Showing papers in "Annals of The Entomological Society of America in 1925"
TL;DR: I have submitted the insect in all of its stages of life to the action of temperatures varying from in the neighborhood of zero through freezing to the death point of 46° C., in an air conditioning chamber, and found that it has reacted in a special way.
Abstract: Action of heat : In the course of my biological study, I have made a number of observations on the influence of heat. The action of this element is so important that I have carried out a series of experiments in order to understand it better. I have submitted the insect in all of its stages of life to the action of temperatures varying from in the neighborhood of zero through freezing to the death point of 46° C., in an air conditioning chamber. According to the stage of the insect, it has reacted in a special way.
52 citations
TL;DR: Within the belt infested by the brown-tail, Euproctis chrysorrhea Linn.
Abstract: That certain Lepidopterous larvae possess poisonous hairs or spines is a fact well known to all entomologists. A real knowledge of such species, however, in general relates to such well known forms as Automeris io Fab., Hemileuca maia Drury, or certain of the EucleidA¦ such as the saddle-back, Sibine stimulea Clem. To those within the belt infested by the brown-tail, Euproctis chrysorrhea Linn., the severe urticating properties of the larval spicules of this form are only too familiar. Yet, outside of these few forms, most entomologists consider the Lepidoptera as being harmless so far as any direct effect upon man is concerned.
41 citations
TL;DR: The present paper is an attempt to bring together scattered items and to add to them the result of recent observations made by the writer.
Abstract: Insects may be associated with spiders in a variety of ways. Some are external parasites on the spiders themselves, the larvaeclinging to the bodies and deriving nourishment there-from; some are internal parasites, living within the bodies of the spiders; others lay their eggs in the freshly made nests of the spiders, and the larvrae, when hatched, feed indiscriminately upon the eggs, then pupate and remain in the cocoon, being protected by it until they reach the adult stage; another type is the egg parasite, where the insect egg is laid within the egg capsule of the spider and there obtains enough nourishment from this one egg to supply its needs until it becomes adult; still other insects wander around from nest to nest feeding on the contents of various nests, but not remaining in any one nest in particular and not pupating in the nest, but near to it; this sort being predatory on the young spiders. The original observations recorded in this paper deal only with those insects which are associated in some way with the egg cocoons of the spiders.
Since Dr. L. O. Howard's work in 1890–92, only scattered items have been added to our knowledge of this subject. The present paper is an attempt to bring together these items and to add to them the result of recent observations made by the writer.
24 citations
TL;DR: As a subject for systematic and phylogenetic study, the wing-venation of the Coleoptera is as yet undeveloped and few workers have gone very far in homologizing the veins and in coming to definite conclusions.
Abstract: As a subject for systematic and phylogenetic study, the wing-venation of the Coleoptera is as yet undeveloped. Few workers have gone very far in homologizing the veins and in coming to definite conclusions. The reasons for this are several. The removal of the wings after the specimens have been relaxed is so difficult that the specimens are very apt to be ruined, a very important consideration when one is working with the rarer specimens. The venation is so complicated, due to the folding of the wings, that the subject has been avoided as much as possible. Among the workers, however, who have made a study are Adolph, Redtenbacher, Ganglbauer, Kolbe, Lameer, Graham and Forbes.
24 citations
TL;DR: The present paper dealing with the thoracic sclerites of the non-Tipuloid Nematocera, together with a second paper already completed, form the first of a series of phylogenetic studies of the NematOCerous Diptera undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. C. P. Alexander.
Abstract: The present paper dealing with the thoracic sclerites of the non-Tipuloid Nematocera, together with a second paper already completed, dealing with the thoracic sclerites of the Tipuloid Nematocera, form the first of a series of phylogenetic studies of the Nematocerous Diptera undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. C. P. Alexander, who has furnished much of the material of importance used in this study, and to whose advice and suggestions is due whatever of value there may be in this work. The specimens collected by Mr. T. R. Harris, and those collected by Dr. J. W. Campbell and the New Zealand entomologists whom he has interested in my behalf, have furnished my chief source of material in this and other anatomical studies, and I am deeply indebted to these gentlemen for their interest and encouragement in this work, which could never have been undertaken, much less completed, without their aid. In addition to many past favors in this line, I am further indebted to Dr. O. A. Johannsen for the Mycetophilid material described in this paper, and Dr. B. P. Young has very kindly allowed me to sketch his only specimen of Orphnephila , thereby enabling me to complete the series of important forms here figured.
21 citations
TL;DR: One of the most copied mistakes in entomological literature is one which was made by C. V. Riley and other writers of his time, on the oviposition of the Snowy Tree-cricket, Oecanthus niveus De Geer, which figured the eggs of the former species under the name of the latter.
Abstract: One of the most copied mistakes in entomological literature is one which was made by C. V. Riley and other writers of his time, on the oviposition of the Snowy Tree-cricket ( Oecanthus niveus De Geer). At that time many entomologists did not clearly distinguish between the two species, which in the eastern states are commonly associated in raspberry and black-berry bushes. The more common species in such situations is Oecanthus nigricornis Walker, which deposits its eggs in conspicuous rows in the berry canes, while O. niveus places its eggs singly by the side of the leaf axils, where they easily escape observation. Riley (1) figured the eggs of the former species under the name of the latter. This error has been copied many times and can still be found in new publications at least as recently as 1918.
21 citations
TL;DR: In the three groups the process of sperm transfer is more or less analogous, since the animals are not related, the processes are to be considered merely as parallel developments.
Abstract: Among the many devices of animals which aid in the transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female, three are so out of the ordinary that they have attracted a good deal of attention and are usually mentioned together. These are the hectocotylized arms of male cephalopods, the penis on the second segment of the abdomen of male dragon flies, and the highly developed palpal organs of male spiders. In the three groups the process of sperm transfer is more or less analogous. Since the animals are not related, the processes are to be considered merely as parallel developments.
19 citations
TL;DR: No efforts have been made to define such larval types within the individual superfamilies of the parasitic Hymenoptera, although in almost every group a considerable number of larvrae have been described.
Abstract: During recent years students of the biology of the parasitic Hymenoptera have made several attempts to classify the larvae of these insects in groups based on certain striking features of the external anatomy. Thus Richardson ('13) in his paper on Spalangia, and Wheeler ('23) in her account of the braconid parasites of aphids, distinguish respectively 9 and 10 types of hymenopterous larvrA¦ distributed among the several parasitic families. Up to the present, however, so far as the writers are aware, no efforts have been made to define such larval types within the individual superfamilies of the parasitic Hymenoptera, although in almost every group a considerable number of larvrae have been described.
17 citations
TL;DR: With the advance of the authors' knowledge of the Spider fauna of the American continent it becomes more and more necessary not merely to add new species to the list of those already known, but to systematize and to review carefully work done in the past.
Abstract: With the advance of our knowledge of the Spider fauna of the American continent it becomes more and more necessary not merely to add new species to the list of those already known, but to systematize and to review carefully work done in the past. Correct identification of a specimen, placing it in a species already known and not new to Science is in itself by no means always simple. Whenever good drawings are available, identification is at least reasonably possible. Yet even then one has to know the characters which the discoverer of the species considered to be sufficient for the definition of the genus, as otherwise one is forced to compare the specimen with the descriptions of a number of species belonging to related genera. Many genera as conceived by their creators have since proven tn be too broad in their characterization. They had to be limited, the type species remaining as the type of the genus in its new limitation, other species becoming types of new genera. If every author describing new species were careful enough to give at the same time his conception of the genus, one were enabled to know many of the characters of the species. This method has the advantage of brevity and has been followed by Simon and F. O. Pickard-Cambridge. Even then not all species can be again recognized. The reason is simple: an author has usually a limited collection at his disposal. Within that limitation his distinction of species is valid. But the discovery of new species from other localities changes the value of the characters on which the distinction was based, the same characters often occurring in several species. Then the question arises, did the known species possess all the characters of the genus or did they not? If the text does not give any information in this regard, a condition soon arises when an old species may equally well be placed under two or more genera, unless indeed one has access to the type specimen and can thus use it as a supplement to the description. Naturally, the trouble is still greater if the description is altogether inadequate, when the species may never again be recognized.
12 citations
TL;DR: A male and female so labelled on the same pin; also labelled “Chili Call” and “fulvipes det. B. Winthem.”
Abstract: 61. Paralucilia fulvipes Blanchard. A male and female so labelled on the same pin; also labelled “Chili Call. Winthem.” and “fulvipes det. B. B.”
11 citations
TL;DR: Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr.
Abstract: Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., is the weevil which is commonly known as the “Four-spotted bean weevil,” but which is much more commonly found in shelled cow peas. The damage which is done to the peas is caused by the larvae of the weevils which spend their life in the seeds, feeding upon the cotyledons. On account of the rapidity with which the weevils multiply under favorable conditions a stock of peas in storage is quickly ruined by the burrowing larvae.
TL;DR: A growing discontent with unstable generic names has been manifesting itself among entomologists in recent years, and a number of useful papers fixing the types of genera in various groups has been the result.
Abstract: A growing discontent with unstable generic names has been manifesting itself among entomologists in recent years, and a number of useful papers fixing the types of genera in various groups has been the result. It is to be hoped that the idea will be carried out to the final inclusion of ctil generic names. It is also to be hoped, but perhaps vainly, that some common basis of treatment may be agreed upon, especially between the systematists of Europe and North America. Our European colleagues unfortunately persist in the use of minor so-called restrictions in the selection of logotypes, although the International rules do not permit such usage, and logical thinking forbids it in so many cases as to leave it a very weak method indeed.
TL;DR: An account of the principal results of this investigation is published to make available such facts as have been determined and to interest other investigators in extending knowledge of this form of parasitism.
Abstract: The initial discovery of this form of parasitism was made on August 13, 1914, by Mr. C. C. Hamilton, a student at the Kansas State Agricultural College. While examining a series of insects for internal parasites he found the tracheae of a grasshopper ( Hippiscus apiculatus Harris) infested with what appeared to be a mite. The unusualness of such a relation attracted attention at once and the problem of making an intensive study of the whole matter was turned over to the first author of this paper, then a graduate student in the Department of Entomology in the above mentioned institution and working under the direction of the second author. The study was carried on over two successive seasons, but later interrupted by the departure of both authors to other institutions. In the meantime Rennie and his associates (1921) announced the discovery in Great Britain of a new species of mite, Tarsonemus woodi Rennie, now known as Acarapis woodi Rennie, which inhabits the tracheal system of the common honeybee and which, according to all evidence available at the present time, is the causative agent of the well known Isle of Wight disease. This appears to be the first published record of mites inhabiting the tracheal system of an insect. The discovery of this unique form of parasitism and its causal relation to the Isle of Wight disease gave new interest to the earlier discovery of mites in the tracheal system of grasshoppers and during the past six months a complete re-examination of all of the original materials and records has been made. Although very incomplete in certain respects, it has seemed wise to publish an account of the principal results of this investigation in order to make available such facts as have been determined and to interest other investigators in extending knowledge of this form of parasitism.
TL;DR: In some instances during studies of migration, the young larvae of the European corn borer are found to be less susceptible to light than older larvae, a condition that is undoubtedly comparable to the activity of the newly hatched larvae in the habit of surface feeding before burying themselves within the tissues of the food plant.
Abstract: In its active stages as adult and larva the European corn borer ( Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) is, for the most part, a lover of darkness. As dusk approaches during the periods of the year when the moths are in the field, they become active, fly, mate and deposit eggs during the hours of darkness and as dawn approaches they become inactive and rest or hide on the under side of leaves or in other protected places, remaining quiet during the day to resume activity when darkness approaches again. The larva, because of its habit of feeding in tunnels within the host plant throughout development, except in some instances during the first and second instar, is also negatively phototropic. Any migration of the larvae that may take place or any movement of larvaeoutside of the burrow that may occur, happens principally at night, and while large numbers of larvaemay be found moving about outside their burrows at favorable times during the hours of darkness, they are seldom seen in daylight. On hatching from the egg, however, the young larvaefrequently wander about on the plant, feed on the epidermis of the leaves or bore into the leaves or midribs of leaves and feed for a time before entering the main stalk of corn or other food plant. This is especially the case in the spring when the food plants are small and even the main stalks frequently being too delicate to accommodate the larvae. They soon seek shelter, however, and bore into the main stem or other parts of the plants that offer protection. In some instances during studies of migration, the young larvaehave been found to be less susceptible to light than older larvae, a condition that is undoubtedly comparable to the activity of the newly hatched larvaein the habit of surface feeding before burying themselves within the tissues of the food plant.
TL;DR: This is a brief account of observations on the effect of the venom of one species of centipede, three species of scorpions, and two species of tarantulas occurring in the Canal Zone.
Abstract: This is a brief account of observations on the effect of the venom of one species of centipede, two species of scorpions, and two species of tarantulas occurring in the Canal Zone. Although with the appearance of Animaux Venimeux et Venins by Marie Phisalix, there is available rather extensive literature on the various poisonous animals; the species that are discussed in this paper have, so far as I know, not been studied with regard to the effect of the poison.
TL;DR: The present study was initiated with a view to verifying Borner's findings relative to Vespoidea by an examination of a large number of forms in that superfamily by attention becoming centered around two structures in the labium while the range of examination was extended to the entire order of Hymenoptera.
Abstract: By reason of the attending difficulties in examination, the mouth-parts of insects have not been conceded their rightful place in insect taxonomy. That this department of anatomy offers important clues to the phylogeny of the hymenopterous insects has been indicated by Carl Borner in a classification of this order based largely on characters in tve mouth-parts. The present study was initiated with a view to verifying Borner's findings relative to Vespoidea[*][1] by an examination of a large number of forms in that superfamily. But in the course of work attention became centered around two structures in the labium while the range of examination was extended to the entire order of Hymenoptera. The two labial structures studied are the submentum and, what is here termed, the acroglossal buttons. Observations on their anatomy and remarks on their taxonomic significance will be briefly presented below.
[1]: #fn-1
TL;DR: At the suggestion of Professor G. F. Ferris, of the Department of Zoology of Stanford University, the following review of this small group of the scale insects is undertaken.
Abstract: At the suggestion of Professor G. F. Ferris, of the Department of Zoology of Stanford University, I have undertaken the following review of this small group of the scale insects. The material upon which the paper is based is contained for the most part in the Stanford Collection of Coccidae. Specimens of Aclerda holci n. sp. were obtained through the kindness of Mr. H. K. Plank, of the United States Bureau of Entomology and the holotype of this species will be deposited in the National Collection of Coccidae.
TL;DR: Observations have been made on the oviposition, eggs, and egg parasites of some of the commonest Kansas forms of cicadas.
Abstract: In spite of the fact that cicadas have been known and written about since medieval times very little is known of their life histories. This lack is doubtless due in a large measure to their habit of passing the entire nymphal stage below the surface of the ground and because in most cases this period is supposed to last from several to many years. Members of some of the Kansas species emerge in large numbers every year, a constant challenge to one so inclined, to solve the secret of their life cycle. The present paper is a presentation of observations on the oviposition, eggs, and egg parasites of some of our commonest Kansas forms. Observations have been made on seven species and one variety, namely, Tibicen aurifera (Say), T. auletes (Germar), T. dorsata (Say), T. resh (Hald.), T. lyricen (Degeer), T. marginalis (Walk.), T. pruinosa (Say), and T. pruinosa var. fulva Beamer.
TL;DR: A number of new species are described from various localities in the vicinity of Mexico City as well as in the following Mexican Biocœnosis and Mexican Fauna numbers as adopted by the collector.
Abstract: The crane-flies discussed at this time were included in very large and important collections made in various parts of Mexico by Dr. Alfons Dampf, Professor of Applied Zoology and State Entomologist. Our knowledge of the crane-flies of this great republic had hitherto been restricted to the relatively few species recorded by Osten Sacken and Williston in the “Biologia Centrali-Americana,” together with a few scattered descriptions by the writer. This fragmentary knowledge has been vastly added to through the critical and systematic collecting methods employed by Dr. Dampf. In the present installment a number of new species are described from various localities in the vicinity of Mexico City. The habitats from which the various collections were made will be discussed in detail in later papers by Dr. Dampf, those employed at this time being included in the following Mexican Biocœnosis (M. B.) and Mexican Fauna (M. F.) numbers as adopted by the collector:
TL;DR: The authors' knowledge of the leaf-mining habit in the Hymenoptera dates back to De Geer (1752), but many papers, too numerous to mention here, have appeared during the last fifty years in American literature, dealing with the life histories of individual species.
Abstract: Our knowledge of the leaf-mining habit in the Hymenoptera dates back to De Geer (1752). Although Reaumur (1737) and Swammerdam (1758) speak of the leaf-mining habit, they make no mention of the Hymenoptera. Since the time of De Geer, several comprehensive papers have appeared, dealing wholly or in part with the leaf-mining Hymenoptera. These are classics and are worthy of mention. The work of Brischke (1880) “Die Blattminirer in Danzig's Umgebung,” although devoted largely to Lepidoptera and Diptera, has numerous references to leaf-mining Hymenoptera. Three years later Brischke and Zaddach (1883) published a valuable paper on leaf and wood-boring wasps, containing many original food records and excellent plates of the larvae and their mines. Linnaniemi (1913) in his “Zur Kenntnis der Blattminirer,” refers briefly to the leaf-mining Hymenoptera. Many papers, too numerous to mention here, have appeared during the last fifty years in American literature, dealing with the life histories of individual species. In passing, reference should be made to certain systematic papers as Konow (1901–02), Enslin (1914–17). Yuasa (1922) and the numerous writings of Rohwer and MacGillivray, especially the synopsis of the American species of Scolioneura, MacGillivray (1909) and the classification of the Chalastogastra by Rohwer (1911).
TL;DR: In working over some Coleoptera, two apparently undescribed forms were found, the descriptions of which are given herewith.
Abstract: In working over some Coleoptera, two apparently undescribed forms were found, the descriptions of which are given herewith.
TL;DR: The hypothetical plan of venation of the Hymenoptera as derived by Comstock and Needham is largely based on analogy with the condition in the more specialized Diptera, and largely ignores the evidence of the tracheation.
Abstract: The hypothetical plan of venation of the Hymenoptera as derived by Comstock and Needham is largely based on analogy with the condition in the more specialized Diptera. It involves the assumption that there has been a good deal of fusion of the apices of veins, and largely ignores the evidence of the tracheation.
TL;DR: One of the species of the genus Dikraneura occurring in North America differs so markedly in both structure and habits from the typical group that it has been generically separated in this paper.
Abstract: A recent study of the species of the genus Dikraneura occurring in North America has brought out the fact that there are a number of additions and corrections that should be made to the list in the Van Duzee Catalog. It has also shown that there are three distinct groups of species included in our fauna. One of these differs so markedly in both structure and habits from the typical group that it has been generically separated in this paper.
TL;DR: An ambitious and rather sweeping title is chosen to head some thoughts that have come to me after about sixty years of greater or less attention to insects.
Abstract: I have chosen an ambitious and rather sweeping title for this address. It would make a good title for a book. I may possibly use it as a title for a book I have been preparing for some time. It will serve my present purpose, however, to head some thoughts that have come to me after about sixty years of greater or less attention to insects.
TL;DR: In 1902 and 1924 I determined the endings of nerve cells in the body-wall of various insects and wish to further extend this record.
Abstract: In 1902 and 1924 I determined the endings of nerve cells in the body-wall of various insects. At this time I wish to further extend this record.
TL;DR: Alate Viviparous Female (Plate XLIV, 1, and Text Figs., 6 and 7) is described from two examples taken on Juniperus sibirica.
Abstract: Alate Viviparous Female (Plate XLIV, 1, and Text Figs., 6 and 7). Described from two examples taken on Juniperus sibirica , Aug. 20, 1924, in Pingree Park, Colo., by C. R. Crosby.
TL;DR: The larvae of Cotinis nitida Burmeister, the green June beetle or fig-eater, is easily distinguished from other grubs by its peculiar habit of creeping upon its dorsal surface.
Abstract: The larvae of Cotinis nitida Burmeister, the green June beetle or fig-eater, is easily distinguished from other grubs by its peculiar habit of creeping upon its dorsal surface. It makes burrows which often open to the surface. Davis[*][1], working in Illinois, found that grubs of this species came to the entrances of their burrows or even crawled upon the surface of ground when the soil was covered with water.
[1]: #fn-1