Showing papers in "Annual Review of Microbiology in 1988"

Complement Evasion by Bacteria and Parasites

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ........ . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . .. 201 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Cl Activation and Control . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 C3 Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... 203 Control of Alternative Pathway Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .... 205 C3 Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 C5b-9 and Poly C9 Formation . . ... . . . . . .... . . ........ . . . . ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Control Proteins .... . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... 207 STRATEGIES OF COMPLEMENT EVASION .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .... . . . . 208 Failure to Activate Complement . . . . . . . . .... . . . . ..... . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 208 Microbial Shedding of Molecules that Activate or Destroy Complement ..... . . . ...... 2 1 1 Synthesis or Acquisition of Regulatory Molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 1 2 Blockade of Activation Before C5b-9 Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . ..... 2 1 4 Formation of a Nonlytic C5b-9 Complex .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . 2 16 Hypothetical Mechanisms for Complement Resistance a t the C5b-9 Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 9 Microbial Use of Complement Receptors t o Gain Access to Intracellular Locations .. . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ...... .. . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . 219 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Energy metabolism of protozoa without mitochondria.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . GLyCOLySIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METABOLISM OF PYRUVATE BY DECARBOXYLATION . Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl Coenzyme A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acetate ai1d Butyrate Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethanol Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELECTRON TRANSFER . General Comments and Electron Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfer of Electrons to Organic Acceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �::����,:���������. :::::: : : : : : ::::: : : : : : : : : :: ::::: : : : : : : : : : : : ::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : :::: : : : : : : : Reduction of Nitro-Derivatives Active Against Anaerobic Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . HYDROGENOSOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... ..... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS . CONCLUSIONS .

Microbial Ecology of the Skin

Abstract: Humans exist in an environment replete with microorganisms, yet only a few of these microorganisms become residents on the skin surface. These resident flora and the skin constitute a complex ecosystem in which organisms adapt to changes in the microenvironment and to coactions among microorganisms. The skin possesses an assortment of protective mechanisms to limit colonization, and the survival of organisms on the surface lies in part in the ability of the organisms to resist these mechanisms. Microbial colonization on the skin adds to the skin's defense against potentially pathogenic organisms. Although microbes normally live in synergy with their hosts, at times colonization can lead to clinical infection. Common infections consist of superficial infections of the stratum corneum or appendages, which can respond dramatically to therapy but commonly relapse. In rare circumstances these infections can be severe, particularly in immunocompromised patients or hospitalized patients with indwelling foreign devices.

The enzymes associated with denitrification.

Abstract: NASA: The enzymes involved in the reduction of nitrogenous oxides are thought to be intermediates in denitrification processes. This review examines the roles of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductases, nitric oxide reductase, mechanisms of N-N bond formation, and nitrous oxide reductases.

Evolution of RNA Viruses

Abstract: The evolution of RNA viruses has received a great deal of attention in the past several years. The subject is based on information very different from that considered: in other evolutionary discussions. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses leave no fossil record; indeed the oldest historical accounts describing symptoms believed to be caused by viruses are only a millenium or two old (51, 73). Recently, however, the complete nucleotide sequences of the genomic RNAs of a number of viruses belonging to different virus families have been obtained, and these make possible detailed comparisons of the families on a molecular level. These comparisons have led to new insights into RNA virus evolution, including the beginning of taxonomy based on the relatedness of their genomes, a better understanding of the radiation of viruses to different hosts, and renewed speculation on the origin of viruses. In addition, partial or complete sequences have been obtained for many different strains of certain viruses or for different members of a given family. The comparative sequence data have led to a greater understanding of the rate of divergence of RNA viruses in nature and in cell culture. All of these studies, however, have been of viruses currently extant; the oldest virus isolates date back only to the turn of this century.

Enzymes and Genes from the lux Operons of Bioluminescent Bacteria

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 151 Bioluminescent Bacteria ...... . .. . . . ... . . . . . ..... .... 153 BIOLUMINESCENCE REACTION . . .... . . , ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. ... . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Aldehyde Specificity 154 Reduced Flavin Specificity 154 Reaction Mechanism and the Excited State 154 Structure and Properties of Luciferases 155 BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ALDEHYDES 155 Fatty Acid Reductase Reaction.. ...... . . . . .. . . ...... . . . ... . . . . . . . . 156 Channeling of Fatty Acids Into the Luminescence System 158 Structure of the F ally Acid Reductase Complex in Photobacterium phosphoreum ... 160 Fatty Acid Reductase Polypeptides in Other Luminescent Species 160 CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF THE lux GENES . 162 Luciferase Genes. luxA and B 162 Fatty Acid Reductase Genes. luxe, D and E .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 163 Regulatory Genes ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 mRNA and Transcription 165 REGULATION . 165 Induction of Luminescence 166 Catabolite Repression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Diff erential Expression of the lux Structural Genes 168 Turnover of Fatty Acid in the Luminescence System 169 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Aeromonas and Plesiomonas as etiological agents.

Abstract: BACTERIOLOGy 395 EPIDEMIOLOGy 399 CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 401 NATURAL INFECTIONS IN ANIMALS 401 HUMAN INFECTION 402 Gastrointestinal Infections 402 Extr�int.e�tinal Infections 405 MemngltlS . . . . 405 Osteomyelitis 406 Septic Arthritis ...... . . ......... . . ..... 406 Endocarditis ..... " .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . 406 Peritonitis 407 Eye Infections 407 Urinary Tract Infections 407 Miscellaneous Isolates 407 Unusual Sources of Infection 408 ltifections Caused by Other Species of Aeromonas 408 Bacteremia . . . .... . . . . . . . ........ . . . . .. ......... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ... . . . . ...... 408 IMMUNOLOGY 409 PATHOGENESIS AND VIRULENCE FACTORS 410 Extracel. lular Enzymes 410 Enterotoxins 410 In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibilities 413 Prophylaxis 413

Host Range Determinants in Plant Pathogens and Symbionts

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 421 AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS. THE CAUSAL AGENT OF CROWN GALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Genes TJwt Broaden the Host Range . . . . .... . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . 423 Bacterial Factors That Function Negatively to Narrow the Host Range . . . . . . . ... . . . . 424 RHIZOBIUM-LEGUME SYMBIOSIS .. .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . , 424 Positive Host-Range Determinants . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ..... 425 Negative Factors .. . .... ......... . . . .. ...... . .. . . . . . . .... 427 FACTORS DETERMINING THE HOST RANGE OF OTHER PLANT PATHOGENS 427 Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 427 A virulence Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 429 Recent Findings From Our Own Laboratories. . . . . . ... . . . . . ....... . . . . . ... . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . 433 SUMMARY, FUTURE DIRECTIONS, AND ANTICIPATED PAYOFFS . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. 434

Replication of kinetoplast dna in trypanosomes

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . 339 PROPERTIES OF KINETOPLAST DNA.... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Kinetoplast Network Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Properties of Minicircles .... . ...... . ... . . . . . . . ..... . .... 341 Properties of Maxicircles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Packing of the Network Within the Mitochondrion . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 REPLICATION OF KINETOPLAST DNA.. . 344 Network Replication.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Free Minicircle Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 349 Maxicircle Replication . ... . ... ..... . ....... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ........ 351 Enzymology of Kinetoplast DNA Replication... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 CONCLUSIONS . . . . 354

Immunity in filariasis: perspectives for vaccine development.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 BIOLOGY OF THE PARASITE AND THE DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 IMMUNITY IN HUMANS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Endemic Normals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Asymptomatic Microfilaria Carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . 687 Filarial Immunopathologies 689 Immunity in Humans and Immunoprophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Problems and Compromises in the Study of Experimental Immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Immunity to Brugia Larvae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 Immunity to Onchocerca Microfilariae in Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Immunity in Experimental Animals and Immunoprophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 STRATEGIES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE ANTIGENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Surface Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Exported Antigens . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 Animal Models as Aids in the Identification of Protective Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Screening with Cells and Antisera From Putatively Resistant Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 Advantages and Shortcomings of the Diff erent Approaches. and Some Technical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Ecology of Colorado Tick Fever

Abstract: Description du virus et de l'infection humaine. Diagnostic, epidemiologie, repartition geographique du virus, mammiferes-hotes du virus et les tiques en tant que vecteurs de l'infection, facteurs ecologiques

Genetics and Regulation of Carbohydrate Catabolism in Bacillus

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . ..... . . . . . ...... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 CATABOLISM OF MONOAND DISACCHARIDES 66 Glycerol 66 Arabinos,e. . . ..... . . . ....... . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . ......... . . .. . . . . . . . .. ....... .. .. .. . . . . . . .. ...... . . . . . . . 67 Phosphotrans/erase System 68 Mannitol 69 Fructose 70 Glucitol 70 Gluconate 71 Sucrose Metabolic System 72 CATA BOLISM OF POLYSACCHARIDES . . . . . . . . ....... . ........ . . . 78 Xylanases 78 {3-GlucalJase Family 80 a-Amylase F amity 82 C ONCLUDING REMARKS ...... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 87

Hot News on the Common Cold

Abstract: Inhibiteurs de decapsidation des rhinovirus, immunite et pathogenie, action de l'air humide sur le rhume banal

The Pasteur Institute's Contributions to the Field of Virology

Abstract: EARLY DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES 746 FROM BACTERIOPHAGE TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGy 747 DEFINITION OF VIRUSES AND STUDIES ON VIRUS PHySIOLOGy 750 AIDS VIRUSES 751 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRAL VACCINES 754 Rabies .. ..... ... ......... . . ..... ..... ... . ... .. 754 Yellow Fever 755 Poliomyelitis 756 Influen z a 757 Hepatitis B ....... 757 PERSPECTIVES 758