Showing papers in "Annual Review of Cell Biology in 1988"
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis of the phytochemical properties of phosphorous and its applications in the context of Alzheimer’s disease.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 487 MORPHOLOGY AND OBSERVATION OF FOCAL ADHESIONS 488 FORMATION OF FOCAL ADHESIONS 490 DYNAMICS OF FOCAL ADHESION COMPONENTS ...... 491
2,148 citations
TL;DR: The MITOCHONDRIAL GENETIC SYSTEM, a chronology of key events and events leading to and after the invention of the mitochondria, is described.
Abstract: THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENETIC SYSTEM ....•••••• ••••••••••.• ••••••••••..•......... 291 Organization and Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 291 Genetic Content 296 Regulation of Mitochondrial Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
1,292 citations
1,003 citations
TL;DR: This work has shown that the protease Nexin I antagonist acts as a “spatially aggregating force” to drive down the activity of the plasminogen during the courtship process.
Abstract: PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITORS 104 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 104 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 106 Protease Nexin I .... .... 108 PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATION ........ 109 Matrix Breakdown 109 Cell Migration 111 Ovulation 113 CONCLUDING REMARKS 115
877 citations
705 citations
TL;DR: The Nuclear Pore Complex as a Macromolecular Translocation Machine and Functions of Nuclear Localization Signals are described.
Abstract: MECHANISMS OF NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT 343 The Pore Complex as a Molecular Seive 344 Localization Sequences in Nuclear Proteins 345 Functions of Nuclear Localization Signals 347 Regulated Protein Import into Nuclei . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Export of RNA from the Nucleus 349 Cell-free Nuclear Transport Systems 351 The Nuclear Pore Complex as a Macromolecular Translocation Machine 352
674 citations
TL;DR: The current view of EUKARYOTIC Chemotaxis is viewed as a continuum of human evolution, with an emphasis on the role of the immune system.
Abstract: OVERVIEW 649 FEATURES OF CHEMOTACTIC BEHAVIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 HOW DO CELLS ACCOMPLISH CHEMOTAXIS? 652 Critical Questions . 652 Hypothetical Schemes for Chemotaxis 652 RESPONSES INDUCED BY ADDITION OF CHEMOATTRACTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . 656 Physiological Responses 656 Underlying Biochemistry .659 CHEMOATTRACTANT-INDUCED DESENSITIZATION ......... 669 Receptor Alterations 669 Additional Desensitization Mechanisms 670 CURRENT VIEW OF EUKARYOTIC CHEMOTAXIS . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . .. ...... . ........ . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . 672 Biochemical Events Essential for Chemotaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Working Modelfor Chemotaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
635 citations
TL;DR: The tubulin hypothesis tested, six isotype classes encoded by orthologous gene families in birds and mammals, and regulatory compartments for tubulin synthesis are revealed.
Abstract: BACKGROUND ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 TUBULIN STRUCTURE . . .. .. . . .. . ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 TUBULIN GENES IN VERTEBRATES 690 fJ Tubulin Genes: Six isotype classes encoded by orthologous gene families in birds and mammals ... ... .. ,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 Function of fJ Tubulin Isotypes: The multitubulin hypothesis tested 696 IX Tubulin Genes: Regulatory compartments for tubulin synthesis . . .. . 697
482 citations
TL;DR: Glycosylation .
Abstract: Glycosylation . Fatty Acylation of Membrane Proteins Occurs Before They Leave the ER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Movement From the ER . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403 citations
TL;DR: The role of Receptor Phosphorylation in the Desensitization Process, and the role of a Receptor-Specific Kinase in this process, is studied.
Abstract: HETEROLOGOUS DESENSITIZATION.. .••••• ...•• 409 Receptor Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . ... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Alterations in Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Proteins.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 410 Adenylyl Cyclase Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 HOMOLOGOUS DESENSITIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . ...... 413 Functional Uncoupling/Sequestration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Down-Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Role of Receptor Phosphorylation i n Homologous Desensitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Involvement of a Receptor-Specific Kinase .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Identification of the Phosphorylation Sites and Their Contribution to the Desensitization Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Mechanism of Homologous Desensitization . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .... . . . . . . . . . ... 419
391 citations
TL;DR: Elucidation of the cell surface molecules interacting with fibronectin's aminoterminus is a critical first step in further understanding this adhesive and matrix assembly system.
Abstract: Fibronectin remains unique among matrix components because it exists in both soluble and matrix forms. It seems likely that the necessity to prevent inappropriate matrix assembly from soluble fibronectin results in a strict requirement for catalysis by specific cells to deposit fibronectin fibrils. Moreover, many cell types possess adhesive receptors for fibronectin (Buck & Horwitz 1987), but only certain mesenchymal cells appear capable of depositing organized matrices. These professional matrix-organizing cells somehow interact with the aminoterminus of fibronectin and construct fibrils, preventing diffusion of fibronectin away from sites of synthesis and forming an extracellular matrix with a very high concentration of fibronectin. The resulting matrix should facilitate the attachment and migration of macrophages and neural crest cells that possess adhesive receptors but lack matrix-forming ability. Thus, it is possible that this system of dual cell interactive cells evolved in order to allow careful modulation of cell interactions with fibronectin leading primarily to synthesis and deposition (fibroblasts), or to cell recognition (neural crest, macrophages). Elucidation of the cell surface molecules interacting with fibronectin's aminoterminus is a critical first step in further understanding this adhesive and matrix assembly system.
TL;DR: The chiral stationary phase for Esterification and the chiral phase for Amide Synthesis are studied.
Abstract: ESTERIFICATION TO AN AMINO ACID SIDE CHAIN ... 613 Oxyesters 613 Cysteine Thioesters......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Unspecified Ester Linkages . . .... . . 619 Enzymology of Esterification . . 619 ras Proteins . ........ . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . ...... . .... . . . . . . ... . . ... . . ....... . . .... . . . . . . . 621 AMIDE LINKAGES 622 N-Terminal Myristylation . . . . . . 622 Other Fatty Acyl Amide Linkages ...... . . . . . . . . 628
TL;DR: Biosynthesis of Phoshatidylinositol, Phosph atidylglycerol, and Cardiolipin, and Requirements for InTRACELLULAR LIPID SORTing are described.
Abstract: BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLiPIDS ...•.••••••••••••• •.....•. .••• 581 De novo Biosynthesis of Phosphatidic Acid and Diacylglycerol ..... 582 Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis .. ... 584 Phosphatidylethanolamine Biosynthesis ... ........ ..... 586 Phosphatidylserine Biosynthesis .. ... ..... ....... ...... ..... .... 587 Biosynthesis of Phoshatidylinositol, Phosphatidylglycerol, and Cardiolipin ... 589 REQUIREMENTS FOR INTRACELLULAR LIPID SORTING .. 591
TL;DR: The results allowed us to assess the importance of the chiral component of the Tournaisian skeleton, as well as the polypeptide-like properties of actin and actin-Associated proteins, in terms of their role in the construction of the tibia and skeleton.
Abstract: THE CYTOSKELETON AND CYTOCORTEX 462 Actin and Actin-Associated Proteins 462 The Tubulin-Based Cytoskeleton 466 Intermediate Filaments and Nuclear Lamins 468 The Significance of Cytoskeletal Changes 469
TL;DR: The author revealed that the chiral reprograming of the Receptors changed from a 2D to a 3D model and the structure of the receptors changed from that of a 2S to a 4S system.
Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 430 CELL TYPE CONTROL 43 1 PHEROMONE INDUCTION OF GENE EXPRESSION 433 PHEROMONES 436 IX-Pheromone 436 a-Pheromone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 RECEpTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Inducible Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 STE2 and STE3 Encode the Receptors 438 Relation of Receptor Properties to Cell Behavior 439 G Protein Involvement 440 DIVISION ARREST 441 Cells Mate in GI ........ 44 1 Mechanism o f Division Arrest 443 Recovery from Division Arrest 443 AGGLUTINATION 444 Complementarity 444 Physiological Role ..... 444 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44S Structure 445 CELL FUSION 446 Pathway......... 446 Site Selection 446 Projection Formation vs Fusion 446
TL;DR: Force Generation from Depolymerization from Polymerization, Regulation of Dynamics at the Kinetochore, and Molecules Involved in Force Generation.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 527 DYNAMIC INSTABILITY ........ ..... . . 52R Free Microtubule Ends ....... 528 Microtubule Ends at the Kinetochore ........ . 530 ISOLATED KINETOCHORES ... ... ........ 531 Nucleation .... ..... 531 Microtubule Capture . . .. .. 531 Microtubule Depo!ymerization at the Kinetochore 532 Microtubule Polymerization at the Kinetochore ...... . ....... 534 KINETOCHORE MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS IN THE SPINDLE 535_, Anaphase ...... ..... 535 Metaphase ..... ...... . .. 537 Prometaphase , 541 KINETOCHORE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ........ 542 Force Generationfrom Depolymerization 542 Force Generationfrom Polymerization 544 . Regulation of Dynamics at the Kinetochore 544 ' Molecules Involved in Force Generation ...... . . ....... ......... 546
TL;DR: Development and Repair of Hair Bundles and the construction and stimulation of hair cells are studied.
Abstract: STRUCTURE AND STIMULATION OF HAIR CELLS . . . . 64 Stimulation of Hair Bundles ....... . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . .... ... 64 Structure of Hair Bundles ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . 67 Development and Repair of Hair Bundles . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 70
TL;DR: The aim of this work is to establish a chronology of events that led to the development of Neural Primordium Cells and their fate and the role they played in the formation of the nervous system.
Abstract: DEVELOPMENTAL FATE OF THE NEURAL RIDGES THAT DELIMIT THE EARLY PRIMORDIUM OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • • •• •.•.• 378 Methods to Study Migration and Fate of Neural Primordium Cells 378 Origin of the Constitutive Cells of the ANS 380 Fate of the Anterior Neural Ridge .... 385 DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIALS OF NEURAL CREST ALONG THE NEURAXIS 387
TL;DR: The author revealed that contact inhibition of Growth Cones led to the development of Axonal Pathways in Insect Embryos, a type of “cell reprograming” that mimics the behaviour of a “spatially aggregating substance”.
Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 43 SHAPE AND MOVEMENT: What are Growth Cones Really Like? 44 ULTRASTRUCTURE: Evidence of Membrane Recycling .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 46 COMPOSITION: Do Growth Cone Specific Molecules Exist? ... . . . . . . . .... 47 PHYSIOLOGY: Ionic Signals That Stop a Growth Cone . . . . . . . . . 49 SECRETED PROTEASES: Do They Grease the Wheels? . . .. .... 5 1 GUIDANCE IN THE EMBRYO: Pathfinding in a Simple Vertebrate Embryo 53 GUIDANCE IN CULTURE: Contact Inhibition of Growth Cones .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 GUIDANCE MOLECULES: Axonal Pathways in Insect Embryos 57
TL;DR: Fertilization in flowering plants is a fundamental process for the authors' life on Earth, and the production of new cultivars incorporating desirable genes has, until recently, been absolutely dependent on fertilization.
Abstract: Fertilization in flowering plants is a fundamental process for our life on Earth. The yield of most crops depends on the success of fertilization, and the production of new cultivars incorporating desirable genes has, until recently, been absolutely dependent on fertilization. All eukaryotic organisms have evolved barriers to intergeneric and most interspecific crosses in order to ensure the identity and stability of the species; mechanisms that maintain genetic variability within a particular species by promoting outcrossing have also evolved. Flowering plants have this same requirement. for outcrossing, but, unlike animals, are unable to move about in search 209 0743-4634/88/1115-0209$02.00