Showing papers in "Annals of the International Communication Association in 1989"
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between discourse and social power and the role of ideology in the enactment of power in interaction and discourse at the micro-level, focusing on the impact of specific power structures on various discourse genres and their characteristic structures.
Abstract: This chapter examines some of the relationships between discourse and social power. After a brief theoretical analysis of these relationships, we review some of the recent work in this new area of research. Although we draw upon studies of power in several disciplines, our major perspective is found in the ways power is enacted, expressed, described, concealed, or legitimated by text and talk in the social context. We pay special attention to the role of ideology, but unlike most studies in sociology and political science, we formulate this ideological link in terms of a theory of social cognition. This formulation enables us to build the indispensable theoretical bridge between societal power of classes, groups, or institutions at the macro level of analysis and the enactment of power in interaction and discourse at the social micro level. Thus our review of other work in this field focuses on the impact of specific power structures on various discourse genres and their characteristic structures.
217 citations
TL;DR: This paper argued that friendship involves inherent dialectical tensions as a specific category of interpersonal relationship within American culture, in actual communicative practices of friends, and within and across developmental periods of the life cycle.
Abstract: This monograph synthesizes selected findings from an ongoing program of empirical and theoretical research regarding the nature and functions of communication in young adult friendships. It argues that friendship involves inherent dialectical tensions as a specific category of interpersonal relationship within American culture, in the actual communicative practices of friends, and within and across developmental periods of the life cycle. First are delineated four basic elements of the dialectical perspective employed to analyze the communication of friends: totality, contradiction, motion, and praxis. Next, an extensive examination of dialectical principles inherent in the communicative management of friendship occurs. The principles are then used to develop an intelligible frame for the practices and predicaments of managing young adult friendships communicatively with particular attention to gender, marriage, and work exigencies. Implications for the study of interpersonal communication in general and ...
93 citations
TL;DR: This chapter suggests four dimensions of research—stakeholders, goals, analytical domain, and tools—that scholars may use to guide and expand future studies of CMCS.
Abstract: Computers and telecommunications networks have converged to provide a new category of communication media: computer-mediated communication systems (CMCS). The increasing development and application of these systems is matched by increasing research concerning their uses and implications. However, it is often difficult to integrate this body of research across disciplines, technologies, and research processes. Further, such research is often too narrowly focused. This chapter suggests four dimensions of research—stakeholders, goals, analytical domain, and tools—that scholars may use to guide and expand future studies of CMCS.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the intellectual antecedents of intercultural communication is presented, followed by the development of a "third culture" model in which cultural domination and subjugation are rejected but opportunities for mutual development are provided.
Abstract: Beginning with a review of the intellectual antecedents of intercultural communication, this essay goes on to document its successes, failings, and uncertainties. It then turns to the development of a “third culture” model in which cultural domination and subjugation are rejected but opportunities for mutual development are provided. Central to the model is the realization that it is the human capacity to synthesize that will provide success and not the simple export and import of technology.
48 citations
TL;DR: The concept of culture has long been virtually ignored in development and communication theories as discussed by the authors, and a new perspective on culture has been developed, which defines cultures as social settings in which a certain reference framework has taken concrete form or has been institutionalized and orients and structures the interaction and communication of people within this historical context.
Abstract: The concept of culture has long been virtually ignored in development and communication theories. In this chapter, a new perspective on culture has been developed. It defines cultures as social settings in which a certain reference framework has taken concrete form or has been institutionalized and orients and structures the interaction and communication of people within this historical context. Therefore, in the patterning of their social existence, people continually make principally unconscious choices that are directed by the applicable intracultural values and options. Cultural identity refers to the constitution and cultivation of a reality on the basis of particular values, a reality in which the value system and the social system are completely interwoven and imbued with the activity of each other. I focus on two aspects or levels of the relationship between forms of cultural identity and modes of production and communication that build upon this new perception of culture: (1) the micro level of c...
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the development of a critical approach to the problems of communication and media in American social science scholarship has been discussed, and the understanding of a "critical" position through four successive periods and their contribution to an intellectual history of the field is traced.
Abstract: This chapter outlines the development of a critical approach to the problems of communication and media in American social science scholarship. It traces the understanding of a “critical” position through four successive periods and their contribution to an intellectual history of the field: the pragmatism of the Chicago School, the empirical sociology of the Lazarsfeld tradition, the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, and the cultural studies movement in Great Britain. The essay argues that communication and media theorists in the United States have embraced a notion of critical research that emerged from a reformist environment and was based upon a sense of social responsibility among social scientists that operated well within the dominant ideology. Thus the introduction of radical social theories, including a critical, Marxist perspective since the 1940s, has been either ignored or considered a peripheral intellectual activity by communication and media scholarship, the most recent analyses of m...
24 citations
TL;DR: This chapter describes the process of correcting for biases and its implications for communication theory, and presents a theory of second-guessing that specifies its antecedents and consequences.
Abstract: Messages are often biased. Whether these messages are produced by acquaintances, coworkers, governments, or the mass media, social actors believe they can identify biases in them. Not only do they feel they can identify distortions, but they also believe they can correct those distortions, arriving at a more accurate understanding of the messages’ referents than if they relied on the messages unreflectively. Hewes and Planalp (1982) called this process of correcting for biases “second-guessing.” This chapter describes this process and its implications for communication theory. In addition, it presents a theory of second-guessing that specifies its antecedents and consequences. Included is a review of the relevant literature, suggesting facets of the theory that need further testing and new areas of application.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of culture on communication in interpersonal relationships is examined, and the authors examine how culture influences communication and its influence on social penetration and uncertainty reduction processes in interpersonal relations.
Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to examine the influence of culture on communication in interpersonal relationships. Initially, research on social penetration and uncertainty reduction processes in ...
18 citations
11 citations
10 citations
TL;DR: The authors develop coherence as a cognitive judgment on the meaningful state of a text, which is determined by the relationship between the inferential demands of the text and the knowledge structures available to the individual to accommodate those demands.
Abstract: Rejecting relevance, topicality, cohesive devices, syntactic structure, and comprehension as synonymous with and as necessary and/or sufficient for coherence, this chapter develops coherence as a cognitive judgment on the meaningful state of a text. This judgment of meaningfulness is determined by the relationship between the inferential demands of a text and the knowledge structures (schemata) available to the individual to accommodate those demands. Text therefore can be brought into the domain of coherence by varying knowledge structures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present Strangers, Friends, and Historical Transformations: Strangers and Friends: Stranger, Friend, and Historical Transformations, 1989, Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 190-202.
Abstract: (1989). Further Dialectics: Strangers, Friends, and Historical Transformations. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 190-202.
TL;DR: In this paper, culture and interpersonal relationship development: some conceptual issues are discussed, with a focus on the relation between culture and personal relationship development, and a discussion of the relationship between the two.
Abstract: (1989). Culture and Interpersonal Relationship Development: Some Conceptual Issues. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 371-382.
TL;DR: In this article, a field research project of in-depth interviews with retirees is reported in narrative form to verify past theory and to search for new theoretical formulations on giving in the organizational setting.
Abstract: This chapter integrates the one-way transfer theory of Boulding (1973) and Mauss (1967) with the loosely coupled systems theory of Weick (1976) to advance the thesis that one-way transfers are plausible events under conditions of slack and ambiguity—the prime dimensions of loosely coupled systems. A field research project of in-depth interviews with retirees is reported in narrative form to verify past theory and to search for new theoretical formulations on giving in the organizational setting. The results of the research show that dramatic reports of organizational life are surfaced in the process of searching for one-way transfers. People taking a risk that produces a positive outcome for someone else is a powerful, if traditional, narrative. The surprising finding of the research shows negative gifts (corrections to alter or reshape behavior that are unappreciated at the time but are later valued) are a constant theme in the data.
TL;DR: In this article, cultural studies: From Old World to New World, Cultural Studies: From old world to new world, 1989, Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 601-617.
Abstract: (1989). Cultural Studies: From Old World to New World. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 601-617.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe socially open architecture as an approach to designing technology-based communication systems and argue that designers must pursue a "principle of incompleteness", which recursively implies that a system must be complete.
Abstract: This chapter describes socially open architecture as an approach to designing technology-based communication systems. It argues that designers must pursue a “principle of incompleteness,” which rec...
TL;DR: Gudykunst and Kim as mentioned in this paper pointed out that cultural variability in peoples' backgrounds influences their communication behavior, which leads many scholars studying intercultural communication to view it as a unique form of communication differing in kind from other forms of communication.
Abstract: Critics from outside the field noted that nothing significantly new happened if one merely added the word culture to communication, without demonstrating that such interactions differed significantly from interpersonal, group, or media communication within the culture.—Casmir and Asuncion-Lande (this volume)It commonly is accepted that cultural variability in peoples’ backgrounds influences their communication behavior. This “fact” leads many scholars studying intercultural communication to view it as a unique form of communication differing in kind from other forms of communication (e.g., communication between people from the same culture). This point of view, however, is not widely accepted.—Gudykunst and Kim (1984, p. 19)
TL;DR: In this paper, poststructuralist concepts in culture and communication are discussed in the context of communication yearbook and the ANNALS of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12.
Abstract: (1989). Poststructuralist Concepts in Culture and Communication. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 427-434.
TL;DR: Prower as mentioned in this paper, Discourse, and Ideology: The Micropractices of Common Sense, 1989, vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 60-75.
Abstract: (1989). Prower, Discourse, and Ideology: The Micropractices of Common Sense. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 60-75.
TL;DR: In this paper, one-way transfers and organizational cohesion are discussed in the context of the International Communication Association's Communication Yearbook 12, 1989, Vol. 12, No. 675-687.
Abstract: (1989). One-Way Transfers and Organizational Cohesion. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 12, Communication Yearbook 12, pp. 675-687.
TL;DR: The command in its self-contained, complete form, that is, the form in which we find it today after a long period of development, has become the single most dangerous element in the social life of man as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: No matter how one looks at it, the command in its self-contained, complete form—that is, the form in which we find it today after a long period of development—has become the single most dangerous element in the social life of man. One must have the courage to resist it and undermine its power. Ways and means must be found to keep the majority of mankind free from it. One dare not allow it to do any more than just scratch the skin. Its barbs must become no more than harmless leeches, which can easily be brushed off.
TL;DR: Borrowing is a humbling activity, for borrowers are forced to concede that through the vagaries of either fate or chance or because of some character or performance flaw, they have failed to amass a sufficient store of the valued resource as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Though Shakespeare’s familiar caveat counsels that both borrowing and lending are social taboos, most people, including the Bard himself, would doubtless opt for the latter practice over the former. To be cast in the role of lender implies possession of some economic, social, or intellectual resource deemed sufficiently valuable to be coveted by others not fortunate enough to possess it in adequate supply. By contrast, borrowing is a humbling activity, for borrowers are forced to concede that through the vagaries of either fate or chance or because of some character or performance flaw, they have failed to amass a sufficient store of the valued resource.