Showing papers in "Annual Review of Microbiology in 1979"
TL;DR: The aim of this monograph is to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of the MPN technique in relation to the regulation of population size in terms of substrates and products.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 309 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION 3 10 Generic Diversity 310 Immunologic Diversity and Distribution 3 1 2 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING NITRIFIER POPULATIONS ...... 313 MPN Technique 313 FA Counting Techniques 3 14 Activity Measurements and Counting Efficiencies ...... 3 1 5 Ecological Studies and MPN Counts 3 1 8 Heterotrophic nitrification 3 1 8 Inhibition o f nitrification b y climax ecosystems ......... 3 1 9 Comparison o f the Methods 320 FACTORS THAT REGULATE POPULATION SIZE 321 Substrates and Products of Nitrification 321 Sources of substrate 321 Properties of substrates and products ......... 321 Ammonium as a Limiting Substrate 322 Growth Yields in Soils 324 Population Regulation when Ammonium is not Limiting 325 Conditions Adverse to Population Growth and Maintenance .... : 327 Growth 0/ Nitrifiers 328 Diff erential Growth 0/ Nitrijiers and the Accumulation 0/ Nitrite 329 CONCLUDING REMARKS 3 3 1
437 citations
TL;DR: A model for the Mechanism of the Irreversible Effects of Penicillin and the Antimicrobial Effects ofPenicillin, which results in loss of Viability and Lysis and the loss of Bacterial Viability.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . ..... . THE "SINGLE-TARGET-UNBALANCED GROWTH" MODEL OF PENICILLIN ACTION .. Autolysins and the Penicillin-Induced Lysis . Multiple Targets oj Penicillin . Multiple Forms oj the Penicillin-Sensitive Enzymes; Variation oj the Target with Bacterial Species . Penicillin Tolerance . Penicillin Binding Proteins. Penicillin-Sensitive Enzymes. and Murein Hydrolases . THE NATURE OF PENICILLIN-INDUCED LETHALITY AND LYSIS ......... . Murein Hydrolases and the Penicill in-Induced Lysis of Bacteria . Autolysin-Defective Pneumococci .. Murein Hydrolases and the Loss of Bacterial Viability .. The Negative Control of Murein Hydrolase in Pneumococci . Triggering of Murein Hydrolase .. Model for the Mechanism of the Irreversible Effects of Penicillin . Antimicrobial Effects of Penicillin . Loss oj Viability and Lysis .. SUMMARY ..
418 citations
TL;DR: The author revealed that within the next decade, the number of confirmed cases of cholera and meningitis in the United States had more than doubled from the previous year, to more than 100 cases a year ago.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ............................................................ ............................................ 42 INFECTIONS IN GENERAL .................................................................................... 42 Recorded Cases .......................................................................................................... 42 Institutional and common source outbreaks ................................................................ 43 Sources of Infection .................................................................................................. 45 Accidents ................................................................................................................ 46 Incidence in Relation to Type of Work .................................................................... 47 Trends in Occurrence ................................................................................................ 47 INFECTIONS OF SPECIAL CONCERN .................................................................. 48 Typhoid Fever ............................................................................................................ 48 Brucellosis .................................................................................................................. 49 Tuberculosis .............................................................................................................. 49 Viral Infections ................................... ....................................................................... 49 Hepatitis ................................................................................................................ 50 Fungal Infections ...................................................................................................... 51 FATAL CASES ............................................................................................................ 51 Bacterial Infections .................................................................................................. 51 Typhoid .................................................................................................................. 51 Leptospirosis ............................................................................................................ 51 Glanders ................................................................................................................ 51 Plague .................................................................................................................... 52 Anthrax .................................................................................................................. 52 Brucellosis .............................................................................................................. 52 Streptococcal infection .............................................................................................. 53 Tuberculosis ............................................................................................................ 53 Cholera .................................................................................................................. 53 Meningitis .............................................................................................................. 53
206 citations
TL;DR: Interactions Between Iron and LPS 82 effects on Mitochondria 83 Effects on Mit mitochondria 83 CELLULAR SEQUELAE 86 Organismic SequelAE .
Abstract: INTRODUcrORY REMARKS 67 CHEMICAL NATURE OF ENDOTOXIN .... 69 CELLULAR TARGETS OF LPS 71 Tiss ue Targets 72 Cellular Targets 74 LPS Receptor Sites .•.•..•.•......•......•.......•.•.•.•.••...•..•• •..•..•..•.........•....• •. 77 METABOLIC EFFECTS 78 Effects on Carbohydrate Metabolism 78 Effects on Lysosomes 80 Effects on Microsomal Enzymes • 81 Interactions Between Iron and LPS 82 Effects on Mitochondria 83 CELLULAR SEQUELAE 86 ORGANISMIC SEQUELAE . 87 CONCLUDING REMARKS 89
193 citations
TL;DR: The main approaches to the study of OLIGOTROPHIC BACTERIA are described and descriptions of the characteristics of the phytochemical properties of the country are described.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 377 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BIOLOGICAL NICHE OF OLIGOTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS 379 MAIN APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF OLIGOTROPHIC BACTERIA .... 380 SPECIES OF OLIGOTROPHIC BACTERIA 381 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF PHYSIOLOGY OF OLIGOTROPHIC BACTERIA.. 382
193 citations
TL;DR: The protoplast Fusion and the Hybridization of Fungal Species and Transformation in Fungi by Using Protoplasts by using Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic methods are studied.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 21 ISOLATION OF PROTOPLASTS AND THEIR P ROPERTIES 22 Enzymatic Methods for Protoplast Isolation 22 Nonenzymatic Procedures for Protoplast Release 26 Properties of Protopiasts 27 WALL REGENERATION AND REVERSION OF PROTOPLASTS 28 Frequency of Protoplast Reversion 28 Morphology of Protoplast Reversion 29 Ultrastructure and Composition of the Regenerated Wall ..... 30 Biochemical Aspects oj Wall Biogenesis 31 PROTOPLAST FUSION AND GENETIC MANIPULATION 33 Protoplast Fusion and the Hybridization of Fungal Species 33 Transformation in Fungi by Using Protoplasts . .. ........ 36 CONCLUDING REMARKS 36
187 citations
TL;DR: It is shown here howabolism can be modified through a variety of routes, including “cell reprograming”, as well as through “nutritional modification” and “chemical engineering”
Abstract: fr��:;Z;����.�.����.�:.���� .. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: �c::t:::c�d�q��;:'!ni�":::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Intermediary Metabolism . GENETICS & VARIATION ..
175 citations
TL;DR: The results obtained allowed us to assess the importance of knowing the carrier and removal status of canine coronavirus, as a source of infection for other animals, not necessarily belonging to the same breeds.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 140 THE ARGINASE PATHWAy 140 Properties 0/ the Enzymes 140 Arginase 140 Ornithine aminotransferase 143 A'_PyrroUne-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase 143 ATP:urea amidolyase system 143 Urease 143 Regulation 0/ Enzyme Synthesis 144 Induction 144 Catabolite repression 145 Avoida.nc� o/.Simultaneous Operation 0/ the Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways .... 146 Ep,argmas,c control 146 Compartmentation 147 THE ARGININE TRANSAMIDINASE PATHWAy 148 THE ARGININE DEIMINASE PATHWAy 149 Introduction 149 The Dihydrolase Test 151 Enzymes o/the Pathway 151 Arginine deiminase 151 Ornithine transcarbamylase 152 Carbamate kinase .... ....... 154 Aminotransferase 158 THE ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE PATHWAy 160 Properties o/the Enzymes 161 Arginine decarboxylase 161 Agmatine ureohydmlase 162 OTHER PATHWAYS OF ARGININE CATABOLISM 162 CONCLUDING REMARKS 163
166 citations
TL;DR: This work presents a new class of paramagnetic analogs of lipid-linked sugars, known as Polyisoprenyl Phosphate-Linked Sugars in Glycoconjugate Synthesis, which areomerizes the polysaccharide of Polysialic Add to the polymethine of E. coli K-235.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . TECHNIQUES FOR ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF CAPSULAR POLYMERS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . Definitions .. Growth Conditions, Isotopic Labeling, and Purification Procedures . METHODS OF STRUCTURAL AND CONFORMATIONAL ANALySIS ........ . . Chemical Analysis . Characterization of monomers and oligosaccharide repeating units .. Determination of polymer chain length . Physical Methods . Analytical ultracentrifugation.' Determination of polydispersity and weight�verage M, distribution . Magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Immunologic Methods . STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF SELECTED CAPSULAR POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Role of Polyisoprenyl Phosphate-Linked Sugars in Glycoconjugate Synthesis ........ .. Biosynthesis Of Capsular Polysaccharide in Klebsiella aerogenes .. Lipid-linked intermediates .. Acceptors for polymerization of lipid-linked repeating units .. Regulation of carrier lipid utilization . Organizational and Motional Properties of Polyisoprenoid Carrier Lipids .. Microenvironment of lipid-linked intermediates . New class of paramagnetic analogs of lipid-linked sugars .. SuI/ace Polymers Containing Polysialic Add .. Occurrence in nature . Cell-free synthesis in E. coli K-235 .. Role of undecaprenyl phosphate . Properties of the membrane-associated sialytransferase complex . Mobility of lipid phase related to polymer synthesis .. Temperature-induced uncoupling of palymer synthesis ..
166 citations
163 citations
TL;DR: Intracytoplasmic Membranes, Phospholipid and Fatty Acid Content, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Carbon Assimilation Pathways, and the Relationship 0/ Methylotrophy to AutotROphy are introduced.
Abstract: INTRODUCfION . THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF METHANE-OXIDIZING MICROBES Taxonomy and Nomenclature . Intracytoplasmic Membranes. . Phospholipid and Fatty Acid Content . Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle . Carbon Assimilation Pathways . The Relationship 0/ Methylotrophy to Autotrophy . MICROBIAL ASSIMILATION OF C, COMPOUNDS . Ribulose Diphosphate Pathway 0/ CO2 Assimilation . RMP Pathway . Do Methanol-Utilizing Yeasts Use a Modified RMP Pathway? . The Serine Pathway . Genetic Regulation 0/ C] Metabolism . MICROBIAL OXIDATION OF C, COMPOUNDS . Oxidation 0/ Carbon Monoxide . Oxidation 0/ Methane and Methanol . Oxidation 0/ Methyl Amines . Oxidation 0/ Formaldehyde . ENZYMOLOGY OF C, OXIDATIONS . Methane Monooxygenase . Methanol Dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.8) . Methylamine Dehydrogenase •........• Trimethylamine Dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99. 7) .
TL;DR: InTRODUCfion .
Abstract: INTRODUCfION . DISTRIBUTION . The Competitive GJ Tract .. The Cooperative GJ Tract .. Foregut fermentation .
TL;DR: Leetins in Rhizobium-Legume Interactions and Migration: Chemotaxis and Migration and Recognition at the Root.
Abstract: �;�iffc ;{;��r::fo���� ... :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Chemotaxis and Migration . RECOGNITION AT THE ROOT .... .. . . .. . .. .. ... . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . Leetins in Rhizobium-Legume Interactions .
TL;DR: This work has shown that MHC-RESTRICTed T-CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PARASITES: A MECHANISTIC FUNCTION for MHC PRODUCTS is a good place to start looking at the mechanisms behind this phenomenon.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 201 EMPIRICAL CLINICAL FINDINGS 202 MHC, ITS ROLE IN T-CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY, AND AN EXPLANATION FOR MHC POLYMORPHISM 203 MHC-RESTRICTED T-CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PARASITES: A MECHANISTIC FUNCTION FOR MHC PRODUCTS 205 MHC-LINKED IR GENES 207 WHY MHC POLYMORPHISM? MHC POLYMORPHISM IS LINKED TO THE MHC RESTRICTION OF T-CELLS 208 A SPECULATION: MHC-ASSOCIATED DISEASES ARE OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL ORIGIN AND CAUSED BY AUTOAGGRESSIVE MHC-RBSTRICTED T-CELLS 209 CONCLUSION 211
TL;DR: The structure and distribution of Sporangia Morphology and Spore Formation, and relatedness to Other Genera of the Family Actinoplanaceae are described.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ....... . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS . . . . . . . . . Sporangia Morphology and Spore Formation ...... .. . Spore Release . Aerial Mycelium . Mycelia and Soluble Pigments .. Cell Wall Structure and Composition . Utilization of Carbohydrates and Physiological Characteristics .. Temperature Relationships . Ecology and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relatedness to Other Genera of the Family Actinoplanaceae .. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANTIBIOTICS OF THE ACTINOPLANES . Taitomycin . Antibiotic A/672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antibiotic A/4 696 . Antibiotic A/477 . . .... . . . . Lipiarmycin ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . ... . . .. . .. . Antibiotics A/287 A and B .. Antibiotic A/2315 . Gardimycin ...... . . . . ......... . .... . . .. Purpuromycin .. Antibiotic from Actinoplanes SE 73 and SE 73-B .. Teichomycin AI . Teichomycin Al .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antibiotic A/7413 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actinoplanes cyaneus Antibiotic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuangxinmycin .. . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . Antibiotic 67-/2/ (Sch / 6656) ... ...... ... .... . . .. Antibiotic 4 1.0/2 . Plauracins ... . . .... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... ....... . Antibiotic A/15 104 Yand Z .. Antibiotic AI/7002 ...... . . . . . 5-Aza-Cytidine .
TL;DR: The results obtained imply that based on the results obtained so-called “black-box” data, which indicates the presence of viruses in wastewater, the levels of disinfecting agents such as chlorine and phosphorous are likely to be higher than previously thought.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . ...... .. . .. ..... 413 EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION METHODS 415 CONCENTRATION OF VIRUSES FROM LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER .... 417 Tapwater 417 Seawater 423 Sewage 425 RECONCENTRATION 426 FACTORS INFLUENCING VIRAL ADSORPTION AND ELUTION 427 Composition of Filters and Pore Size 428 SOlts 430 pH 431 Organics 433 Flow Rate 435
TL;DR: A comparison study of the phytochemical properties of phosphorous and its application in the context of concrete buildings and infrastructure shows that phosphorous-based structures dominate in both the concrete and the glass-like properties.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 459 CHROMATIN 461 CYTOPLASM .. 464 CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE 466 CELL WALL .. .. 469 EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES .. ....... 472 BACTERIAL APPENDAGES 473 CELL FRACTIONATION .... 475 LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES 475 EPILOGUE 477
TL;DR: The Membrane Morphology and Fractionation andMembrane Protein Studies studies show clear trends in the evolution of Membranes and their role in the structure and structure of the immune system are studied.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ...... .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . MEMBRANE COMPOSITION ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . Membrane Morphology . Fractionation and Membrane Protein Studies .. Membrane Lipid .. Membrane-Associated Contractile Proteins . FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE MEMBRANE . . . . . . . . . .. Membrane Enzymes .. Transport Systems . Receptors .
TL;DR: The Hungate Method, the ''Hungate Method'' and home stamping grounds again: a chronology of key events and ideas from the development of democracy to the present day.
Abstract: EARLY DAYS 1 STANFORD 2 Termites 4 The Cohesive Force of Water 5 TEXAS 6 Cellulose Digestion by Cattle Protozoa and Bacteria 8 The ''Hungate Method" 9 How to Make Do 10 HOME STAMPING GROUNDS AGAIN 1 1 METHANOGENESIS 13 CALIFORNIA HERE WE COME 14 CHEMICAL WORK IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 15 INTERNATIONAL INTERLUDES 16 ANALYSIS OF GUT ECOSYSTEMS 17 AN ORGANIZATION MAN 18
TL;DR: The structure and physical properties of the phytochemical properties of polysaccharides, as well as some comparisons with EUKARYOTE GLYCOPROTEin, are compared.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ........ ..... ......... .. . . . . . . . . ... .. . . ..... ... 169 BIOSYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDE PRECURSORS ... . . ......... 170 Sugar Nuc/eotides 170 Sugar Po/yisoprenols . . . .... . . . 171 Noncarbohydrate Substituents 173 BIOSYNTHESIS OF POLySACCHARIDES ....... 174 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 174 Teichoic acid 174 Teichuron;c acid .... 178 Lipopolysaccharide ..... ... ... 179 Cell Membrane-Associated Polysaccharides ... 183 Lipoteichoic acid 183 Lipomannan 184 Glycoproteins ...... 186 REGULATION OF POLYMER S YNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLy 187 SOME COMPARISONS WITH EUKARYOTE GLYCOPROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS 1 89 Site of Biosynthesis 189 Biosynthetic Reactions 189 APPARENT FUNCTIONS OF BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES 190 STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLySACCHARIDES ........ 191 CONCLUD ING REMARKS 194
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analyses of the mechanisms behind starvation and their effects on response to treatment by classical and modern treatments.
Abstract: INTRODUCfION 95 CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM 96 Transport of Carbohydrates 96 Pathways of Carbohydrate Dissimilation 98 CENTRAL AND ANAPLEROTIC PATHWAYS 99 RESPIRATORY CHAIN 101 Mycobacteria 101 Other Systems 102 OTHER PATHWAYS AND METABOLIC PRODUCTS 103 DISSIMILATION OF UNUSUAL SUBSTRATES 104 REGULATION OF CATABOLISM 106 Induction-Repression and Cyclic AMP Effects 106 Starvation 107 CONCLUDING REMARKS 107
TL;DR: The present study focuses on the development and management of herpesvirus hominis, which has potential to transform into a vaccine for Gaucherian coronavirus.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . 335 DISEASE PREVALENCE AND MARKET POTENTIAL .. . . ........ 336 DEVELOPMENT COST ... . . . . ..... . . . ..... . .. . . . . ....... . . . . ..... ........ . . . ... ...... . . . . . ... ........ . .. . 339 STRATEGY AND TACTICS ........ . . ......... ... . . . .. . . . ... ......... 340 LABORATORY MODELS ... . . . . ......... . . . . . ......... . . . ........ .. . . . ..... .. . . . . ....... 341 Respiratory Viruses ........ . . 343 Influenza viruses . . .. . .. . . . . . ... ........ .. . .. ... ... ... . . . .. . . . ..... . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . .. 343 Rhinoviruses .......•. 345 Other respiratory viruses . 346 Herpesviruses . 347 Herpesvirus hominis .. ........ . . . 347 Other herpesviruses . .. . . . ......... 348 CONCLUSION 349
TL;DR: This paper presents evidence for Cellular Interactions between the Lymphoid System and Germinal Centers, and describes the distribution in Tissues and patterns of migration patterns.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 440 HISTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION 440 Cells 0/ the Lymphoid System ' 440 Reticular Cells 440 Macrophages 440 Endothelial cells ...... ..... ..... 441 Lymphocytes ........ 441 Lymphoblasts ........ 442 Plasma cells 442 Spleen ....... .. ........ 442 Lymph Nodes .... 443 Gutand Bronchial-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 444 LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS 444 Distribution in Tissues .. ... 444 Migration Patterns .. ... 446 LOCALIZATION OF THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE ... .. . .. ..... 447 Lymphoid Tissue Changes 447 Formation a/ Germinal Centers .. 447 Antigen 449 Antibody and Antibody-Secreting Cells .. 451 Evidence for Cellular Interactions 452 CONCLUSIONS 453