Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1978"
2,933 citations
2,420 citations
TL;DR: STRUCTURE and BIOSYNTHESIS of GL YCOSAMINOGL YCANS: Foundations and biosynthesis of GL ycans.
Abstract: STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF GL YCOSAMINOGL YCANS . 387 Polysaccharide Chains 387 Disaccharide units 387 Polymer sequence 390 Polymer shape 393 Proteog/ycans 393
803 citations
736 citations
TL;DR: The author revealed that RNA polymerase mutations located at the Site of Termination Site are linked to RHO mutations, and that pN acts at Many Sites and recognition Specificity of pN is recognized.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 967 WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION? 96S RHO-INDEPENDENT TERMINATION 969 RHO-DEPENDENT TERMINATION 972 THE SEQUENCES OF SOME TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION SIGNALS.. 974 THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RHO ... 979 TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION IN VIVO: A MODEL 9S2 Polarity: Transcription Termination with Operons ... ... .... 982 The Model 982 MUTATIONS AFFECTING TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION 986 Mutations Located at the Site of Termination 986 Mutations Not Linked to the Affected Termination Site 986 RNA polymerase mutations 986 RHO mutations 986 ANTITERMINATION , ........ ..... ........ , 989 pN Acts at Many Sites 989 Recognition Specificity of pN 990 Stoichiometry of pN Requirement ..... ......... ..... ... .... ......... 991 Involvement of Host Factors 992 Bypass of pN Requirement , .. , ... , ,." .. , .. ,........ 992 Models of Antitermination .. , , .. ,.,., , ,., .. ,...... 993
550 citations
TL;DR: Biochemical Effects of PP-ribose-P metabolism, S-Adenosylhomocysteine metabolism, Cell toxicity and immunosuppression, and Miscellaneous effects.
Abstract: Biochemical Effects . h�:�iJ/::;;�·;h�;i�:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: PP-ribose-P metabolism . S-Adenosylhomocysteine metabolism . Miscellaneous effects . Biological Properties . Cell toxicity and immunosuppression ..
499 citations
431 citations
TL;DR: Evidence for Separate Carboxyl and Amino Propeptides 133 time labelling studies 132 Vertebrate collagenase evidence 133 Vertebrates collagenaseEvidence 134 Immunological evidence 134 Electronmicroscopic evi dence 135 Amino propeptide evidence 136 Type I 136 Type III 139 Carboxy PropePTides 140 Carbohydrates On Propepsides 142
Abstract: Evidence for Separate Carboxyl and Amino Propeptides 133 Time labelling studies ... ......... ....... ... ...... ... ......... 134 Vertebrate collagenase evidence ...... ... ......... ... ........ 134 Immunological evidence 134 Electronmicroscopic evi dence 135 Amino Propeptides 136 Type I 136 Type III 139 Carboxyl Propeptides 140 Carbohydrates On Propeptides 142
384 citations
TL;DR: Using nanofiltration membranes for the recovery of phosphorous with a second type of technology for the removal of nitrogen is a viable process and has shown promise in the determination of phytochemical properties.
Abstract: AND PERSPECTIVES.. .. . . . . . .. . ... . .. . . . . . . .. . ..... 318 INTRODUCTION ........ . .. .. . ... . . . . . . .. ... ...... . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ........ .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . ... 319 PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 319 In vivo 319 In vitro ..... .... ..... .. .. .... ... ...... 322 PURIFICATION AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AChR ... . . . .. ...... ..... . . . . . 323 Purification . ...... .... 323 Hydrodynamic Properties ... 326 Molecular Weight and Subunit Structure .... ........ 327 Chemical Properties .. ..... ... 328
366 citations
TL;DR: The Role o/Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT), Biochemistry oj GaGA T, Physiology of GOGAT production, and Genetics oj GS jormation are revealed.
Abstract: FORMATION OF GLUTAMATE AND GLUTAMINE FROM AMMONIA .... 1131 The Role oj Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) 1131 Biochemistry oj GDH 1131 Physiology oj GDH production ....... .... 1131 Genetics oj GDH jormation .. 1131 The Role o/Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT) 1132 Biochemistry oj GaGA T 1132 Physiology of GOGAT production 1133 Genetics oj GOGAT jormation ......... 1134 The Role oj Glutamine Synthetase (GS) 1135 Biochemistry ojGS 1135 Physiology oj GS production 1139 Genetics oj GS jormation 1140
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the preparation of Hemolymph Plasma, the purification and storage of Proteins, and electrophoresis and immunochemical methods used for this purpose.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 780 TECHNIQUES 781 Preparation of Hemolymph Plasma 781 Electrophoresis 781 Immunochemical Methods 782 Purification and Storage of Proteins 783
TL;DR: The Biological Picture types of recombination, prokaryotes, and the molecular Basis of General Recombination are illustrated.
Abstract: The Biological Picture 848 Types of recombination 848 Eukaryotes ..... ...... .... 848 Prokaryotes ..... ... 849 The Molecular Basis of General Recombination ..... ........ .. .... 849
TL;DR: The chiral stationary phase for Phospholipid Synthesis showed good chiral recognition ability towards various racemates, including Na6(CO3, Na6SO4, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 163 FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS IN BACTERIAL MEMBRANES 165 Physical Studies 165 Physiological Studies 167 MECHANISMS OF LIPID SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION 170 Topology of Membrane Phospholipid Synthesis 170' Fatty Acid Synthesis 171 Phospholipid Synthesis 172 Phospholipid Related Molecules 175 Phospholipid Degradation 177 Enzymology of Phospholipid Synthesis 177 REGULATION OF LIPID SYNTHESIS 181 Coupling Between Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Synthesis 182 Regulation of the Amount of Phospholipid in E Coli 182 Control of Phospholipid Head Group Composition 184 Regulation of Fatty Acid Chain Length 184 Regulation of the SaturatedUnsaturated Ratio and Temperature Control 185
TL;DR: In eucaryotic cells virtually all of the DNA is complex with proteins to form a unit fiber approximately 100 A in diameter, and Chromatin is formed by the higher order coiling of the unit fiber.
Abstract: In eucaryotic cells virtually all of the DNA is complex with proteins to form a unit fiber approximately 100 A in diameter. Chromatin is formed by the higher order coiling of the unit fiber. In procaryotic cells, as exemplified by E. coli, the actual structure of the chromosome is less clear (218), but the discovery of the DNA gyrase raises the possibility that the DNA helix in the cell is maintained in an underwound state. It may be important to consider these structural features of DNA in future biochemical studies on replication, transcription, and recombination. The recent discoveries of the DNA swivelases, the DNA gyrase, and the DNA unwinding enzymes considerably increase our knowledge of DNA biochemistry. As more is learned about these enzymes and their interaction with DNA, the prospects for understanding the details of DNA transcription, DNA recombination, and particularly DNA replication appear to be good.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the properties of Membrane Proteins and their applications in multiple systems, as well as several Mechanisms, and some of the mechanisms used to construct these systems are described.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 934 INTRODUCTION 935 General Topics 935 Multiple Systems 935 Properties of Membrane Proteins 937 Multiple Mechanisms 937
TL;DR: The role of RNA in DNA replication, and its role in the design and regulation of DNA replication units, is studied in more detail in this chapter.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 277 PROTEINS OF DNA REPLICATION 279 DNA REPLICATION UNIT (RU): SIZE AND ORGANIZATION 282 RATE OF DNA SYNTHESIS 284 ORIGIN AND TERMINUS OF REPLICATION UNITS ....... 285 INTERMEDIATES OF DNA REPLICATION ...... ... .... 287 STUDIES WITH INHIBITORS OF DNA SYNTHESIS 289 RNA IN DNA REPLICATION 291 INITIATION OF DNA REPLICATION ........ 293 REPLICATION OF SPECIAL DNAs ........ 295 GENETIC STUDIES 297 CHROMATIN REPLICATION 301 STUDIES WITH IN VITRO SYSTEMS 304
TL;DR: This paper presents a Discussion of Priming of Single-Stranded DNA Synthesis and its Applications to DNA Replication in Vitro and discusses the role of template specificity in single-stranded DNA replicating systems.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 1163 ESCHERICHIA COLI CHROMOSOME REPLICATION 116S In Vivo DNA Replication 1165 In Vitro DNA Replication 1166 SINGLE-STRANDED CIRCULAR DNA-DEPENDENT DNA SYNTHESIS 1168 Priming of Single-Stranded DNA Synthesis 1170 Priming of DNA synthesis catalyzed by RNA polymerase 1170 Priming 0/ DNA synthesis catalyzed by dnaG protein 1171 Priming by dnaG protein /ollowing reactions involving dnaB and dnaC(D) proteins in conjunction with other E coli proteins 1173 Template specificity 0/ single-stranded DNA replicating systems 1174 DNA Elongation of Primed Single-Stranded DNA 1176 DOUBLE-STRANDED CIRCULAR SUPERCOILED DNA-DEPENDENT DNA SYNTHESIS 1180 ColE} DNA Replication In Vitro 1180 Initiation of CoIE1 replication 1181 DNA elongation 0/ CoIE1 early replicative intermediates 1182 Termination 0/ ColE] replication 1184 CPX174 RF I DNA Replication In Vitro 1184 CONCLUSIONS 1187
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analyses of diffraction techniques used in electron microscopy to characterize the structure of magnetism and its applications in the context of nanofiltration and electron spin resonance.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 359 MODEL MEMBRANE PREPARATIONS 360 TYPES OF PROBES OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE 361 Scattering Methods 361 X-ray scattering 361 Neutron scattering 363 Raman scattering 364 Fluorescence of probes ...... ..... 365 Magnetic Resonance Methods 367 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 367 Electron spin resonance of spin labels 372 Calorimetry 378 Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy 379 COMMENTS ON THE INTERPRET A nON OF MEMBRANE PROBE DATA 380
TL;DR: The present paper presents a meta-analyses of proton transfer, which shows clear trends in both the rate-dependent and the non-rate-dependent responses of the proton-proton pair.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 1031 METHODS OF STUDY 1033 Stereochemical Principles and Methods 1034 Nondestructive and Destructive Approaches that Give Rate Constants ...... 1036 "Parallel Line Kinetics" and Isotope Exchange 1040 Intramolecular Positional Exchange 1041 Isotope Effects 1043 GROUP TRANSFER REACTIONS ......... 1046 Proton Transfer 1047 Methyl Transfer 1052 Acyl Transfer 1053 Activation by adenylylation 1054 Activation by phosphorylation 1056 ATP-independent transacylation 1061 CO] Transfer 1063 Phosphoryl Transfer 1067 Mechanisms 1067 Nucleotide transler 1069 Hydrolysis to Pi 1070 E-P or no E-P 1071 CONCLUDING REMARKS 1074