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Showing papers in "Annual Review of Plant Biology in 1980"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparison of plants from contrasting thermol regimes in Thermally Contrasting Climates and adoptive responses in the heat stability 0/ the photosynthetic apparatus highlights the need to understand more fully the role of photosynthesis in climate change.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 492 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION 493 Photosynthetic Temperature Dependence in Thermally Contrasting Climates ........ 493 Photosynthetic Temperature Acclimation 497 Seasonal acclimation in natural habitats ...... ....... 497 Studies in controlled environments 499 THE MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE AND ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE 504 Reversible Temperature Respon.ses 505 Stomata! effec� o� the . temJH!.rature response 0/ photo.rynthesis ......... ....... 505 Interacttons with /lght mtenslty 507 C, photo.rynthesis (lM photorespiration 507 C, photo.rynthesis 515 Comparison 0/ plants from contrasting thermol regimes ...... ...... 517 ["eversible Temperature Respon.ses 519 Low temperature sensitMty ....... 519 High temperature sensitivity 524 Adoptive responses in the heat stability 0/ the photosynthetic apparatus 530 CONCLUDING REMARKS 532

2,779 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review of mineral nutrients shall not be considering two most important, but frequently reviewed, aspects of the subject, namely biological fixation of N/sub 2/ and its assimilation and mechanisms of membrane transport.
Abstract: Broadly, the approach which researchers have adopted in this review has been to ask the following questions about mineral nutrients: What properties make them essential. How are they obtained. How effectively are they used. We shall not be considering two most important, but frequently reviewed, aspects of the subject, namely biological fixation of N/sub 2/ and its assimilation and mechanisms of membrane transport.

1,072 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a light-dependent Enzyme Activation and Deactivation in the Dark (DEAD) mechanism was found to increase the pH of the stromal pH.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 342 IN VIVO ACTIVATION STUDIES 342 STUDIES WITH INTACT CHLOROPLASTS 344 Light-Dependent Enzyme Activation 344 Effects of Inhibitors 346 Light-Induced Change in Stromal pH 348 Light-Induced Change in Stromal M� Concentration 348 STUDIES WITH ENZYME SYSTEMS 350 Mechanisms of Light Activation 350 Effector-mediated mechanisms 350 lon-mediated mechanisms 353 Protein-mediated mechanisms 353 Mechanisms of Deactivation in the Dark 358 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS 359 ACTIVATION OF MEMBRANOUS ENZYMES 360 OXIDANT·LINKED ACTIVATION 361

879 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Techniques for Studying the Identity of Transported Solutes of Nitrogen and Relationships Between Nitrogen Transport and the Production and Partitioning of Photosynthate are presented.
Abstract: INTRODUCfION Techniques for Studying the Identity of Transported Solutes of Nitrogen . Nitrogen in Phloem and Xylem Fluids . Uptake. Assimilation. and Transport of Nitrogen by Roots . Transport of Nitrogen from Nodulated Roots of Nr/ixing Plants .. Initial Distribution of Xylem-Borne Nitrogen in Shoots .. Export of Nitrogen from Leaves in Phloem . Export of Nitrogen from Stem Tissue in the Phloem . RelationshipS Between Transport and Storage of Nitrogen .. Transport of Nitrogen to Deve/oping Fruits and Seeds Loading of Nitrogenous Solutes onto Xylem and Phloem .. Relationships Between Nitrogen Transport and the Production and Partitioning of Photosynthate .. CONCLUSIONS ..

482 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the localization and regulation of ABA, the mode of action of A.lJA, and the role of stomatal complexes and A.spoTf in this synthesis.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 454 TECHNIQUES ....... 454 Quantitation of ABA ... 454 Synthesis of Tritiated ABA 456 BIOCHEMISTRY 456 ABA Biosynthesis .... 456 ABA Metabolism 457 Regulation 0/ Enzyme Synthesis 460 PHYSIOLOGY 462 Water Stress 462 The stimulus fOT Ttlising ABA levels ..... ........ ........ .... ..... ..•.. .... 462 Localization and regulation of ABA. synthesis •••••••••••••••••••. ......... .... .... ........ .... 463 Stomatal complexes and A.lJA. ...... ......... ....... .... ..... ........ .... 466 Mode of action 467 A.lJA. levels and stomatal aperture ........ ....... ....... ......... ..... 469 Drought mistance ..... 470 Root Geotropism 470 Seed Development and Germination 472 Seed development 472 Seed gennil/Qtion 473 Dormancy 474 Induction of dormancy 474 Maintenance of dormancy 475 Correlative Inhibition 0/ Buds 475 Ion Movement 477 ABA tran.spoTf 478 CONCLUDING REMARKS 479

425 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the literature on air pollution injury to plants is presented in this paper, focusing on ozone, oxides of nitrogen (including peroxyacetylnitrate-pan), and sulfur oxides, all commonly found in urban areas of industrialized countries.
Abstract: The pool of information on air pollution injury to plants increases in size and complexity each year. In addition, air pollution literature has been unable to generate a cohesive theory which relates the various major air pollutants and their effects on plants. This review attempts to fill this gap; I have chosen not to attempt a general review of literature but rather to examine several of the major air pollutants and characterize reasons for similarities and differences among their injury patterns in plants. I hope to present a more general theory of air pollution damage to plants than currently exists. A variety of pollutants exist in heavily industrialized areas. I will focus on ozone, oxides of nitrogen (including peroxyacetylnitrate-pan), and sulfur oxides, all commonly found in urban areas of industrialized countries. These three classes of compounds elicit a range of damaging effects in plants which may be considered representative of other types of pollution injury. Several other compounds, notably fluoride and strong acids, will be discussed briefly. A list of pertinent plant air pollution research, including a comprehensive series of reviews by the National Research Council is given. This review will examine only those biochemical and physiological events occurring withinmore » a day after exposure to toxic gases; long-term ecological effects will not be discussed. I will examine the entry of pollutants into the leaf and ultimately into the cell; the biochemical basis for the disruption of the cell's metabolism; and subsequent alterations in the cell's osmotic and turgor balance. The plant's changing water potential leads to altered stomatal action which in turn affects photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Thus, I will examine the interrelationships between water potential, transpiration and photosynthesis, and pollutant entry and injury.« less

340 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

305 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis of the literature on reprograming and its applications to decision-making in several domains, including neuroscience, social science, and medicine.
Abstract: INTRODUCfION ..... , 569 GENE STRUCfURE AND ARRANGEMENT ........ 571 REPLICATION ORIGINS, MEIOTIC PAIRING, AND RECOMBINATION SEQUENCES 573 CLASSIFICATION OF DNA SEQUENCES BY COpy NUMBER 575 THE LENGTH AND CHROMOSOMAL ARRANGEMENT OF SINGLE COpy SEQUENCES 578 REVERSE REPEATS 581 THE STRUCfURE OF REPEATED SEQUENCE ARRAYS 583 THE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES OF REPEATED SEQUENCES IN THE GENOME 586 THE EVOLUTION OF SOME SEQUENCE ORGANIZATION PATTERNS ...... 587 SEQUENCE INTERSPERSION AND CHROMOSOME FUNCTIONS 590 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING DISCUSSION 591

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show clear trends in the cost-effectiveness and community EFFICIENCY of N2 fixation, and the need for further research into this topic and its application in the context of renewable energy supplies.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION ......... ........ ........ 29 CELLULAR ENERGY COST OF N2 FIXATION 30 WHOLE-PLANT ENERGY COST OF N2 FIXATION 32 COMMUNITY EFFICIENCY OF N2 FIXATION ... 38 ENHANCING N2 FIXATION IN LEGUMES ........ 41 CONCLUSIONS 44

236 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A Description of the Differential Growth Causing Geocurvature asked what type of differential growth is induced and when do cells respond.
Abstract: A Description 0/ the Differential Growth Causing Geocurvature . . What type of diff erential growth is induced? . Where is the differential growth induced? .. When do cells respond? .


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-anatomy of the determinants of food quality and their applications in the context of a food regulatory regime.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 217 NATURE OF THE PHOTORECEPTOR 219 MECHANISM OF REGULATION .... 224 STEPS IN CAROTENOGENESIS REGULA TED BY LlGHT 227 SPECULATIONS 229

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, the conversion of light into chemical energy is accomplished via a series of reactions that include two photoreactions, the primary reactions of two photosystems.
Abstract: In the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, the conversion of light into chemical energy is accomplished via a series of reactions that include two photoreactions, the primary reactions of two photosystems. Photosystem II (PS II) oxidizes water and reduces plastoquinone. Photosystem I (PS I) oxidizes plastocyanin and reduces ferredoxin and, via the ferredoxin, reduces NADP/sup +/. This series of reactions also leads to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP via protons translocated across the membrane. Central subjects of this review are (a) the oxidation of water and (b) the redox reactions of plastoquinone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conceptual Background: Three Theories of the Evolution of Biochemical Pathways and the Common Ancestor are presented.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 640 The Conceptual Background: Three Theories of the Evolution of Biochemical Pathways 642 Experimental Approaches 643 The Common Ancestor 643 ACETATE PATHWAYS 644 Pathways to Saturated Fatty Acids 644 Pathways to Monoand Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 645 Pathways to Polyketide-Derived Metabolites 646 MEVALONATE PATHWAYS 647 Pathways to Carotenoids 650 Pathways to Hopanoids and Steroids 651 Lower Terpenes 652 Miscellaneous Mevalonate Pathways 652

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper presents a meta-modelling framework for estimating the Parameter Variability of the Input-Output Model and some examples of models used in the US have shown variations in the response of the Response to Screaming Fish.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 192 QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTS 192 A NEW APPROACH TO DESCRIBING TRANSLOCATION EXPERIMENTS 193 System Identification and Parameter Estimation . ... ... ... 194 Model 194 Parameter estimation . . . .. .... ..... . ..... . ...... . .. ....... .. ..... ... ..... . .. .. . .. 195 Model identification 196 Parameter variation .... . . . ....... . . . ...... .. . .. ....... . . .. ....... . ...... . .. 198 Application to spatial profiles ... . .. . .. . . .. .... . .. . 198 Interp�etatio� of the Input-Output Model .. .. ........ .. ........ . .. . ....... . ... . . ... ... . .. ... 199 Unit step Input 199 Unit impulse input 200 Effect of Sampling Interval . .. . . ... . ... .. . .. . . .... . .. .. ..... . .. .. . .. . . .... . ..... . .. . ... . ...... .. . .. ....... .. . .. .. 201 Effect of Profile Shape . . 202 INTERPRETATION OF PHLOEM TRANSLOCATION EXPERIMENTS ........ 203 Sucrose and Tracer Profiles . .. . . .. . ..... 204 Mass Transfer Measurements 205 Speed Measurements 206 Phloem Leakage Measurements . . .... .. . . . . ... ...... . . ....... . 206 Input-Output Model Analysis of Tracer Profiles ...... .. . ........ .. ........ . ...... .. ...... 207 Nonsteady State Systems . .. ....... 209 CONCLUSION 212