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Showing papers in "Annual Review of Psychology in 2016"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A number of methods for detecting modules in both structural and functional brain networks are surveyed and their potential functional roles in brain evolution, wiring minimization, and the emergence of functional specialization and complex dynamics are considered.
Abstract: The development of new technologies for mapping structural and functional brain connectivity has led to the creation of comprehensive network maps of neuronal circuits and systems. The architecture of these brain networks can be examined and analyzed with a large variety of graph theory tools. Methods for detecting modules, or network communities, are of particular interest because they uncover major building blocks or subnetworks that are particularly densely connected, often corresponding to specialized functional components. A large number of methods for community detection have become available and are now widely applied in network neuroscience. This article first surveys a number of these methods, with an emphasis on their advantages and shortcomings; then it summarizes major findings on the existence of modules in both structural and functional brain networks and briefly considers their potential functional roles in brain evolution, wiring minimization, and the emergence of functional specialization...

1,048 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by a Transition from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug seeking and taking as well as a progression from the ventral to the dorsal striatum.
Abstract: A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by a transition from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug seeking and taking as well as a progression from the ventral to the dorsal striatum. Here, in the light of burgeoning, supportive evidence, we reconsider and elaborate this hypothesis, in particular the refinements in our understanding of ventral and dorsal striatal mechanisms underlying goal-directed and habitual drug seeking, the influence of drug-associated Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli on drug seeking and relapse, and evidence for impairments in top-down prefrontal cortical inhibitory control over this behavior. We further review animal and human studies that have begun to define etiological factors and individual differences in the propensity to become addicted to drugs, leading to the description of addiction endophenotypes, especially for cocaine addiction. We consider the prospect of novel treatments for addiction that promote abstinence from and relapse to drug use.

810 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Insightful insights from habit research are applied to understand stress and addiction as well as the design of effective interventions to change health and consumer behaviors.
Abstract: As the proverbial creatures of habit, people tend to repeat the same behaviors in recurring contexts. This review characterizes habits in terms of their cognitive, motivational, and neurobiological properties. In so doing, we identify three ways that habits interface with deliberate goal pursuit: First, habits form as people pursue goals by repeating the same responses in a given context. Second, as outlined in computational models, habits and deliberate goal pursuit guide actions synergistically, although habits are the efficient, default mode of response. Third, people tend to infer from the frequency of habit performance that the behavior must have been intended. We conclude by applying insights from habit research to understand stress and addiction as well as the design of effective interventions to change health and consumer behaviors.

765 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using the component process model as a framework, and focusing on the hippocampus, its subfields, and specialization along its longitudinal axis, along with its interaction with other brain regions, this work considers these new developments and their implications for the organization of episodic memory and its contribution to functions in other domains.
Abstract: The last decade has seen dramatic technological and conceptual changes in research on episodic memory and the brain. New technologies, and increased use of more naturalistic observations, have enabled investigators to delve deeply into the structures that mediate episodic memory, particularly the hippocampus, and to track functional and structural interactions among brain regions that support it. Conceptually, episodic memory is increasingly being viewed as subject to lifelong transformations that are reflected in the neural substrates that mediate it. In keeping with this dynamic perspective, research on episodic memory (and the hippocampus) has infiltrated domains, from perception to language and from empathy to problem solving, that were once considered outside its boundaries. Using the component process model as a framework, and focusing on the hippocampus, its subfields, and specialization along its longitudinal axis, along with its interaction with other brain regions, we consider these new developments and their implications for the organization of episodic memory and its contribution to functions in other domains.

698 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A selective overview of several recent applications and extensions of the diffusion decision model in the cognitive neurosciences is presented.
Abstract: Sequential sampling models assume that people make speeded decisions by gradually accumulating noisy information until a threshold of evidence is reached. In cognitive science, one such model—the diffusion decision model—is now regularly used to decompose task performance into underlying processes such as the quality of information processing, response caution, and a priori bias. In the cognitive neurosciences, the diffusion decision model has recently been adopted as a quantitative tool to study the neural basis of decision making under time pressure. We present a selective overview of several recent applications and extensions of the diffusion decision model in the cognitive neurosciences.

381 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work identifies the conditions under which norm information has the highest likelihood of changing the targeted behavior and discusses why this is the case.
Abstract: Providing people with information about the behavior and attitudes of their peers is a strategy commonly employed by those seeking to reduce behavior deemed harmful either to individuals (e.g., high alcohol consumption) or the collective (e.g., high energy consumption). We review norm-based interventions, detailing the logic behind them and the various forms they can take. We give special attention to interventions designed to decrease college students' drinking and increase environment-friendly behaviors. We identify the conditions under which norm information has the highest likelihood of changing the targeted behavior and discuss why this is the case.

331 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Tim Kasser1
TL;DR: Successful interventions encourage intrinsic/self-transcendent values/goals, increase felt personal security, and/or block materialistic messages from the environment.
Abstract: Materialism comprises a set of values and goals focused on wealth, possessions, image, and status. These aims are a fundamental aspect of the human value/goal system, standing in relative conflict with aims concerning the well-being of others, as well as one's own personal and spiritual growth. Substantial evidence shows that people who place a relatively high priority on materialistic values/goals consume more products and incur more debt, have lower-quality interpersonal relationships, act in more ecologically destructive ways, have adverse work and educational motivation, and report lower personal and physical well-being. Experimentally activating materialistic aims causes similar outcomes. Given these ills, researchers have investigated means of decreasing people's materialism. Successful interventions encourage intrinsic/self-transcendent values/goals, increase felt personal security, and/or block materialistic messages from the environment. These interventions would likely be more effective if policies were also adopted that diminished contemporary culture's focus on consumption, profit, and economic growth.

274 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review analyzes trends and commonalities among prominent theories of media effects, including theories of computer-mediated communication, which appears to share a similar pattern of reformulation from unidirectional, receiver-oriented views, to theories that recognize the transactional nature of communication.
Abstract: This review analyzes trends and commonalities among prominent theories of media effects On the basis of exemplary meta-analyses of media effects and bibliometric studies of well-cited theories, we identify and discuss five features of media effects theories as well as their empirical support Each of these features specifies the conditions under which media may produce effects on certain types of individuals Our review ends with a discussion of media effects in newer media environments This includes theories of computer-mediated communication, the development of which appears to share a similar pattern of reformulation from unidirectional, receiver-oriented views, to theories that recognize the transactional nature of communication We conclude by outlining challenges and promising avenues for future research

261 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examines child maltreatment to illustrate the benefit that can be derived from the study of individuals subjected to nonnormative caregiving experiences.
Abstract: Developmental theories can be affirmed, challenged, and augmented by incorporating knowledge about atypical ontogenesis. Investigations of the biological, socioemotional, and personality development in individuals with high-risk conditions and psychopathological disorders can provide an entree into the study of system organization, disorganization, and reorganization. This article examines child maltreatment to illustrate the benefit that can be derived from the study of individuals subjected to nonnormative caregiving experiences. Relative to an average expectable environment, which consists of a species-specific range of environmental conditions that support adaptive development among genetically normal individuals, maltreating families fail to provide many of the experiences that are required for normal development. Principles gleaned from the field of developmental psychopathology provide a framework for understanding multilevel functioning in normality and pathology. Knowledge of normative developmen...

252 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A number of challenges conventional neuroimaging approaches face in trying to delineate brain-cognition mappings are reviewed, and how these limitations can potentially be overcome using complementary approaches that emphasize large-scale analysis.
Abstract: A major goal of cognitive neuroscience is to delineate how brain systems give rise to mental function. Here we review the increasingly large role informatics-driven approaches are playing in such efforts. We begin by reviewing a number of challenges conventional neuroimaging approaches face in trying to delineate brain-cognition mappings--for example, the difficulty in establishing the specificity of postulated associations. Next, we demonstrate how these limitations can potentially be overcome using complementary approaches that emphasize large-scale analysis--including meta-analytic methods that synthesize hundreds or thousands of studies at a time; latent-variable approaches that seek to extract structure from data in a bottom-up manner; and predictive modeling approaches capable of quantitatively inferring mental states from patterns of brain activity. We highlight the underappreciated but critical role for formal cognitive ontologies in helping to clarify, refine, and test theories of brain and cognitive function. Finally, we conclude with a speculative discussion of what future informatics developments may hold for cognitive neuroscience.

239 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the literature on moderators of moral consistency versus licensing effects reveals that individuals are more likely to exhibit consistency when they focus abstractly on the connection between their initial behavior and their values, whereas they are morelikely to exhibit licensing when they think concretely about what they have accomplished with their initialbehavior.
Abstract: Why does past moral behavior sometimes lead people to do more of the same (consistency), whereas sometimes it liberates them to do the opposite (licensing)? We organize the literature on moderators of moral consistency versus licensing effects using five conceptual themes: construal level, progress versus commitment, identification, value reflection, and ambiguity. Our review reveals that individuals are more likely to exhibit consistency when they focus abstractly on the connection between their initial behavior and their values, whereas they are more likely to exhibit licensing when they think concretely about what they have accomplished with their initial behavior—as long as the second behavior does not blatantly threaten a cherished identity. Moreover, many studies lacked baseline conditions (“donut” designs), leaving it ambiguous whether licensing was observed. And although many proposed moderators yielded significant interactions, evidence for both significant consistency and balancing simple effect...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review examines how age-related brain changes influence processes such as attending to and remembering emotional stimuli, regulating emotion, and recognizing emotional expressions, as well as empathy, risk taking, impulsivity, behavior change, and attentional focus.
Abstract: Although aging is associated with clear declines in physical and cognitive processes, emotional functioning fares relatively well. Consistent with this behavioral profile, two core emotional brain regions, the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, show little structural and functional decline in aging, compared with other regions. However, emotional processes depend on interacting systems of neurotransmitters and brain regions that go beyond these structures. This review examines how age-related brain changes influence processes such as attending to and remembering emotional stimuli, regulating emotion, and recognizing emotional expressions, as well as empathy, risk taking, impulsivity, behavior change, and attentional focus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This autobiographical review article summarizes some of the advances in these three areas of authoritarianism, linking it with threat and dismissive-avoidant attachment, and studying how authoritarians avoid intergroup contact during the past six decades.
Abstract: Throughout my career, I have pursued three theories related to intergroup prejudice--each with a different mentor. Each theory and its supporting research help us to understand prejudice and ways to ameliorate the problem. This autobiographical review article summarizes some of the advances in these three areas during the past six decades. For authoritarianism, the article advocates removing political content from its measurement, linking it with threat and dismissive-avoidant attachment, and studying how authoritarians avoid intergroup contact. Increased work on relative deprivation made possible an extensive meta-analysis that shows the theory, when appropriately measured, has far broader effects than previously thought. Increased research attention to intergroup contact similarly made possible a meta-analysis that established the pervasive effectiveness of intergroup contact to reduce prejudice under a wide range of conditions. The article closes by demonstrating how the three theories relate to each other and contribute to our understanding of prejudice and its reduction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article uses classic theoretical perspectives on intergroup relations to frame and consider new questions regarding contemporary racial dynamics, and considers research on racial diversity, focusing on its effects during interpersonal encounters and for groups.
Abstract: The United States, like many nations, continues to experience rapid growth in its racial minority population and is projected to attain so-called majority-minority status by 2050. Along with these demographic changes, staggering racial disparities persist in health, wealth, and overall well-being. In this article, we review the social psychological literature on race and race relations, beginning with the seemingly simple question: What is race? Drawing on research from different fields, we forward a model of race as dynamic, malleable, and socially constructed, shifting across time, place, perceiver, and target. We then use classic theoretical perspectives on intergroup relations to frame and then consider new questions regarding contemporary racial dynamics. We next consider research on racial diversity, focusing on its effects during interpersonal encounters and for groups. We close by highlighting emerging topics that should top the research agenda for the social psychology of race and race relations ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that a shift of attention is required, away from the individual experience of work and family and toward understanding how identity and status are defined at work, to address the mismatch between today's workplace and today's workforce.
Abstract: Research on the work-family interface began in the 1960s and has grown exponentially ever since. This vast amount of research, however, has had relatively little impact on workplace practice, and work-family conflict is at an all-time high. We review the work-family research to date and propose that a shift of attention is required, away from the individual experience of work and family and toward understanding how identity and status are defined at work. Several factors enshrine cherished identities around current workplace norms. The work devotion schema demands that those who are truly committed to their work will make it the central or sole focus of their lives, without family demands to distract them. Importantly, the work devotion schema underwrites valued class and gender identities: Work devotion is a key way of enacting elite class status and functions as the measure of a man—the longer the work hours and higher the demand for his attention, the better. Advocating change in the way work is done a...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This evidence indicates that when infants observe an agent act in a simple scene, they infer the agent's mental states and then use these mental states, together with a principle of rationality (and its corollaries of efficiency and consistency), to predict and interpret theAgent's subsequent actions and to guide their own actions toward the agent.
Abstract: Adults routinely make sense of others' actions by inferring the mental states that underlie these actions. Over the past two decades, developmental researchers have made significant advances in understanding the origins of this ability in infancy. This evidence indicates that when infants observe an agent act in a simple scene, they infer the agent's mental states and then use these mental states, together with a principle of rationality (and its corollaries of efficiency and consistency), to predict and interpret the agent's subsequent actions and to guide their own actions toward the agent. In this review, we first describe the initial demonstrations of infants' sensitivity to the efficiency and consistency principles. We then examine how infants identify novel entities as agents. Next, we summarize what is known about infants' ability to reason about agents' motivational, epistemic, and counterfactual states. Finally, we consider alternative interpretations of these findings and discuss the current controversy about the relation between implicit and explicit psychological reasoning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence reviewed challenges the view of a perfect coherence among goals, attention, and consciousness, and supports the alternative view that (a) these and other factors influence the quality of representations in an additive way and that a first threshold of this quality is required for unconscious processing and a second threshold for conscious processing.
Abstract: The review first discusses componential explanations of automaticity, which specify non/automaticity features (e.g., un/controlled, un/conscious, non/efficient, fast/slow) and their interrelations. Reframing these features as factors that influence processes (e.g., goals, attention, and time) broadens the range of factors that can be considered (e.g., adding stimulus intensity and representational quality). The evidence reviewed challenges the view of a perfect coherence among goals, attention, and consciousness, and supports the alternative view that (a) these and other factors influence the quality of representations in an additive way (e.g., little time can be compensated by extra attention or extra stimulus intensity) and that (b) a first threshold of this quality is required for unconscious processing and a second threshold for conscious processing. The review closes with a discussion of causal explanations of automaticity, which specify factors involved in automatization such as repetition and complexity, and a discussion of mechanistic explanations, which specify the low-level processes underlying automatization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Critical EBP competencies and the challenges underlying their acquisition are described: foundational competencies of critical thinking and domain knowledge, and functional competencies such as question formulation, evidence search and appraisal, and outcome evaluation.
Abstract: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach used in numerous professions that focuses attention on evidence quality in decision making and action. We review research on EBP implementation, identifying critical underlying psychological factors facilitating and impeding its use. In describing EBP and the forms of evidence it employs, we highlight the challenges individuals face in appraising evidence quality, particularly that of their personal experience. We next describe critical EBP competencies and the challenges underlying their acquisition: foundational competencies of critical thinking and domain knowledge, and functional competencies such as question formulation, evidence search and appraisal, and outcome evaluation. We then review research on EBP implementation across diverse fields from medicine to management and organize findings around three key contributors to EBP: practitioner ability, motivation, and opportunity to practice (AMO). Throughout, important links between psychology and EBP are highlighted, along with the contributions psychological research can make to further EBP development and implementation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A variety of methods that are increasingly being used in observational epidemiological studies to help strengthen causal inference are discussed, including negative controls, cross-contextual designs, instrumental variables, family-based studies, and natural experiments.
Abstract: Studies of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) often rely on prospective observational data, from which associations between developmental exposures and outcomes in later life can be identified. Typically, conventional statistical methods are used in an attempt to mitigate problems inherent in observational data, such as confounding and reverse causality, but these have serious limitations. In this review, we discuss a variety of methods that are increasingly being used in observational epidemiological studies to help strengthen causal inference. These methods include negative controls, cross-contextual designs, instrumental variables (including Mendelian randomization), family-based studies, and natural experiments. Applications within the DOHaD framework, and in relation to behavioral, psychiatric, and psychological domains, are considered, and the considerable potential for expanding the use of these methods is outlined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present review organizes the vocational psychology literature published between 2007 and 2014 into three overarching themes: Promoting (a) agency in career development, (b) equity in the work force, and (c) well-being in work and educational settings.
Abstract: The present review organizes the vocational psychology literature published between 2007 and 2014 into three overarching themes: Promoting (a) agency in career development, (b) equity in the work force, and (c) well-being in work and educational settings. Research on career adaptability, self-efficacy beliefs, and work volition is reviewed in the agency section, with the goal of delineating variables that promote or constrain the exercise of personal agency in academic and occupational pursuits. The equity theme covers research on social class and race/ethnicity in career development; entry and retention of women and people of color in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields; and the career service needs of survivors of domestic violence and of criminal offenders. The goal was to explore how greater equity in the work force could be promoted for these groups. In the well-being section, we review research on hedonic (work, educational, and life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (career calling,...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrated view of the study of G×E interactions in stress and anxiety disorders is presented, including the evolution of genetic association studies from genetic epidemiology to contemporary large-scale genome-wide association studies and G ×E studies.
Abstract: The burgeoning field of gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions has revealed fascinating biological insights, particularly in the realm of stress-, anxiety-, and depression-related disorders. In this review we present an integrated view of the study of G×E interactions in stress and anxiety disorders, including the evolution of genetic association studies from genetic epidemiology to contemporary large-scale genome-wide association studies and G×E studies. We convey the importance of consortia efforts and collaboration to gain the large sample sizes needed to move the field forward. Finally, we discuss several robust and well-reproduced G×E interactions and demonstrate how epidemiological identification of G×E interactions has naturally led to a plethora of basic research elucidating the mechanisms of high-impact genetic variants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of behavioral research in policy domains is likely to grow in the coming years, especially in light of the mounting interest in promoting ease and simplification ("navigability"); in increasing effectiveness, economic growth, and competitiveness; and in providing low-cost, choice-preserving approaches.
Abstract: Findings in behavioral science, including psychology, have influenced policies and reforms in many nations. Choice architecture can affect outcomes even if material incentives are not involved. In some contexts, default rules, simplification, and social norms have had even larger effects than significant economic incentives. Psychological research is helping to inform initiatives in savings, finance, highway safety, consumer protection, energy, climate change, obesity, education, poverty, development, crime, corruption, health, and the environment. No nation has yet created a council of psychological advisers, but the role of behavioral research in policy domains is likely to grow in the coming years, especially in light of the mounting interest in promoting ease and simplification ("navigability"); in increasing effectiveness, economic growth, and competitiveness; and in providing low-cost, choice-preserving approaches.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is considered how a systematic understanding of what is preserved as well as what is lost could add an important layer of precision to models of memory and the hippocampus.
Abstract: The lesion-deficit model dominates neuropsychology. This is unsurprising given powerful demonstrations that focal brain lesions can affect specific aspects of cognition. Nowhere is this more evident than in patients with bilateral hippocampal damage. In the past 60 years, the amnesia and other impairments exhibited by these patients have helped to delineate the functions of the hippocampus and shape the field of memory. We do not question the value of this approach. However, less prominent are the cognitive processes that remain intact following hippocampal lesions. Here, we collate the piecemeal reports of preservation of function following focal bilateral hippocampal damage, highlighting a wealth of information often veiled by the field's focus on deficits. We consider how a systematic understanding of what is preserved as well as what is lost could add an important layer of precision to models of memory and the hippocampus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review article examines the literature regarding the role played by principles of justice in negotiation by reviewing the most relevant experimental and field or archival research on the roles played by these justice principles in negotiation.
Abstract: This review article examines the literature regarding the role played by principles of justice in negotiation. Laboratory experiments and high-stakes negotiations reveal that justice is a complex concept, both in relation to attaining just outcomes and to establishing just processes. We focus on how justice preferences guide the process and outcome of negotiated exchanges. Focusing primarily on the two types of principles that have received the most attention, distributive justice (outcomes of negotiation) and procedural justice (process of negotiation), we introduce the topic by reviewing the most relevant experimental and field or archival research on the roles played by these justice principles in negotiation. A discussion of the methods used in these studies precedes a review organized in terms of a framework that highlights the concept of negotiating stages. We also develop hypotheses based on the existing literature to point the way forward for further research on this topic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By examining the principles of information processing that are common to speech and music, this work peel back the layers to reveal the biological foundations of human communication through sound.
Abstract: Every day we communicate using complex linguistic and musical systems, yet these modern systems are the product of a much more ancient relationship with sound. When we speak, we communicate not only with the words we choose, but also with the patterns of sound we create and the movements that create them. From the natural rhythms of speech, to the precise timing characteristics of a consonant, these patterns guide our daily communication. By examining the principles of information processing that are common to speech and music, we peel back the layers to reveal the biological foundations of human communication through sound. Further, we consider how the brain's response to sound is shaped by experience, such as musical expertise, and implications for the treatment of communication disorders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: So called organisational effects of sex hormones are mostly irreversible changes in cortical and subcortical structures and another way how hormones operate has been referred to as activational.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research fits into the social representations theory as discussed by the authors, which suggests that thêmata consist of two opposed poles (for instance, the good vs the bad, the fair vs the unfair, etc.).
Abstract: This research fits into the social representations theory. Social representations have constituted a wide field of research in social psychology since Moscovici’s works in 1961 (Farr, 1987; Moscovici, 1961, 1984, 1989, 1992; Moscovici & Hewstone, 1983; Wagner, 1996). They are one step in the construction of social thinking, just like opinions, attitudes, ideology, and thêmata (Rouquette, 1973, 1996). The paradigm of the social thinking hierarchy illustrates the influence of its different components on each other. For instance, thêmata (Holton, 1973; Marková, 2003; Moscovici, 1992) are the most global level of social thoughts and they exercise an influence on social representations through the prism of the ideology. More specifically, this paradigm suggests that thêmata consist of two opposed poles (for instance, the good vs. the bad, the fair vs. the unfair, etc.). Social representations are built and located in between these two poles and the individuals’ focus towards one of

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the question of rationality in decision-making and find that many premises about rational consumer behavior have been shattered since the middle of the 20th century, and the recent economic crisis brought into light these rationalbehaving-people presumptions and gave more space to alternative explanations.
Abstract: This study focuses on the question of rationality. Interest in decision making has been preoccupying researchers and public from many different fields and perspectives. Assumptions about consumer behavior shape companies’ strategy and marketing activities, laws and public policies, bank products, etc. It affects the society as a whole. The discipline of economics largely contributed to defining (rational) preferences and choices of most (rational) individuals. The theory of rational choice has shaped classical, neoclassical, and mainstream economics in general. Although it has been widely contested, it had far-reaching effect in sociology, political science, philosophy, and even evolutionary theory (Browning, Halcli, & Webster, 1999). Since the middle of the 20th century, however, many premises about rational consumer have been shattered. The work of Simon (1955), Tversky and Kahneman (1974, 1981, 1983), and Kahneman and Tversky (1979, 1992) contributed to more real and descriptive understanding of how people really reason. Recent economic crisis brought into light these rationalbehaving-people presumptions and gave more space to alternative explanations. One of them came from the field of

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the predictive value of students' self-esteem, emotional competence, different forms of perceived social support and parental school involvement for their academic, social and emotional adjustment at the beginning of secondary school.
Abstract: Transition to secondary school represents a period of great changes and challenges for students facing new social and physical environment and growing academic demands. Successfully meeting these new demands is associated with students’ educational progress and future adjustment, so it is important to explore psychosocial factors at the beginning of secondary school that could hinder or facilitate students’ school adjustment. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of students’ self-esteem, emotional competence, different forms of perceived social support and parental school involvement for their academic, social and emotional adjustment at the beginning of secondary school, while controlling for student’s gender and type of secondary school (grammar or vocational). The participants were 410 first grade students (200 female and 210 male), who reported their grade point average and completed the Quality of School Life Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Emotional Skills and Competences Questionnaire, the Social Support Scale and a Short Parental School Involvement Questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that 19.1 to 29.2% of the student’s academic adjustment can be predicted by the examined set of predictors, with sociodemographic factors being the best predictors of students’ grade point average, and emotional competence and self-esteem the best predictors of students’ self-perceived school achievement. The best predictor of social adjustment indicators (relationship with teachers and social integration in the classroom) and of general school satisfaction (an indicator of emotional adjustment) was emotional competence, while the student’s perceived social support and self-esteem contributed mainly to social integration and negative affect (emotional adjustment indicator). Parental involvement had a small but significant contribution predicting students’ grade point average and social adjustment. The examined set of predictors predicted in total 15.6 to 35.1% of the student’s social adjustment and 19.1 to 23% of emotional adjustment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three studies investigated the effects of love priming on text recall and found that participants induced with the idea of love, as compared to a control group, had better recall of a problem-solution text.
Abstract: Three studies investigated the effects of love priming on text recall. In Study 1, love was induced through exposition to scrambled words and letters semantically associated with love. It was predicted and found that participants induced with the idea of love, as compared to a control group, had better recall of a problem-solution text. Studies 2 and 3 verified that this effect may be generalized to other texts, simply due to the presence of the word love. It was also found that the priming of love increased interest in the material, but had no effect on mood. These results suggest that love may act as an emotion schema (Izard, 2007), with increased motivation and activation of approachoriented responses.