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Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1988"





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A class of membrane molecules has been identified whose primary translation product includes a COOH-terminal protein sequence that signals attachment of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor at a COPD residue that is newly formed by cleavage of the signaling sequence.
Abstract: A class of membrane molecules has been identified whose primary translation product includes a COOH-terminal protein sequence that signals attachment of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor at a COOH-terminal residue that is newly formed by cleavage of the signaling sequence. This class includes a wide diversity of protein types from eukaryotes at many stages of evolution. The structures of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchors are being resolved, but their functions aside from membrane attachment and dynamics remain to be determined.

1,233 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The history and present situation of Hypersensitive Sites, as well as some of the myths and legends surrounding the sites, are reviewed.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 160 EXPERIME:�TAL DETECTION OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 161 DNA Cleavage and Base Modification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 161 Mapping the Positions of Hypersensitive Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 163 Mapping the Fine Structure of Hypersensitive Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 163 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 166 BIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Constitutive, Inducible, Developmental, and Tissue-Specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 FUNCTIONAL SEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . 169 Enhancers, Silencers, Upstream Activation Sequences, Promoters, Terminators, Replication Origins, Topoisomerase Sites, Recombination Loci, Centromeres, and Telomeres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Histones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Topoisomerases I and II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . , .. . . . 174 RNA Polymerase II 175 Transcription Factors and Other Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 MECHANISMS OF ESTABLISHMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 cis-Acting DNA Sequence Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 trans-Acting Protein Factors .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 DNA Conformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 MAINTENANCE AND PROPAGATION OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 NUCLEOSOME POSITIONING AND HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PROSPECTS . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

1,202 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of this presentation is to provide a chronology of events leading up to and including the creation of the C3 Convertase, as well as some of the key players in the development of the Convertase.
Abstract: PER SPE CTIVE S AN D SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 THE PR OTE IN S.. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 324 C3, C4, and CS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 C3blC4b-Binding Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Serine Proteases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Channel-Forming Proteins ....... . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . 328 Other Regulatory Binding Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 THE M ULTIPLE B IN DING SITE S OF C3 331 THE A LTER NA TIVE PATHWA y . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 The Initial C3 Convertase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 The Target Cell-Bound C31CS Convertase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 334 Discrimination and Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 T HE CLASSICAL PAT HWA y . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Structure. Activation. and Control of CI . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . ........ . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . ..... 337 Formation, Structure, and Control of the C31CS Convertase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 THE MEMB RANE A TTA CK COMP LE X 3 39 Molecular Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Control of MAC Channel Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 MEMBRANE ATTA CK BY CYT OTOXI C L yMP HOCyTES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

846 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Structures of the uvr Genes and Proteins, and the Action Mechanism of ABC Excinuclease, are described.
Abstract: DIRECT REPAIR: DNA PHOTOLYASES.. . . . ......... . ......... 31 Escherichia Coli Photolyase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 31 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Photolyase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Streptomyces Griseus Photolyase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 BASE-EXCISION REPAIR 38 DNA Glycosylases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 DNA Glycosylase-AP E ndonucleases . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . 42 AP Endol ucleases 43 Deoxyribose Phosphatase 46 NUCLEOTIDE-EXCISION REPAIR......... . . .. . . 46 Genetics of N ucleotide-Excision Repair .. . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . . . . . . .. ......... . . 47 The Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 The Structures of the uvr Genes and Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 49 The Action Mechanism of ABC Excinuclease . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 51 The Turnover of ABC Excinuclease 54 Nucleotide Excision Repair in Other Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Nucleotide Excision Repair in Eukaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 RECOMBINATIONAL REPAIR .. ........ . . . . . ......... . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . 58 REPAIR OF CROSSLINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . 60 REGULATION OF DNA REPAIR..... . . . ......... . . . . . . . ...... . . .. .. ........ . . ... ..... 61 The SOS Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 61 Adaptation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 62 Adaptive Response to Oxidative Stress 62

774 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The N-Myristoylated Protein s Have Diff erent Intracellular Destinations and the Importance of Sequ ence Context is illustrated.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 70 CHEMISTRY OF ACYL LINKAGES TO PROTEINS 71 BIOLOGY OF N-MYRISTOYLATION 73 Myristoylation of p60v-src. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. •. . . . . . . 74 M yristoylation Q{ Retrovirus Structura l Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 N-Myristoylated Protein s Have Diff erent Intracellular Destinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Regu lation o f Protein M yristoylation in Response to Hormonal Signa ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 MYRISTOYL COA: PROTEIN N-MYRISTOYL TRANSFERASE 78 An A ssay for NMT. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Fatty Acid Sp ec ificity of NMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 79 Yeast NMT P eptide Substrate Spec ificity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Importance of Sequ ence Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 NMT in High er Eu karyotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Identification of P otential N-Myristoylproteins from cDNA Data Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 ESTER-LINKED ACYLATION OF CELLULAR PROTEINS 88 M ye lin P roteolipid Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Viral Glycoproteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Tran sferrin Receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 92 Mucus Glycoprotein s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The RAS Family of G Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 94

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Crystallin Gene Promoters 497 Methylation 498 Transgenic Animals 498 Tissue, Developmental, and Spatial Specificity .
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . 479 ORIGINS AND STRUCTURES OF CRYSTALLINS AND THEIR GENES . .. .. . . . .... 481 SpeCialized Lens Proteins 481 Taxon-Specific Crystallins 492 Mammalian Lenses are Different 495 Invertebrate Crystallins 495 CRYSTALLIN GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION ... . . . . . ..... ..... . . ... . . . . .. . . . 496 Tissue, Developmental, and Spatial Specificity . . . . . . . .. . . . . 496 Crystallin Gene Promoters 497 Methylation 498 Transgenic Animals 498






Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis with Branched-Chain Aminoacid Bios synthesis and future prospects are presented.
Abstract: AMINO ACID BIOSyNTHESIS . Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis . Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis . ���:Zt7�=eB1��;��;=:��. : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : :: : : : :: : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :::::: :: : : : FUTURE PROSPECTS . . . . .. . . . .. . . .... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: MODULATION of the PHOSPHORYLATION STATE of KEY REGULATORY HEPATIC ENZyMES .
Abstract: MODULATION OF THE PHOSPHORYLATION STATE OF KEY REGULATORY HEPATIC ENZyMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 Pyruvate Kinase . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... 759 6-Phosphofructo-l-Kinase and Fructose-l ,6-Bisphosphatase . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 761 6-Phosphofructo-2-KinaselFructose-2 ,6-Bisphosphatase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 POSSIBLE MlITOCHONDRIAL SITES OF HORMONE ACTION ....... . . 769 LONG-TERM HORMONAL CONTROL OF GLYCOLYTIC AND GLUCONEOGENIC ENZyMES . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . . . 770 Pyruvate Kinase... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . .... . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ..... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 770 Glucokinase. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 770 6-Phosphofructo-l-Kinase and Fructose 1 ,6-Bisphosphatase. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 771 6-Phospho}'ructo-2-KinaselFructose-2 ,6-Bisphosphatase . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 77 1 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . 772 INTEGRATED REGULATION OF HEPATIC GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS, AND GLYCOGEN METABOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773






Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between DNA Polymerase II and complex polymerase forms has been investigated in the context of DNA polymerase III Holoenzyme and Complex Polymerases.
Abstract: DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA Polymerase III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA Polymerase III' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA Polymerase 111* . . Isolated Holoenzyme Subunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Possible Relationship of DNA Polymerase II and Complex Polymerase Forms .... .. PROCESSIVITY OF DNA POLYMERASE III FORMS . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ........ . STAGES IN lHE DNA POLYMERASE III HOLOENZYME-CATALYZED REACTION . ........ . .. . . ... .