remunerative employment which would qualify them as good providers. Differences in the propensity to marry include the following: 1) blacks are more likely to form consensual unions and rely more on kinship ties outside the nuclear family; 2) black women have low expectations of marriage especially as regards male financial support and they therefore fear being exploited; 3) low income black women fear that marriage will reduce their welfare benefits without the compensation of a regular income-earning husband; 4) public assistance enables black women to have children without marriage; 5) black men hold more traditional beliefs about womens role; and 6) educated black women do not want to marry men with less education. When the data are examined the real effect of compositional differences diminishes. There are more black women than men but the difference is exaggerated because black men are undercounted in census data by 1-44% depending on age and the corrected excess of black women is about the same as that for white women. Interracial marriages reduce the pool of eligible black men by only 2.7%. Moreover although black women do tend to marry men with less education than themselves this pattern is consequence of marital propensity rather than limited availability. Black marriage propensities decline substantially at all educational levels and the data clearly show that marriage propensities play a far larger role than compositional factors on the declining rate of black marriages.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of patterns of urbanization on economic growth in less developed countries (LDCs) have been investigated using regression analysis of data for 65-80 nations (including analyses of influential cases).
Abstract: This paper contributes to the growing body of research that assesses the effects of patterns of urbanization on economic growth in less developed countries (LDCs). Regression analysis of data for 65-80 nations (including analyses of influential cases) suggests that both urban bias and dependency have independent, simultaneous, and negative effects on economic growth. Further analyses reveal a strong positive relationship between dependency and urban bias. These findings show that understanding urbanization and development in the Third World requires the consideration of both "external" (international) and "internal" (intranational) factors, and a combination of the insights gained from dependency/world-system, human-ecology, and modernization theories.
TL;DR: This article used cross-national data on child homicide to develop a societal-level model of child abuse and found that a focus on economic stress is most useful in explaining crossnational variation in child homicide in developed countries.
Abstract: This paper uses cross-national data on child homicide to develop a societal-level model of child abuse. Analysis of hypotheses emerging from four perspectives on abuse suggests that a focus on economic stress is most useful in explaining cross-national variation in child homicide in developed countries. High levels of female labor-force participation, coupled with low levels of female status and welfare spending, result in high child-homicide rates. No perspective provides hypotheses able to explain cross-national variation in child homicide in less-developed countries. The limitations of the present study are noted and avenues for future empirical and theoretical work are discussed. (Abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1988. Copyright © 1988 by the American Sociological Association) Child Abuse Homicide Child Abuse Causes Child Physical Abuse Causes Domestic Homicide Domestic Violence Causes Homicide Causes Mother Employment Employment Factors Cross National Comparison Cross National Differences Cross National Analysis Child Homicide 07-02
TL;DR: This article proposed a model to explain how ethnic minorities establish an economic niche in the host society and proposed the concept of ethnic hegemony, a situation in which an ethnic group achieves economic control over an important economic arena that interfaces with the majority.
Abstract: This research proposes a model to explain how ethnic minorities establish an economic niche in the host society. The model emphasizes infrastructure and proposes the concept of ethnic hegemony a situation in which an ethnic group achieves economic control over an important economic arena that interfaces with the majority. By a priori specifying the model, it is possible to see how the ethnicity of a specific group might (or might not) reinforce the infrastructure. Japanese-Americans of California were used to assess the model empirically. Since the Japanese achieved remarkable upward mobility in the face of extreme discrimination, they constitute an important test of the model. Data drawn from various historical sources show that California Japanese hegemonized a specific arena of produce agriculture, from farm labor to production and through distribution. In a more limited way, they also hegemonized contract gardening. The model of ethnic hegemony was contrasted to the usual explanation for Japanese-American success-education. Distinctions between the model and the model of ethnic enclaves are discussed. In the future, the ethnic-hegemony model might be extended and specified to other ethnic minorities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate three models of class identification for married men and women: (1) an "independence" model, in which one's own characteristics outweigh those of one's spouse; (2) a sharing model, where equal weight is attached to one's self and spouse's characteristics; and (3) a borrowing model in which spouse's personality is more important than one's's own.
Abstract: Employing NORC data for 1974-1978 and 1980-1985, we evaluate three models of class identification for married men and women: (1) an "independence" model, in which one's own characteristics outweigh those of one's spouse; (2) a "sharing" model, in which equal weight is attached to one's own and one's spouse's characteristics; and (3) a "borrowing" model, in which one's spouse's characteristics are more important than one's own. In both decades, married men exhibit an independence model, in which only their own characteristics are salient, regardless of whether their wife works outside the home or not. From the 1970s to the 1980s, women shifted from a borrowing model to a sharing model. In the 1970s, employed or not, women attached more weight to their husband's than to their own characteristics. In the 1980s, employed women moved toward a sharing model, in which they take into account both their own and their husband's characteristics. An analysis of single men and women revealed movement away from a sharing model, in which both their own and their parents' characteristics are important, toward an independence model, in which only their own characteristics are salient. These changes are examined in light of economic and demographic shifts, political activism by women, and a possible trend toward greater individualism.