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Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1956"


Journal ArticleDOI

94 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The background and current status of the several as­ pects of nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism are developed and the demonstration of its pivotal role in the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is demonstrated.
Abstract: The emphasis of recent reviews on structural aspects of nucleic acid chem­ istry and the substantial achievement represented by the publications of the past year on the metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides has led to the selection of enzymic reactions operative in the synthesis of these com­ pounds as the principal subject of this review. Within the year an excellent and encyclopedic reference on nucleic acids, edited by Chargaff & Davidson (1), has become available; in this, chapters by Brown, Reichard, and Schlenk, respectively, develop the background and current status of the several as­ pects of nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism. The isolation of 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) by Kornberg, Lieberman & Simms (2, 3) and the demonstration of its pivotal role in the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides underlies much of the cur­ rent success in delineation of synthetic pathways. This ester is formed enzymically in several tissues through the reaction of ribose-5-phosphate and adenosinetriphosphate by a pyrophosphorylation of carbon-1 of ribose, and the formation of adenosinemonophosphate (AMP). ATP + R-5-P -+ PRPP + AMP 1.

38 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: What do you do to start reading chemistry of fungi?
Abstract: What do you do to start reading chemistry of fungi? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this chemistry of fungi.

23 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The substitution of "organic chemicals" for "toxic substances" in the present title is intended to bring to mind the usual laboratory organic chemicals, whose fate in the animal body has been extensively studied.
Abstract: "The Metabolism of Drugs and Toxic Substances," in the review by Bodan­ sky (19). Williams (197) considered this title inaccurate since the discussion usually centers around inert organic chemicals which lack unusual toxicity. "Toxic substances" is an all-inclusive term, which may apply equally to the elements such as lead or arsenic or to complex molecules, such as bacterial toxins. The substitution of "organic chemicals" for "toxic substances" in the present title is intended to bring to mind the usual laboratory organic chemicals, whose fate in the animal body has been extensively studied. Reports of such investigations have been the traditional material for annual review in these volumes. The predictions of William s i n 1951 have been corre ct with regard to advances which were expected to follow the appli cation of newer techniq ues, such as absorption spectr ophotomet ry, partition and paper chromatogra phy, labeling with tracer elements , coun ter -current extraction, and the employ ­ ment of preparations of (j-glucuronidase and Sulfatase for identifying meta·

18 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present reviewer has felt it unnecessary to give a comprehensive picture of the metabolism of each group of amino acids, and instead has tried to pick up the loose ends and bring the field up to date as of November, 1955.
Abstract: Few fields have been so frequently and so comprehensively reviewed as amino acid metabolism. The reader who wants the complete picture may be­ gin with Volume II of Chemical Pathways of Metabolism, edited by Green­ berg in 1954 (1), and then assimilate Amino Acid Metabolism, which in 1048 pages summarizes the symposium sponsored by the McCollum Pratt In­ stitute in June, 1954 (2) . For those who wish to specialize, there are reviews on amino acid biosynthesis [Davis (3»), transamination [Meister (4)], and on glutamine metabolism [Meister (5)]; the amino acid symposium of the American Society of Biological Chemists held in April, 1955 [transamination, microbial metabolism, hormonal influences, and regulatory interrelations with carbohydrate metabolism (6)]; and, in the present volume, a review of transaminases and racemases [Meister (7)]. In case some detail is missed in the above, the masterly review by Ehrensvard in last year's Annual Review of Biochemistry (8) will undoubtedly fill in the gaps. In the face of such intensive coverage, the present reviewer has felt it unnecessary to give a comprehensive picture of the metabolism of each group of amino acids, and instead has tried to pick up the loose ends and bring the field up to date as of November, 1955.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that although heating processes in short time had a lower degrading effect on carotenoid content, they should be used cautiously to cause the lowest impact on carotinoid content.
Abstract: Abstract As consequence of the steady increase in processing foods consumption, especially because of the current lifestyles of the population, the industry is always creating novel process technology to improve quality, productivity, and attendance of the new markets. Nevertheless, these new technologies, covering thermal and non-thermal processing, affect the value nutritional of food. The vitamins play an important role in the health and can be affected by industrial processing. Modern food processing methods based on short-term treatment such as pulsed electric fields; osmotic dehydration, radiation and high-pressure processing cause negligible degradation of carotenoid. For example, it has been reported that ohmic heating causes no change in carotenoid content; while microwave heating and freeze-drying caused the lowest degradation of carotenoid. Ultrasound treatment of food changed carotenoids into colorless and unknown compounds. These results indicate that although heating processes in short time had a lower degrading effect on carotenoid content, they should be used cautiously to cause the lowest impact on carotenoid content. Regarding the light effect on carotenoid degradation, it has been reported that degradation rate is higher in samples stored at light compared to those kept in darkness. In general, carotenoid degradation can be lowered by reduction temperature, processing time, light and oxygen and application of antioxidants. In this chapter, the effects of processing on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of fat-soluble vitamins were discussed.





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For nearly six years after retiring from the post of Secretary of the Medical Research Council, he continued to engage in research work and in many scientific affairs and was one of its Vice-Presidents.
Abstract: Sir Edward MelIanby had accepted a cordial invitation from the Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Biochemistry to contribute this Prefatory Chapter. Unhappily, before he had completed his seventy-first year, he died suddenly on Sunday, January 30, 1955, about mid-day, after he had spent the morning at his research. His draft of the introduction to his contribution to this volume is printed below in the section“ to British Biochemistry.” For nearly six years after retiring from the post of Secretary of the Medical Research Council, he continued to engage in research work and in many scientific affairs. He was, for example, active in the Royal Society, of which he had been a Fellow for 30 years, and he was one of its Vice-Presidents. Sir Henry Dale has recently completed an Obituary Notice of Mellanby for the Royal Society (1955); this tribute is of such grandeur as perhaps only a man of Sir Henry's eminence could contribute, and I shall quote from this to give the weight of wisdom, experience, and...