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Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cholesteryl Ester/Protein Complexes from Atherosclerotic Plaques and the Foam Cell in Familial Hypercholesterolemia are studied.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY ............................... .... ....................................... 224 UPTAKE OF LIPOPROTEIN-BOUND CHOLESTEROL BY MACROPHAGES ................................................................................................ 226 Receptor for Acetyl-LDL .......................................................................................... 227 Receptor for LDLIDextran Sulfate Complexes ...................................................... 235 Receptor for f3-VLDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,.\", ... ,,,, .... ,, ............. ,,.............. 237 Receptors for Cholesteryl Ester/Protein Complexes from Atherosclerotic Plaques .............................................................. ,................... 241 PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF LIPOPROTEIN-BOUND CHOLESTEROL BY MACROPHAGES ............................... . ................................................ 243 Endocytosis and Lysosomal Hydrolysis .................................................................... 243 Cytoplasmic Re-esterification and Hydrolysis of Lipoprotein-Derived Cholesteryl Esters ........................................................................ \".\".\" . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . \".\".. 244 The Cho{estery{ Ester Cycle \" ... \" ... \" .... \" ....... \" .. \"....................................................... 247 SECRETION OF CHOLESTEROL AND APOPROTEIN E BY MACROPHAGES ........................................................................................ 249 Cholesterol Excretion Dependent on Cholesterol Acceptors .................................... 249 Synthesis and Secretion of Apoprotein E in Response to Cholesterol Loading , .. \"\", 252 IMPLICATIONS FOR FOAM CELL FORMATION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 The Foam Cell in Familial Hypercholesterolemia .................................................. 257

2,279 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analyses of the proton-probes of ATP and its role in the building blocks of proteinase Inhibitor and shows how the role of ATP in the design of proteinases changes with age and disease progression.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 655 INTRODUCTION 657 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PROTEINASE INHIBITORS 659 The Standard Mechanism 660 Deviations Jrom the Standard M echanism 661 ALPHA I-PROTEINASE INHIBITOR 663 Polymorphysm oj (x, Proteinase Inhibitor 665 Mechanism Studies 667 Physiological Role of (x, Proteinase Inhibitor 672 ANTITHROMBIN III ...... 674 Effect oj Heparin 674 Mechanism Studies 675 Physiological Role of Antithrombin III 676 ALPHAz-ANTIPLASMIN 676 ALPHA,-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN 678 CI-INHIBITOR 681 ALPHA2-MACROGLOBULIN 684 The Trapping Reaction ..... 685 The Covalent-Linking Reaction 690 The Adherence Reaction 693 Physiological Role oJ(Xz-Macroglobulin 693 INTER-ALPHA-TRYPSIN INHIBITOR 695 BETA,-ANTICOLLAGENASE 696 ALPHA-CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR 698 OTHER INHIBITORS 699 CONCLUDING REMARKS 700

2,066 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Role des oncogenes cellulaires dans les cellules normales, dans the transformation maligne, dan the genese des tumeurs
Abstract: Devoilement des oncogenes cellulaires: strategies experimentales et definitions. Caracteristiques structurales. Phylogenese. Expressions. Fonctions. Familles d'oncogenes cellulaires. Linkages. Transduction par des retrovirus. Role des oncogenes cellulaires dans les cellules normales, dans la transformation maligne, dans la genese des tumeurs

1,511 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interaction de cellules avec les fibronectines, laminine, chondronectine, collagene and l'acide hyaluronique.
Abstract: Interaction de cellules avec les fibronectine, laminine, chondronectine, collagene et l'acide hyaluronique

1,101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall Conclusions are that DNA Methylation at Specific Sites is Causally Related /0 Gene Inactivation and the Drosophila Problem is a Model of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 93 BIOCHEMISTRY OF DNA METHYLATION . . ...... ....... . . . 95 Occurrence of Modified Bases ...... .... . . . . . . ......... . . . ... .. 95 Maintenance and de novo Methylations ........ .. ... ........ ..... ..... .. ... 96 Methods to Determine Methylated Bases .. ........ .. . . . . . . . .. . . ...... . ...... ..... . .... . . . 99 Distribution of 5-Methylcytosine ... .. ... . .. .. . ....... .... . ..... .. ... .. . ... . .... ......... .... . 100 DN A Methylatiun and Structural Changes uf DN A 102 THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF DNA METHYLATION . . . . . . 103 DNA Methylation--a Regulatory Signal in Eukaryotic Gene Expression . ... . . . .. . 103 Correlations ... . ..... .. .. . . . . . . .... . .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... ......... . ......... . ...... . ...... 105 The Drosophila Problem . . .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .... . ... .... .... . . . .... ... .. . . ... .... ... .. .... . 109 Treatment of Cells with 5-Azacytidine Can Lead to the Activation of Previously Dormant Genes ..... ..... ... .. .... .. . . .... .. ..... ....... ..... . . .. ... ..... . . . .. .. . . 110 DNA Methylation at Specific Sites is Causally Related /0 Gene Inactivation ..... . . 112 Additional Observations . . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. ... . . .. . ......... . .... .... . ........ . . . . .... .... . .. . . 115 Overall Conclusions ..... 116 DNA Methylation and Genetic Recombination . .... ... . . .. .. . . .... ... .. ..... . . ..... .. .... 117 A Model of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency 117 IN SEARCH OF MORE COMPLEX GENETIC CODING SIGNALS . ......... . .. 118 OUTLOOK ........ 118

983 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A-HELIX MOTION: HARMONIC and SIMPLIFIED MODEL DYNAMICS ........................................................................................
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 263 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................. 265 DYNAMICS METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 268 Molecular Dynamics ................................................................................................ 270 Stochastic Dynamics .................................................................................................. 270 Harmonic Dynamics ................. . ................................................................................ 272 Activated Dynamics .................................................................................................. 272 Simplified Model Dynamics ...................................................................................... 273 ATOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ........................................................................................ 273 Mean-Square Fluctuations and Temperature Factors .............................................. 273 Time-Dependence: Local and Collective Effects ...................................................... 277 Biological Function .................................................................................................... 278 SIDECHAIN MOTIONS .............................................................................................. 279 Tyrosines in PT1 ........................................................................................................ 279 Ligand-Protein Interaction i Myoglobin ................................................................ 283 Exterior Sidechain d Loop Motions ...................................................................... 287 RIGID BODY MOTIONS ............................................................................................ 288 Hinge Bending .......................................................................................................... 288 Quaternary Structural Change ................................................................................ 290 a-HELIX MOTION: HARMONIC AND SIMPLIFIED MODEL DYNAMICS ........................................................................................ 291 PERSPECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 292

620 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The control of metABOLIC FLUX by HORMONES and other EFFECTORS and the development of novel approaches to this problem are described.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 618 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCONEOGENESIS AND GLYCOLYSIS IN THE LIVER 619 Gluconeogenesis 619 Glycolysis 619 Control Steps 620 ENZYME PROPERTIES 620 Pyruvate Carboxylase and Other Mitochondrial Involvement 620 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 623 Pyruvate Kinase 625 Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase 626 Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphatase 629 6-Phosphofructokinases 629 Glucose 6-Phosphatase 633 Glucokinase 634 THE CONTROL OF METABOLIC FLUX BY HORMONES AND OTHER EFFECTORS ...... 634 Cyclic AMP, Glucagon, and f3-Adrenergic Agents 634 Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate 639 ex-Adrenergic Agents, Vasopressin, and Angiotensin 641 Glucocorticoids 643 Glucose 643 THE FUTILE CYCLES 644 Glucose/Glucose 6-Phosphate Cycle 644 Fructose 6-Phosphate/Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Cycle 646 Pyruvate/Phosphoenolpyruvate Cycle 647

465 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Autoradiography has shown specific nuclear localization of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in target organs prior to initiation of mechanism of action, suggesting the possibility that vitamin D carries out subtle functions previously unappreciated.
Abstract: The field of vitamin D metabolism and mechanism of action has continued to be very active. Autoradiography has shown specific nuclear localization of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in target organs prior to initiation of mechanism of action. Specific nuclear localization has also been demonstrated in a variety of other tissues not previously appreciated as targets of vitamin D action, suggesting the possibility that vitamin D carries out subtle functions previously unappreciated. A macromolecule believed to be a receptor that specifically binds 1,35-(OH)2D3 has been found in the cells showing nuclear localization and in a number of tumor and cancer cell lines. Since 1,25-(OH)2D3 has been found to cause differentiation of certain myeloid leukemia cells, a possible relationship between the vitamin D system and cancer has appeared. Substantial evidence exists that 1,25-(OH)2D3 functions in a nuclear-mediated process, although some evidence exists that not all of the actions of 1,25-(OH)2D3 are carried out through such a mechanism. Substantial advances in our understanding of the metabolism of vitamin D have also been made. The presence of significant amounts of 1 alpha-hydroxylase has been located in the placenta in addition to the kidney. Although there have been reports of extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2D3, these sites, if they produce 1,25-(OH)2D3, produce it in insufficient amounts for function. The renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase has been solubilized and shown to be a three-component system. The 25-hydroxylase in the liver has also been solubilized and shown to be a two-component mixed-function monooxygenase. New pathways of vitamin D metabolism include a 23-oxidation to form 23,25-(OH)2D3 or a 23-hydroxylated form of 1,25-(OH)2D3. 23,25-(OH)2D3 is further oxidized to produce a 25-(OH)2D3-26,23-lactone. Although these pathways are of significant magnitude, their roles remain unknown since the products have low biological activity. Important analogs of the vitamin D metabolites include 24,24-F2-25-OH-D3 and the 26,26,26,27,27,27-F6-25-OH-D3. These have been used to show that the 24-hydroxylation, the 26-hydroxylation, and the lactone formation do not play a significant role in the function of vitamin D. Their 1-hydroxy analogs have also been prepared and shown to be extremely biologically active, being somewhere around ten times more active than the native 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, illustrating that important analogs of the vitamin D system continue to be discovered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review emphasizes aspects of sulfur amino acid metabolism elucidated in the last ten years, in particular aspects not generally covered in biochemistry texts, e.g. transaminative pathways of methionine metabolism.
Abstract: The literature on sulfur amino acid metabolism is too vast for a short chapter to cover in great depth. I attempt here a brief overview with references to many specialized review articles. This review emphasizes aspects of sulfur amino acid metabolism elucidated in the last ten years, in particular aspects not generally covered in biochemistry texts, e.g. transaminative pathways of methionine metabolism. A selected list of reviews is given in references 1-15. References to reviews on glutathione are covered in the chapter by A. Meister in this volume (1a).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence for a Host-Cell Nuclear Requirement for primary Transcription for Primary Transcription is found and evidence for overlapping Coding Regions using Diff erent Reading Frames in Viruses is found.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 468 MORPHOLOGY OF THE INFLUENZA VIRUS PARTICLE (VIRION) 469 GENOME STRUCTURE 471 The Segmented Genome 471 ASSigning Gene Functions to RNA Segments 472 Sequences Common to all RNA Segments 474 THE SEQUENCES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS RNA SEGMENTS 474 RNA Segments 1,2, and 3: Transcriptase-Associated Proteins PBI, PB2, and PA ... 476 RNA Segment 4: the Hemagglutinin (HA) 476 RNA Segment 5: the N uc/eocapsid Protein (N P) 481 RNA Segment 6: the Neuraminidase (N A) 482 RNA Segment 7: the Membrane Protein (M 1) and Nonstructural Protein (M2) ......... 484 RN A Segment 8: Nonstructural Proteins NS1 and NS2 487 Overlapping Coding Regions Using Diff erent Reading Frames in Viruses 489 INFLUENZA VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION 490 Evidence for a Host-Cell Nuclear Requirement for Primary Transcription 490 In Vitro Transcription of Influenza Virus mRN As 491 In Vivo Transcription of mRN As 494 Template A( )cRNA Synthesis 495 Virion RN A Synthesis 496 The Control of RNA SyntheSis 496 Spliced mRNAs and Their Controlled Synthesis 497 Subgenomic RN As: A Replication Error Produces Defective Interfering Particles .... 498 The Packaging of Eight RNA Segments 498 CONCLUDING REMARKS 499

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a monograph on the construction of a Transcriptional Unit and some of the properties of this unit, as well as some examples of use cases and applications.
Abstract: Elements of a Transcriptional Unit � . Mapping Transcriptional Units .. Promoters . Transcriptional Unit Complexity . FORMATION OF THE PRIMARY TRANSCRIPT .

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The structure of the ATP-SyNTHase and its applications are explained in terms of subunit composition, mechanism, and binding and label studies.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 801 Perspective and Summary........ 801 STRUCTURE OF THE ATP-SyNTHASE 803 Subunit Composition 803 Amino Acid Sequences 804 Subunit Stoichiometry 808 Three-Dimensional Structure 809 BINDING AND LABELING STUDIES 813 ASSEMBLY OF THE ATP-SYNTHASE 815 MECHANISM OF THE ATP-SYI':HHASE REACTION 816 Introduction 816 Proton Translocation 816 Bond Formation and Hydrolysis 817 Coupling .... 820 CONCLUDINq REMARKS 821

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Modification in NERVE TERMINAL METABOLISM INDUCED by ACTION POTENTIALs and NEUROTRANSMITTERS 903 Regulation by cAMP 904 Regulation by Calcium 907 Regulation by Protein Kinases 912.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 871 BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES ON ION-SELECTIVE CHANNELS AND PUMPS 874 Sodium Channels 875 Potassium Channels 878 Restoration of Na + and K+ Gradients 882 Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels 884 Ca 2 +-Removal from the Cytoplasm 889 MOLECULAR BASIS OF EXOCYTOSIS 890 Description 890 Kinetics of the Release Process 890 Concentration-Dependence of Ca 2 +-Dependent Exocytosis ........ 892 Possible Ca 2 ÷ Tar~lets 893 Mechanism of Vesicle Fusion 895 REGULATION OF NEUROTRA/~ISMITTER LEVELS IN THE NERVE TERMINAL 895 Metabolism of Peptide and Classical Transmitters 895 Storage of Classical Transmitters 897 MOVEMENTS OF MEMBRANES AND PROTEINS IN THE NEURON 899 MODIFICATION IN NERVE TERMINAL METABOLISM INDUCED BY ACTION POTENTIALS AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS 903 Regulation by cAMP 904 Regulation by Calcium 907 Regulation by Protein Kinases 912


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparison of ATP-Linked Transport and Counter-Transport Systems with Free Energy Bookkeeping shows that the former is more efficient than the latter and the latter is more scalable.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 379 OVERALL REACTION AND THERMODyNAMICS 381 Free Energy Bookkeeping 383 Questions oJ Stoichiometry 385 Closeness to Equilibrium 386 PATHWAY FOR ION TRANSLOCATION 386 Alternating Access M odel 386 Access Channels 389 How Can the Protein Change the Chemical Potential? 391 SEPARATE PATHWAY FOR ATP PROCESSING 395 Pumps with Phosphoenzyme Intermediates 396 FoFI Systems 397 COUPLING BETWEEN SEPARATE PATHWAyS 398 ATP-Linked Transport 398 Counter-Transport Systems 400 CONFLUENT PATHWAyS 402 MONOMER OR OLIGOMER 403 CONCLUSION 404



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Revue des donnees structurales obtenues par diffraction RX sur les enzymes renfermant du zinc et les aspartates transcarbamylase, phosphoprectokinase and phosphorylases a et b.
Abstract: Revue des donnees structurales obtenues par diffraction RX sur les enzymes renfermant du zinc et les aspartates transcarbamylase, phosphoprectokinase et phosphorylases a et b

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The E. coli Chromosomal Origin, Primer Synthesis and Eiongation and Strand-Displacement Synthesis are studied as well as Initiation at the T7 Origin andReplication of Other Plasmids and Primer Primases.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMAR y 581 BACTERIOPHAGE T7 583 Eiongation and Strand-Displacement Synthesis 58 4 Primer Synthesis . .. 586 Initiation at the T7 Origin 587 BACTERIOPHAGE T 4 588 Primer Synthesis ........ 58 9 Elongation and Strand-Displacement Synthesis ..... 5 90 ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTEINS 5 92 Primer Synthesis by dnaG Primase 592 Primer Synthesis by E. coli RNA Polymerase .... 595 DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme 5 96 Strand Displacement Synthesis .. .... ......... 5 98 Initiation at the E. coli Chromosomal Origin 601 PLASMID REPLICATION 60 3 ColEl Initiation and Replication 60 3 Replication of Other Plasmids 606 Plasmid Primases Involved in Conjugal Trans fer 606 BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA 606 BACTERIOPHAGE cI>29 608 CONCLUSION 608

Journal ArticleDOI
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