Showing papers in "Anales De Psicologia in 2011"

Violencia a través de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en estudiantes de secundaria

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to analyze violence through Informa- tion and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Compulsory Secondary Education students. To achieve this objective, the School Violence Question- naire-Revised was applied to 638 Compulsory Secondary Education stu- dents, from six high schools in Asturias (Spain). Results show that vio- lence through ICT occurs with a remarkable frequency, although less than some kinds of traditional school violence. Statistically significative differ- ences were found among grades of Compulsory Secondary Education and between rural and urban centers. Violence through ICT is more frequent in second grade and in urban high schools. However, statistically significa- tive differences were barely found between genders. Also, a strong correla- tion between violence through ICT and some kinds of traditional school violence was found. These outcomes are compared with the results of the main previous works about this subject. Some educative implications of these results are discussed.

¿Hasta qué punto la violencia filio-parental es bidireccional?

Abstract: Title: To what extent is child-to-parent violence bi-directional?. Abstract: Child-to-parent violence is a family problem that has remained obscured for decades. The main purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in victims and perpetrators of child-to-parent violence. The importance of intra-family violence in the development of this type of violent behavior was also studied. The sample comprised 485 adolescents from the province of Gipuzkoa (Spain), of both sexes, taken from 9 schools and aged 12 to 18. As found in many previous studies, sons were more likely to be perpetrators of physical abuse than daughters. Although mothers suffered more psychological and emotional abuse than fathers, there were no differences between mothers and fathers with regard to physical abuse from their children. The hypothesis of the bi-directionality of violence was confirmed for physical violence in the male group that battered their parents. Similarly, marital violence (violence between par- ents) was a predictor of the three types of child-to-parent abusive behav- iours (physical, psychological and emotional) for the male group. Moreo- ver, we found three psychological variables in adolescents (drug abuse, self-esteem and anxiety) that emerged as predictors of child-to-parent

Changing attitudes with a little imagination’: Imagined contact effects on young children’s intergroup bias.

Abstract: The current research tested a recent development in social psy- chology, namely "imagined contact", among young children (n = 123, 5 to 10 years). Children imagined interacting with a physically disabled child, or did not take part in this activity (the control group). Compared with the control group, children who engaged in "imagined contact" subse- quently showed reduced intergroup bias in their general attitude and rat- ings of warmth and competence. Imagined contact also led to more posi- tive intended friendship behavior towards the disabled, but only among 5 - 6 year olds. This provides partial support for our hypothesis that younger children, perhaps as a result of their lack of outgroup experience, are more likely to benefit from imagined contact. Implications for the de- velopment of attitudes towards the disabled, imagined contact theory and the development of classroom-based prejudice-reduction techniques

Apego a los iguales durante la adolescencia y la adultez emergente.

Abstract: Title Peer attachment during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Abstract: The present research analyzes how peer attachment changes during adolescence and emerging adulthood. The influence of the early affective relationships established between adolescents and their parents and possible differences associated with sex are considered. Using a longi- tudinal methodology, a sample of 90 adolescents were interviewed at the age of 13, 15, 18 and 22. At the age of 13, they completed the Parental Bonding Instrument of Parker, Tuplin and Brown (1979), which evaluated the adolescents' memories of their early attachment established with their parents. Also, they completed the Inventory of Peer Attachment of Armsden and Greenberg (1987). Adolescents completed again the last inventory at the age of 15, 18 and 22. Results show that peer attachment increases with time. At the same time, adolescents who remembered a high parental affect demonstrate higher scores in peer attachment than adolescents who remembered low parental affect. The most significant differences are found in early and middle adolescence. These results sup- port the idea of the continuity between affective relations established in these periods of time. Moreover, maternal influence on peer attachment was higher than that of fathers. Related to sex differences, girls demon- strate higher scores in peer attachment compared to boys, although these differences decrease over time.

Traducción y validación de la versión española de la Échelle de Satisfacción des Besoins Psychologiques en el contexto educativo

Abstract: The aim of the present research was to translate and to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Echelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques using a sample of 324 university students (99 males and 225 females). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the correlated three factor structure of the scale. Like-wise, internal consistence showed evidences of reliability. The concurrent validity was tested using a structural equation model which task orienta-tion climate predicted the three basic psychological needs and these, in turn, the intrinsic motivation. Results support preliminary the use of the Spanish version of the scale in higher education.

Diferencias del rol desempeñado por la autoeficacia en el burnout percibido por el personal universitario en función de las condiciones de trabajo

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the role that self-efficacy plays in the relationship between working conditions and burnout in the University context. The sample was composed by 194 teachers and 121 employees from the administrative staff of the University of Seville (Spain). The Job Stress Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to measure working conditions, self-efficacy and burnout in a cross-sectional design study. According to our hypotheses, there is a positive relationship between stressful working conditions and burnout. In addition, self-efficacy seems to moderate the association between potentially stressful working conditions and burnout. However, the moderating effect of self-efficacy was observed only under the working conditions that can be directly influenced by employees' behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications for occupational health researchers and practitioners are discussed.

Programas de entrenamiento para padres de niños con problemas de conducta: una revisión de su eficacia

Abstract: Title:Parent training of children with conduct problems: An efficacy review. Abstract: In the last years, the scientific studies have evidenced that par- ent-directed interventions are decisive in the modification of early-onset problem behaviors, which frequently are markers of antisocial develop- mental trajectories. In this context, parent-training programs emerge as one of the well-researched intervention modalities, and they are consi- dered as high-quality interventions by the scientific literature in the beha- vioral problems field. This study aims to review the efficacy of this kind of intervention, on the basis of results from meta-analyses and review papers collected in PSYCINFO (APA); ISOC (CSIC), ERIC and MED- LINE for the last 20 years (1989-2009). The meta-analyses and reviews which are examined in this study indicate the robustness of parent-training in the promotion of positive changes in child behaviors, in the improve- ment of daily parent-child interactions, and in the parental attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, parent-training programs show their efficacy in the promotion of other aspects involved in the family dynamics, such as communication, problem-solving and parental stress.

Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de Autoconcepto AF5

Abstract: The aim of this research has been to analyze the psychometric properties of the questionnaire AF5 (Garcia and Musitu, 2001) by means of exploratory and confi...

Self-efficacy among university faculty: how to develop an adjusted scale

Abstract: El objetivo de este estudio fue mostrar el procedimiento llevado a cabo para desarrollar una escala que midiese la autoeficacia especifica en un dominio, por ejemplo, en el personal docente e investigador de la universidad, siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Teoria Social Cognitiva de Albert Bandura. La escala creada considera el triple perfil laboral de los profesores universitarios (docencia, investigacion y gestion). Mediante el uso del analisis factorial confirmatorio en una muestra de 166 profesores universitarios, encontramos un ajuste superior en el modelo de tres factores que se corresponden con el triple perfil laboral. Ademas, hemos encontrado diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia para la investigacion en el nivel de formacion academica, a medida que el nivel de educacion academica aumenta, la autoeficacia tambien lo hace. Por ultimo, son discutidas las implicaciones teoricas y practicas, las limitaciones del estudio y las futuras investigaciones.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS)

Abstract: The construct of sexual assertiveness has been developed to further the understanding of the ability to initiate sexual activity, refuse unwanted sex and negotiate pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases prevention, and consequently, explore healthy behaviours. Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS), which is an 18 items questionnaire that consists of three factors measuring Initiation, Refusal, and Pregnancy Sexually Transmitted Disease prevention (P-STD) assertiveness. In this study, 853 people an- swered to the SAS together with others scales. The mean of the items has been similar to the theoretical average of the questionnaire. Moreover, the standard deviation has been close to one. Most of the items have showed a discrimination index higher than .30. No alpha increase has been ob- served if any item were deleted. Exploratory factor analysis showed three dimensions (48% variance) which replicate the original solution identically (Initiation ω = .80; Refusal ω = .76 and P-STD ω = .85). The scale dimen- sion has been confirmed by using a Structural Equation Modeling and found a good fit index. Significant correlations have been observed be- tween SAS and other related constructs.

Infra-humanization of outgroups throughout the world. The role of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the outgroup, and status

Abstract: Estudios sobre infrahumanizacion han confirmado que existe una mayor atribucion de sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo independientemente de la valencia de estas emociones. Sin embargo, las variables que conducen a la eleccion de que exogrupos pueden ser infrahumanizados han recibido escasa atencion. A traves de este estudio se pretende determinar algunas de las variables relevantes en el dominio intergrupal que puedan provocar este tipo de prejuicio. El efecto de la similitud, amistad intergrupal, conocimiento del exogrupo y estatus se analizan en relacion con la humanizacion de exogrupos de todo el mundo. Los resultados verificaron que no todos los exogrupos son igualmente humanizados. Un segundo hallazgo revelo que la similitud entre los grupos, la amistad y el conocimiento de los exogrupos incrementa la atribucion de sentimientos hacia estos, mientras que el estatus no esta relacionado con la humanizacion del exogrupo.

Síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo, personalidad resistente y malestar psicológico en personal de enfermería

Abstract: The aim of this research was to analyze the relevance of individual variables in the development of burnout, as well as the possible effects of „hardiness‟ or „hardy personality‟ as a protective factor against burnout and its consequences on workers‟ health. The sample was composed of 97 nursing professionals belonging to the intensive care and emergency units in a hospital. Four assessment instruments were applied to the participants: an ad hoc questionnaire of sociodemographic and work variables, a Spanish version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 28), a Spanish adaptation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Hardy Personality Scale (CPR) of the Nursing Burnout Questionnaire (CDPE). The results confirmed the relationship between hardy personality and burnout, as well as the health consequences of the latter. Finally, the clinical implications of the results are discussed, as well as some recommendations for future research in this field.

La estructura tridimensional del bienestar subjetivo

Abstract: Title: The three-dimensional structure of subjective wellbeing. Abstract: The issue of subjective wellbeing has recently been attracting a considerable amount of interest in psychological studies, and important progress has been made in our knowledge of this phenomenon. Empirical corroboration is required, however, in order to support some of the dif- ferent models which have been proposed in relation to its internal organi- zation. This study aims to verify a three-dimensional theoretical model of subjective wellbeing, consisting of life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect. A total of 1178 students aged between 12 and 23 partici- pated in the study. Of these, 780 were female and 398 male. The results of the confirmatory factorial analyses indicate that this theoretical model, based on three independent dimensions, offers a better fit for the data than other alternative models.

Patrón de Uso y Dependencia de Videojuegos en Infancia y Adolescencia

Abstract: Video games are one of the most attractive forms of leisure. Today it is one of the main activities of children and adolescents, because of the interest they have for them and the time the adolescents spend in playing. Despite the undoubted benefits of this activity, in some cases the excessive use leads to abuse and other causes serious personal and family problems.This paper has two objectives. First, analyze the pattern of use of video games, focusing on gender differences. Second, the development of a questionnaire of video games dependence, according to the criteria of DSM-IV Disorders Substance Abuse and adapting to the use of video games. The factorial structure of this questionnaire is consistent with the concept of dependence, as defined in DSM-IV. Along with Internet and mobile, video game dependency would be one of the most characteristic technological addictions.

Social exclusion and culture: The role of group norms, group identity and fairness

Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on social exclusion in child- hood and adolescence, with a focus on exclusion based on culture in which norms, identity, and fairness are salient factors. Recent research has examined children's views about the fairness of exclusion in different social contexts, identifying the factors that contribute to legitimizing or rejecting the exclusion of members of out-groups. Across cultures, factors of relevance include gender, race, ethnicity, and culture. We review current findings and point to areas for new research.

Adaptación psicométrica de la versión reducida del Driving Anger Scale en una muestra española. Diferencias por edad y sexo

Abstract: The present study examined the events that provoke driving anger in a sample of Spanish drivers. With this aim, the 14-item short version of the Driving Anger Scale (Deffenbacheret al., 1994) was applied to a sample of 528 drivers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of three factors, which were called Impeded Progress by Others ( = .77), Reckless Driving ( = .66) and Direct Hostility ( = .87). These factors can be summed to obtain a global score ( = .84). Additional analyses showed that there was not significant interaction effect between age and gender in anger neither significant effect by gender. However, younger drivers scored higher than older in all the factors: Impeded Progress by Others (η 2 = .03), Reckless Driving (η 2 = .02), Direct Hostility (η 2 = .04) and Global Score (η 2 = .04).

Los efectos de terceras variables en la investigación psicológica

Abstract: Title: The effects of third variables in psychological research. Abstract: Given a causal relationship between an independent variable (X) and a response variable (Y), the interest of some applied researchers is sometimes focused on knowing the role playing for alternative intervening variables (third variables or Z-variables), and particularly the role of me- diating and moderating variables. Some influential works have repeatedly denounced that in applied psychology some confusion exists with respect to the meaning and appropriate use of third variables effects as causal hypotheses. This work is intended to reinforce the comprehension and using of five of more known effects of third variables and concretely the effects of covariation, spuriousness or confounding, suppression, and particularly of mediation and moderation, with special attention towards the application of statistical tests and the report of most common mis- takes that usually appear when we tackle a causal analysis. An accessible language for applied researcher with path diagrams is used. A flow dia- gram is finally proposed in order to help applied researchers to distinguish between third variable effects and to make easier the application of the appropriate statistical procedures.

Funcionamiento sexual, satisfacción sexual y bienestar psicológico y subjetivo en una muestra de mujeres españolas

Abstract: Title: Sexual Functioning, Sexual Satisfaction, and Subjective and Psycho- logical Well-being in Spanish Women. Abstract: The current study investigated the association between sexual functioning, sexual satisfaction and psychological well-being in a sample of Spanish women. The participants were 157 female university students who completed questionnaires regarding their sexuality. Independent variables were various dimensions of sexual functioning, including orgasm likelih- ood, sexual assertiveness, physical and sexual attractiveness, sexual anxiety, sexual motivation, sexual esteem, and cognitive distraction during sex. The results indicated that sexual assertiveness, sexual anxiety, and sexual moti- vation were strong predictors of sexual satisfaction. It was also found that the main factors related to psychological well-being were sexual satisfac- tion and physical and sexual attractiveness. The findings show the va- riables most strongly associated with sexual satisfaction and highlight the role of sexual satisfaction and sense of attractiveness in psychological well- being of women. Results are discussed with regard to directions for future research.

Variables predictoras de consumo de alcohol entre adolescentes españoles

Abstract: The aim will be to contribute to building a model of alcohol consumption among young people in Compulsory Secondary (ESO) and Secondary Not compulsory Education (ESPO), depending on indepen-dent variables like sex, age, practice during free time, Finnish index of physical activity and sport, consumer behavior in family and consumption of tobacco. 6170 students were tested, representing Almeria, Granada and Murcia regions with a range of age from 12 to 19 years old. Descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used for testing relation-ship between variables and to calculate odds ratio (OR). Results show males consume alcohol in major measurement that the women, being increased with the age. The habitual practice of physical activity, in the quantity and frequency that is in the habit of being recommended to support the health, is an element that is associated with a lower prevalence of alcohol use. Family environment drinker stands as a risk factor for alcohol consumption of subjects, especially outstanding are the figures of brothers and sisters. The consumption of tobacco appears as the principal factor of risk for the consumption and ingestion of alcohol.

Propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario para la evaluación de la violencia cotidiana entre iguales en el contexto escolar

Abstract: Resumen es: La problematica de la violencia entre iguales en la escuela con-lleva efectos negativos en el alumnado, profesorado y agentes educativos de los centros e...

Una revisión constructiva de la gestión por competencias

Abstract: Competency-based system has played an outstanding role in the Spanish scene of Human Resources Management since 90‟s of the last century. It‟s been considered a serious alternative to traditional management approaches (specially for trait-based systems) and, in short, as the model to follow. However, its application hasn‟t been exempt from controversy. Opposite to the enthusiasm of its defenders are those who question its empirical support, its positive results, its advantages and even its conceptual bases. Under the shadow of this debate, deeper than it seems and with positions often artificially radicalized, Competency-Based Human Resources Management has been widely accepted by many organizations and promoted from different professional forums, consulting firms, and so on. Now, a more detailed analysis of the subject reveals some kind of chaotic and, usually, discouraging situation: conceptual confusion, theoretic imprecision or theoretic-practical incoherence, contextual and situational handicaps for its implementation; these are some of the most representative problems. The goal of this article is analyzing these problems and proposing several courses of action that can lead to solve them.

Evaluación de las estrategias de autorregulación afectivo-motivacional de los estudiantes: Las EEMA-VS

Abstract: This article reports the study of the learning motivational strategies scales–secondary version (EEMA-VS) as an instrument to assess the use of different types of affective-motivational self-regulatory strategies, based on a self-regulatory perspective on student motivation and learning in secon-dary schoolThe instrument is comprised of three scales: expectancy, value and af-fect Expectancy scale includes self-concept/self-esteem and expectan-cies/attributions subscales Value scale includes interest/value and goal generation subscales Finally, affect scale includes an unique subscaleThe results suggest that the EEMA-VS have relatively good reliability The scales seem to be valid given the results of the three exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses Use of these strategies is examined

Skills and dispositions of critical thinking: are they sufficient?

Abstract: Traditionally, it has been held that critical thinking requires a set of cognitive skills and dispositions. The present work supports the opi- nion of some theorists who have proposed that these might not be the only two ingredients necessary for improving critical thinking. More spe- cifically, new factors could be necessary if critical thinking is to be achieved, such as gaining an epistemological understanding of critical thinking; reaching a given level of epistemological development, or the beliefs that are held about thinking. These new components are analysed conceptually and instructionally. Special attention is also devoted to dispo- sitions.

Actividades de la vida diaria y bienestar y su relación con la edad y el género en la vejez

Abstract: Title: Everyday life activities and well-being: Their relationships with age and gender in the elderly Abstract: Present study deals with the relationships among everyday life activities and well being with age and gender in the elderly Research de- sign was a cross-sectional survey of a sample of 566 elderly living in the Province of Valencia (Spain) These participants were surveyed on several dimensions, including socio-demographic information, everyday life activi- ties (Barthel's index) and Ryff's Scales of Well-being Main results with respect to everyday life activities were: a) positive relationships between well-being dimensions and Barthel' index; b) negative relationships be- tween age and Barthel's index; and finally, c) higher Barthel's index for men than for women With respect to Ryff's dimensions of well being, results also showed negative relationships of age with all dimensions, but these negative relations were larger for psychological dimensions than for subjective dimensions There were also statistically significant gender differences in autonomy, personal growth and self-acceptance: men scored higher on the aforementioned well-being dimensions

Características psicométricas de la versión española del Working Alliance Inventory-Short (WAI-S)

Abstract: This paper presents a study of the psychometric properties of the Spanish short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. Method: 229 subjects received psychotherapy treatment in a private centre. The mean ages were 29.2 years old (SD=8.84). All patients answered the spanish version of the Working Alliance Inventory when they finished the third session of the therapy. The factor analysis indicated that the first factor is based by the items from the Tasks and Bonds subscale, whereas the sec-ond factor is based by the items from the Tasks and Goals subscale. It is possible to differentiate between the therapeutic alliance subscales in the theory level, but data show that items from Goals, Tasks and Bond are close related. Reliability coefficient based on the internal consistency of the spanish version of the Working Alliance Inventory (short version) is good. Results suggest that therapeutic alliance may be a more unified construct than is usually thought of.

Apoyo funcional vs. disfuncional en una muestra de pacientes crónicos. Su incidencia sobre la salud y el cumplimiento terapéutico

Abstract: In this paper we analyse both social functional and “non-functional” or problematic support, with regard to health, well-being and adherence to treatment. The sample of the present study consists of a total of 202 patients, of which 68% are female and 32% male. The results show a significant relation between the social support (functional and non-functional) they receive and their health and adherence to treatment. The best predictors in terms of their health are the social support from the patient s partner and from the medical staff, and the non-functional support from the latter. As far as the patients well-being is concerned, the importance of medical social support is stressed once more, followed by that of their family and partner. As to the lack of adherence to treatment, the best predictors for this are global social support and non-functional support from friends. In short, although social functional support has a positive influence on the health and treatment adherence of the patients analysed, the negative impact that non-functional support behaviours can have on their well-being and treatment adherence is also important.

Percepción de competencia, estado de ánimo y tolerancia al estrés en jóvenes deportistas de alto rendimiento

Abstract: This study analyzed the role that perceived competence played in the mood state and the stress tolerance of young athletes Thirty young athletes belonging to 10 different types of sports participated in this study The results evidenced that high perceived competence had high negative correlations related to the dimension of stress generators, and positive correlations with the dimensions of stress recovery Furthermore, perceived competence showed negative correlation with fatigue These data indicates that perceived competence works as a nuclear element and mediator of psychological variables that play an important role in the performance of young athletes

El Inventario de Conformidad con las Normas de Género Masculinas (CMNI) en la población española

Abstract: The administration of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory - CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003) in a group of Spanish men is described. The CMNI was designed to assess, from a multidimensional perspective, men's degree of conformity to a series of gender norms identified in the dominant culture of the United States of America. The questionnaire was administered to 727 men between 18 and 83 years of age with a mean age of 30.17 (S. D. 12.14), with diverse educational levels and heterogeneous work situations and who came from various regions of Spain. The reliability data are mostly satisfactory, and the correlation matrix between the subscales confirms Mahalik's (2000) theoretical model. The differences between the results obtained in the Spanish group and the American group suggest the effect of cultural factors. Factor analysis revealed a structure characterised by the grouping of items similar to the one obtained in the USA and, although it is different in some aspects, in general, it supports the structure proposed by the authors. We suggest regrouping some of the subscales that have been shown to be related in other supraordered subscales with the aim of improving the suitability of the CMNI for use in Spanish population.

Cohesión y cooperación en equipos deportivos

Abstract: Cohesion and cooperation are two psychological mechanisms of teams that are theoretically different and relatively independent. The intent of this study was to assess the levels of cohesion and cooperation and the relationships between them, as well as other variables, in a sample of 945 competitive football players between the ages of 12 and 18 years (M = 14.7, SD = 1.8). The results indicate that the factors of athletic cohesion behave almost as one single factor, which is the opposite of what happens with cooperation, and that there is a relationship between uncon- ditional cooperation and cohesion. There is a significant difference be- tween starting and bench players with regard to the conditional coopera- tion and overall cohesion, but there are no differences with regard to player's position nor with the years of practice. Finally, cohesion may be determined in part by cooperation, while the factor of cohesion of the acceptance of roles has been demonstrated to be relevant for both constructs.

Low peer acceptance and emotional/behavioural maladjustment in schoolchildren: Effects of daily stress, coping and sex

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between low peer accep-tance and emotional/behavioural maladjustment, taking into account the effects of daily stress, coping styles and sex The sample comprised 392 schoolchildren (187 females and 205 males) aged 9 to 12, to whom a peer rating scale was administered Self-report measures of perceived daily stress, coping and emotional/behavioural maladjustment were also ap-plied Regression analysis indicated that daily stress, coping and sex were significant predictors of emotional/behavioural maladjustment, after controlling for peer acceptance These results provide evidence about underlying factors that could help in understanding the development of emotional/behavioural problems in children with low peer acceptance