Showing papers in "Annual Review of Biochemistry in 1990"

Cadherins: A Molecular Family Important in Selective Cell-Cell Adhesion

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 237 SELECTIVE C LL ADHESION 238 CELL-CELL ,a,DHESION MOLECULES 239 CADHERINS 240 cDNA TRANSFECTION STUDIES ON CADHERIN FUNCTION 242 BINDING SPECIFICITIES OF CADHERINS 242 MOLECULAR BASIS FOR CADHERIN-MEDIATED SELECTIVE ADHESION ..... 244 SPECIES-SPECIFICITIES OF CADHERINS 245 TRANSMEMBRANE CONTROL OF CADHERIN FUNCTION 246 ROLE OF CADHERINS 1N MORPHOGENESIS 248

Biochemistry of endotoxins.

Abstract: B IOCHEMISTRY OF LIPID A AND CORE DOMAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Isolation, Structure, and Conformation of Lipid A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Lipid A Structures in Non-enteric Bacteria . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 D efinition of Chemotypes and the Inner Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 137 The Outer Core . . . . . . 139 Interaction of LPS with Polyvalent Cations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,........ 139 B IOCHEMISTRY OF O-ANTIGENS, . . . ,', .. " .. , ..... , .... ,', .. " .. ,', .. " ... ,', .. ,",.,....... 140

Camp-Dependent Protein Kinase: Framework for a Diverse Family of Regulatory Enzymes

Abstract: cAPK has provided many insights into the functioning of the diverse family of eukaryotic protein kinases. The fact that a particular amino acid in the catalytic core is conserved is an indication that the residue plays an important role; however, questions concerning function remain obscure. With the catalytic subunit, the assignment of amino acids that participate in catalysis has begun, and in many instances that function appears to be conserved in the other protein kinases. Although the regulatory subunit and the use of cAMP to release its inhibitor effects is unique to cAPK, the general mechanism of a small autoinhibitory region occupying the peptide binding site and thus preventing access of other substrates may be invoked frequently by other protein kinases. Coupling recombinant approaches with protein chemistry is allowing us to decipher at least some of the molecular events associated with cAMP-binding and holoenzyme activation. Although the next chapter in the history of cAPK will undoubtedly include three-dimensional structures, the chemical information remains as an essential complement for interpreting those structures and eventually understanding the molecular events associated with catalysis and activation.

Intermediates in the Folding Reactions of Small Proteins

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 632 SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 633 EXISTENCE OF INTERMEDIATES . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 634 MODELS FOR FOLDING . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 636 NATURE OF FOLDING INTERMEDIATES . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . 636 Disulfide Intermediates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Peptide Models . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Pulse Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 641 Collapsed Forms (Molten Globules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Hydrophobic Collapse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . 643 Local Unfolding Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Defense-related proteins in higher plants.

Abstract: 1. 1 ntrodllction . . 2. Activation of Defense Responses . . 3. Classes of Defense-Related Proteins ... . . . . ....... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... .... . . . . . . .. . . . Core enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism ........ " .. . . . . . . "" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Proteins that Change the Properties of the Extracellular Matrix , Extensins: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins . Glycine-rich proteins . Peroxidases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase .... .. . . . .... .. . . ........ . ...... .. . . . .... . ....... . . . . . .. . Callose synthetase . 5. Proteins Associated with Deterrence and Antimicrobial Activif)l . . Endohydrolases ........ .. ......... ...... . "'" Thionins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ������a;!: li fn�r:;;���;��. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Late enzymes of phytoalexin biosynthesis . 6. Additional Defense-Related Proteins " . . . . . . . . . . Pathogenesis-related proteins ........ " . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Proteins encoded by wun 1 and wun 2 . . Proteins encoded by win 1 and win 2 . ELl products . . . ... .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . Elicitor-induced products . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Coordination of Defense Responses """""""" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 8. Concluding Remarks... .. . .. .. . . . ...... ".

Self-splicing of group I introns.

Abstract: PERSPECTlVES . ... . .... .. ..... ... . . ........ . .... ...... .... . ... 543 REACTION PATHWAY ... . . ... ...... . ....... .. ..... . ... . ..... .. . . ...... ... . . . 545 Splicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Intron Cyclization . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . . . . . . . 547 Splice SIte Hydrolysis ... ..... .. ...... . . ... ...... . . .. ...... . ... .... ... .. . 547 GROUP I INTRON STRUCTURE ....... . . ..... ....... ... ... . . 547 Secondary Structure and the Catalytic Core . . . .. . .. ..... . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 548 Choosing the Reaction Sites . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . _ ..... . . . .... . _ . . . ... . . . ... . . . . . ... . . _ . . 550 G-Binding Site 552 Tertiary Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . . . . 555 ENZYMATlC REACTIONS OF THE Tetrahymena INTRON . . . ........ ..... . .. 556 CHEMISTR Y .. . ... . .... . . . .... . ... . ... . . . ...... . .. . . . ... . . . ..... .... . .. . . ... 558 ReversibUiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Stereochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Metal Ion Requirements 559 Competitive Inhibition by Arginine 560 PROTEIN FACILITATION ....... ... .. . . ... .. .. .. . . . . . . ..... . 561 INTRON MOBILITY ..... ... .... . .... . . .. . . . ..... .. . .... .... . ... . . ...... . ... . . ... ...... . . . .. . . . .. . . . 563

Structure, Function, and Diversity of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 254 Class 1 MHC Polypeptides 256 THE STRUCTURE OF HLA-A2 257 Structural Overview 257 Structure of the lg-like Domains 259 Structure of the c~I and e~e Domains 262 Size of Peptides that Fit in the Site 267 SEQUENCE DIVERSITY IN CLASS I HLA HEAVY CHAINS 268 The c~ Domain 275 The c~1 and cee Domains 275 ANTIGENIC PEPTIDE MOTIFS AND THE CONFORMATION OF BOUND PEPTIDES 280 WHAT IS SEEN BY A TcR? 281 A Model for How TcRs Bind to the Peptide-MHC omplex 282

DNA Recognition by Proteins with the Helix-Turn-Helix Motif

Abstract: INTRODUCTION......... . ...... .. . .... . . ......... 933 NOTIONS ABOUT RECOGNITION..... . . . . ..... . ......... . . ..... 934 THE HTH MOTIF... ..... ....... .. . .... . . .... . .. . ..... .. 936 STRUCTURES.... . . . ..... .. ......... . . ...... . . . ... . .. . 937 Phage 434 Repressor and Cro 937 Lambda Repressor and Cro . , " ..... ,',.,', ... ,',.,"'" .. "',.,',.. 949 trp Repressor . . ..... . . ...... . .... . . ......... , .... , , 954 lac Repressor DNA-Binding Domain 958 CAP . .... .... ... " . . . . . , . . . ... .. ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 959 The Antp Homeodomain .. .... ,', .... ,"',.,", ... , ...... ,', .. ,"" .. ", .. ,", .. ,"' ... "'....... 961 COMMON FEATURES , ' , 962 Families of HTH Domains ...... ....... 962 Characteristics of ProteinlDNA Contacts 963 Anchoring the HTH to DNA 963 RECOGNITION ...... . . ... ......... .. . ..... ....... . . 965

The Family of Collagen Genes

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 837 FIBRIL-FORMING COLLAGENS AND THEIR GENES 839 Molecular and Supramolecular Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 The Triple -Helical Doma in ........ 841 C -Prope ptide Domain . ......... ......... 846 N-P ropeptide Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 NON-FIBRIL-FORMING COLLAGENS AND THEIR GENES 849 Fibril A ssocia ted Collagen s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Types VlII and X Collagen s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Type IV Collag en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Type VI Collagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Type XUI Collagen 857 COLLAGEN GENES IN INVERTEBRATES 858 REGULATORY SEGMENTS IN COLLAGEN GENES 859 aI(1) and a2(1) Collagen G ene s . ..... 860 al(IlI) Collagen Gene ....... . . ......... ......... 864 a1 (II) Collag en Gen e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Type IV Collagen Gene s . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 CONCLUSiONS...... ......... ... 865

Sequence-directed curvature of DNA.

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW 756 General Perspective and Overview 756 Historical Perspective 757 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEQUENCE AND CURVATURE 759 Investigations Employing Synthetic DNA Oligomers 759 Investigations Employing Base Analogues 760 Cooperativity and Sequence-Context Effects 762

Unusual coenzymes of methanogenesis

Abstract: An isolated area of biochemistry has yielded some surprises — six new cofactors including the first nickel-tetrapyrrole and a new method of CO 2 fixation.

Rna polymerase b (ii) and general transcription factors

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 PROPERTIES OF PURIFIED RNA POLyMERASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 3 Purification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 3 Enzymatic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 14 FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF RNA POLYMERASE SUBUNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 7 The L arge Subunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 The Sm all Polypeptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 GENE CLONING AND MUTAGENESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 Isolatio n of RNA Polymerase Structural Gene s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 Phylogenetic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 Identification of Function al Dom ain s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 Mutagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 ACTIVE FORM OF RNA POLyMERASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 The P hosp ho rylated Sub forms of the Largest Subunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Active Form of Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 The RNA Polymera se Tailpiece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

The classification and origins of protein folding patterns.

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND UMMARY 1008 GENERAL PI~’.INCIPLES FOR PROTEIN FOLDING PATTERNS 1009 Secondary Structures and their Packings 1009 Chain Topology 1010 Stability and Accessible Surface Area of Protein Folds 1012 FOLDING PATTERNS IN PROTEINS FORMED BY HELICES 1013 The Packing of a-Helices 1013 Assemblies of a-Helices 1014 Chain Topology in Helical Proteins 1017 FOLDING PATTERNS IN PROTEINS FORMED BY /3-SHEETS 1017 The Packing of 13-Sheets 1017 Assemblies of fl-Sheets 1017 Chain Topology in ~3-Sheet Structures 1020 FOLDING PATTERNS I a//3 PROTEINS 1020 The Packing of a-Helices on [3-Sheets 1020 Assemblies of a-Helices and [3-Sheets 1020 Chain Topology in a//3 Proteins 1023 FOLDING PATTERNS I 0_//3 BARREL PROTEINS 1023 The Formation of [3-Barrels by ~3-Sheets 1023 The Packing of Residues Inside/3 Barrels 1026

The Mitochondrial Protein Import Apparatus

Abstract: INTRODUCTION .. . . 331 THE PRECURSOR PROTEINS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Targeting Signals 332 Translocation Competence 335 IMPORT RECEPTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 MEMBRANE INSERTION OF PRECURSOR PROTEINS . ........ 340 A General Insertion Protein 340 Pathway of Apocytochrome c 342 Partial and Artificial Systems 342 TRANSLOCA TION CONTACT SITES . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 343 COVALENT AND NONCOVALENT MODIFICATION OF IMPORTED PRECURSOR PROTEINS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Processing Enzymes 345 A Folding Machinery . ... . . ........ ...... ....... ....... . ......... 346 INTRAMITOCHONDRIAL SORTING . ...... . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Conservative Sorting 348 N onconservative Sorting 349 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Clathrin and associated assembly and disassembly proteins.

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 CLATHRIN . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . 4 1 7 Clathrin Heavy Chains 417 Clathrin Light Chains 417 Clathrin Trimer/Triskelion...... ......... ...... ........ . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 419 APs: ASSEMBLY PROTEINS/ADAPTOR PROTEINS/ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.... 423 AP-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 AP-I and AP1801AP-3 . 426 AP Activities 427 AP-Membrane Interactions 429 UNCOATING ATPase/Hsc70. . . . ...... . . . . . 431 Uncoating ATPase is Hsc70 431 Functions of the Hsc70lUncoating ATPase 433

Occluded cations in active transport.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 1 OCCLUSION I N PUMPS OTHER THAN P-TYPE ATPases 1 73 Redox Pumps . . .... . . .... . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 1 73 Light-Driven Pumps 1 74 F IF 0 ATPases 1 74 OCCLUSION IN P-TYPE A TPases 175 Sarcoplasmic Ca-ATPase 1 75 Na,K-ATPases . 1 80 THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF OCCLUSION SITES . ... . . . .. ........ ... . . . . .... . .... . . . . 1 88 Cation-Binding Sites in Proteins and lonophores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 88 Cations as Probes of Sites ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chemical Labelling and Site-Directed Mutagenesis 192 Charge Transfer 197 CONCLUSION . . ..... . .... . ........ 200

Recent Topics in Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate Enzyme Studies

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 88 AMINOTRANSFERASES 88 Aspa rta te Am ino transferase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 A roma tic Am ino A cid Am ino trans fe rase and Ty ros ine Am inotrans fe rase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 D-Am ino Ac id Am ino trans fe rase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 97 Orn ith ine 8-Am ino trans fe rase ... .. ....... ...... . . . . .... .... . . . . . ..... 99 DECARBOXYLASES 100 A roma tic Am ino A cid De ca rbo x ylase ..... . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . .... 100 H is tid ine De ca rbo xylase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 Gl utama te De ca rbo x ylase ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 RACEMASES 102 A l an ine Race ma se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 a-Am ino-e· Cap rola ctam (A CL) Ra cemase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 CONCLUDING REMARKS 105

Biochemical aspects of obesity

Abstract: INTROD UCTION ..... ...... . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . .. . 689 HORMONE S AFFE CTIN G THERMO GENE SIS.. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .... 691 Thyroid Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Adrenergic Agonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Catecholamine-T3 Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 New {3-A gon ists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 Adrenal Steroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 POLYPEPTI DE FACTOR S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 697 Interleukin-l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . . 697 Adipsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 Cachectin . . . ... . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 D IETARY INFLUEN CE S ON THERMO GENE SIS . BROWN ADI PO SE TI SSUE THERMO GENE SIS . . . Non-BA T Mitochondrial Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E XER CISE TR AIN ING AND THERMO GENE SIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .