Showing papers in "Annals of the West University of Timisoara: Mathematics and Computer Science in 2019"
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hermite-Hadamard inequality for GA-convex functions on positive intervals was shown to hold for real and positive values of x, and the Euler gamma function and its logarithmic derivative, the so-called digamma function.
Abstract: Some inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for GA-convex functions de
ned on positive intervals are given. 1. Introduction Let I (0;1) be an interval; a real-valued function f : I ! R is said to be GA-convex (concave) on I if (1.1) f x y ( ) (1 ) f (x) + f (y) for all x; y 2 I and 2 [0; 1]. Since the condition (1.1) can be written as (1.2) f exp ((1 ) lnx+ ln y) ( ) (1 ) f exp (lnx) + f exp (ln y) ; then we observe that f : I ! R is GA-convex (concave) on I if and only if f exp is convex (concave) on ln I := fln z; z 2 Ig : If I = [a; b] then ln I = [ln a; ln b] : It is known that the function f (x) = ln (1 + x) is GA-convex on (0;1) [4]. For real and positive values of x, the Euler gamma function and its logarithmic derivative , the so-called digamma function, are de
ned by (x) := Z 1 0 t e dt and (x) := 0 (x) (x) : It has been shown in [54] that the function f : (0;1)! R de
ned by f (x) = (x) + 1 2x is GA-concave on (0;1) while the function g : (0;1)! R de
ned by g (x) = (x) + 1 2x + 1 12x2 is GA-convex on (0;1) : If [a; b] (0;1) and the function g : [ln a; ln b] ! R is convex (concave) on [ln a; ln b] ; then the function f : [a; b] ! R, f (t) = g (ln t) is GA-convex (concave) on [a; b] : Indeed, if x; y 2 [a; b] and 2 [0; 1] ; then f x y = g ln x y = g [(1 ) lnx+ ln y] ( ) (1 ) g (lnx) + g (ln y) = (1 ) f (x) + f (y) showing that f is GA-convex (concave) on [a; b] : 1991 Mathematics Subject Classi
cation. 26D15; 25D10. Key words and phrases. Convex functions, Integral inequalities, GA-Convex functions. 1 2 S. S. DRAGOMIR We recall that the classical Hermite-Hadamard inequality that states that (1.3) f a+ b 2 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (a) + f (b) 2 for any convex function f : [a; b]! R. For related results, see [1]-[20], [23]-[25], [26]-[35] and [36]-[46]. In [54] the authors obtained the following Hermite-Hadamard type inequality. Theorem 1. If b > a > 0 and f : [a; b]! R is a di¤erentiable GA-convex (concave) function on [a; b] ; then (1.4) f (I (a; b)) ( ) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt ( ) b L (a; b) b a f (b)+ L (a; b) a b a f (a) : The identric mean I (a; b) is de
ned by I (a; b) := 1 e b aa 1 b a while the logarithmic mean is de
ned by L (a; b) := b a ln b ln a The di¤erentiability of the function is not necessary in Theorem 1 for the
rst inequality (1.4) to hold. A proof of this fact is proved below after some short preliminaries. The second inequality in (1.4) has been proved in [54] without differentiability assumption. 2. Preliminaries We recall some facts on the lateral derivatives of a convex function. Suppose that I is an interval of real numbers with interior I and f : I ! R is a convex function on I. Then f is continuous on I and has
nite left and right derivatives at each point of I. Moreover, if x; y 2 I and x < y; then f 0 (x) f 0 + (x) f 0 (y) f 0 + (y) which shows that both f 0 and f 0 + are nondecreasing function on I. It is also known that a convex function must be di¤erentiable except for at most countably many points. For a convex function f : I ! R, the subdi¤erential of f denoted by @f is the set of all functions ' : I ! [ 1;1] such that ' °I R and f (x) f (a) + (x a)' (a) for any x; a 2 I: It is also well known that if f is convex on I; then @f is nonempty, f 0 , f 0 + 2 @f and if ' 2 @f , then f 0 (x) ' (x) f 0 + (x) for any x 2 I. In particular, ' is a nondecreasing function. If f is di¤erentiable and convex on I, then @f = ff 0g : Now, since f exp is convex on [ln a; ln b] it follows that f has
nite lateral derivatives on (ln a; ln b) and by gradient inequality for convex functions we have (2.1) f exp (x) f exp (y) (x y)' (exp y) exp y where ' (exp y) 2 f 0 (exp y) ; f 0 + (exp y) for any x; y 2 (ln a; ln b) : INEQUALITIES OF HERMITE-HADAMARD TYPE FOR GA-CONVEX FUNCTIONS 3 If s; t 2 (a; b) and we take in (2.1) x = ln t; y = ln s; then we get (2.2) f (t) f (s) (ln t ln s)' (s) s where ' (s) 2 f 0 (s) ; f 0 + (s) : Now, if we take the integral mean on [a; b] in the inequality (2.2) we get 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (s) 1 b a Z b a ln tdt ln s ! ' (s) s and since 1 b a Z b a ln tdt = ln I (a; b) then we get (2.3) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (s) + (ln I (a; b) ln s)' (s) s for any s 2 (a; b) and ' (s) 2 f 0 (s) ; f 0 + (s) : This is an inequality of interest in itself. Now, if we take in (2.3) s = I (a; b) 2 (a; b) then we get the
rst inequality in (1.4) for GA-convex functions. If f is di¤erentiable and GA-convex on (a; b) ; then we have from (2.3) the inequality (2.4) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (s) + (ln I (a; b) ln s) f 0 (s) s for any s 2 (a; b) : If we take in (2.4) s = a+b 2 = A (a; b) ; then we get (2.5) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (A (a; b)) f 0 (A (a; b))A (a; b) ln A (a; b) I (a; b) : If we assume that f 0 (A (a; b)) 0; then, since I (a; b) A (a; b) ; we get (2.6) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (A (a; b)) provided that f is di¤erentiable and GA-convex on (a; b) : Also, if we take in (2.4) s = L (a; b) ; then we get (2.7) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (L (a; b)) + f 0 (L (a; b))L (a; b) ln I (a; b) L (a; b) : If we assume that f 0 (L (a; b)) 0; then we get from (2.7) that (2.8) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (L (a; b)) provided that f is di¤erentiable and GA-convex on (a; b) : Now, if we take in (2.4) s = p ab = G (a; b) ; then we get (2.9) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (G (a; b)) + f 0 (G (a; b))G (a; b) ln I (a; b) G (a; b) : 4 S. S. DRAGOMIR Since ln I (a; b) G (a; b) = ln I (a; b) lnG (a; b) = b ln b a ln a b a 1 ln a+ ln b 2 = a+ b 2 ln b ln a b a 1 = A (a; b) L (a; b) L (a; b) ; then (2.9) is equivalent to (2.10) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (G (a; b)) + f 0 (G (a; b))G (a; b) A (a; b) L (a; b) L (a; b) : If f 0 (G (a; b)) 0; then we have (2.11) 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt f (G (a; b)) provided that f is di¤erentiable and GA-convex on (a; b) : Motivated by the above results we establish in this paper other inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for GA-convex functions. Applications for special means are also provided. 3. New Results We start with the following result that provide in the right side of (1.4) a bound in terms of the identric mean. Theorem 2. Let f : [a; b] (0;1) ! R be a GA-convex (concave) function on [a; b] : Then we have 1 b a Z b a f (t) dt ( ) (ln b ln I (a; b)) f (a) + (ln I (a; b) ln a) f (b) ln b ln a (3.1) = b L (a; b) b a f (b) + L (a; b) a b a f (a) : Proof. Since is a GA-convex (concave) function on [a; b] then f exp is convex (concave) and we have f (t) = f exp (ln t) = f exp (ln b ln t) ln a+ (ln t ln a) ln b ln b ln a (3.2) ( ) (ln b ln t) f exp (ln a) + (ln t ln a) f exp (ln b) ln b ln a = (ln b ln t) f (a) + (ln t ln a) f (b) ln b ln a for any t 2 [a; b] : This inequality is of interest in itself as well. If we take the integral mean in (3.2) we get 1 b a Z b
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TL;DR: In this paper, the γ − theory for solving variational inequality problems using Newton's method is extended using restricted convergence domains and the center γ− criterion, which is used in this paper.
Abstract: Abstract The γ − theory for solving variational inequality problems using Newton’s method is extended using restricted convergence domains and the center γ − criterion.
2 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, numerical solutions of the fractional telegraph equation with the aid of cubic B-spline collocation method were investigated, and the obtained results show that the considered method is effective and applicable for obtaining the numerical results of nonlinear fractional partial differential equations.
Abstract: Abstract In this study, we investigate numerical solutions of the fractional telegraph equation with the aid of cubic B-spline collocation method. The fractional derivatives have been considered in the Caputo forms. The L1and L2 formulae are used to discretize the Caputo fractional derivative with respect to time. Some examples have been given for determining the accuracy of the regarded method. Obtained numerical results are compared with exact solutions arising in the literature and the error norms L2 and L∞ have been computed. In addition, graphical representations of numerical results are given. The obtained results show that the considered method is effective and applicable for obtaining the numerical results of nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs).
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a new class of contractive mappings, called almost local contractions, starting from the almost contractions presented by V. Berinde, Approximating fixed points of weak contractions using the Picard iteration Nonlinear Analysis Forum 9 (2004) No.
Abstract: Abstract We introduce a new class of contractive mappings: the almost local contractions, starting from the almost contractions presented by V. Berinde in [V. Berinde, Approximating fixed points of weak contractions using the Picard iteration Nonlinear Analysis Forum 9 (2004) No.1, 43-53], and also from the concept of local contraction presented by Filipe Martins da Rocha and Vailakis in [V. Filipe Martins-da-Rocha, Y. Vailakis, Existence and uniqueness of a fixed point for local contractions, Econometrica, vol.78, No.3 (May, 2010) 1127-1141]. First of all, we present the notion of multivalued self almost contractions with many examples. The main results of this paper are given by the extension to the case of multivalued self almost local contractions.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a fixed point theorem for generalized contraction mappings in b-metric spaces endowed with a digraph is established, and fixed points of cyclical mappings are obtained in the setting of b-matric spaces.
Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we establish a fixed point theorem for generalized contraction mappings in b-metric spaces endowed with a digraph. As an application of this result, we obtain fixed points of cyclical mappings in the setting of b-metric spaces. Our results extend and generalize several existing results in the literature.