Showing papers in "Antiquity in 1972"
TL;DR: It is apparent that the transition from hunting and gathering to food production and the domestication of plants and animals occurred several times and in several places in prehistory, and that the mechanisms underlying the transition are quite complex.
Abstract: In recent years research has been directed to looking for the origins of agriculture and to finding the causes of the transition from hunting and gathering to food production and the domestication of plants and animals. From these studies it has become apparent first, that the transition occurred several times and in several places in prehistory; secondly, that the mechanisms underlying the transition are quite complex; and thirdly that the transition occurred in some regions but not in others, in spite of the prevalence of similar environmental conditions and patterns of exploitation.
52 citations
TL;DR: A very wide field of African rock art, both paintings and engravings, is covered in Burchard Brentjes as mentioned in this paper, with special reference to South Africa, Rhodesia, the Sahara, North Africa and Egypt.
Abstract: A very wide field of African rock art, both paintings and engravings, is covered in Burchard Brentjes: African rock art, with special reference to South Africa, Rhodesia, the Sahara, North Africa and Egypt. Because of the general nature of the book, there is little attempt to be comprehensive or conclusive, the aim being more to foster an appreciation and awareness of the art than to solve problems or place it in an archaeological context.
34 citations
TL;DR: The date traditionnelle de la fondation was abandoned by Alexandre as discussed by the authors in 332/331 av. J.-C, avant l'expedition a l'oasis d'Ammon.
Abstract: II n'y a aucune raison d'abandonner la date traditionnelle de la fondation : au cours de l'hiver 332/331 av. J.-C, avant l'expedition a l'oasis d'Ammon. Alexandrie a ete fondee deliberement par Alexandre, qui s'est laisse guider avant tout par des considerations d'ordre strategique. Pendant son bref sejour en Egypte, Alexandre n'a eu ni le temps ni la volonte de doter la nouvelle ville d'une politique particuliere.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a reconstruction of Miltiades' Parian expedition to the end of the campaigning season of 490/89, immediately after Athens' Marathon victory, and argued that Aristeides 2, political associate of the Alkmeonidai, was elected archon for 489/8 at a time of widespread disenchantment with Miltisades, which, after his return from the Kyklades, had made it possible for the Kaleidae to have him tried and condemned by the ekklesia.
Abstract: The following note is a pendant to my recent article in this journal 1 dealing with some aspects of the Marathon campaign and its aftermath. An essential feature of my reconstruction was the dating of Miltiades' Parian expedition to the end of the campaigning season of 490/89, immediately after Athens' Marathon victory. I argued that Aristeides 2, political associate of the Alkmeonidai, was elected archon for 489/8 at a time of widespread disenchantment with Miltiades, which, after his return from the Kyklades, had made it possible for the Alkmeonid circle to have him tried and condemned by the ekklesia. As immediate justification for my date for the Parian expedition I offered only the apparent drift of Herodtos' narrative at 6.132. A further argument, a strong one I think, can be adduced. According to Ephoros' 3 account of the post-Marathon Athenian operations against Paros, an account which differs considerably from that of Herodotos 4, Miltiades was on the point of receiving the surrender of the Parians when a forest fire broke out one night spontaneously on the island of Mykonos. The Parians thought that Datis was signalling that Persian help was on the way, and abandoned any thought of capitulation. The detail of the fire seems too circumstantial to be a fourth century invention and we must suppose that Ephoros got his non-Herodotean material from either Hellanikos or Charon of Lampsakos who had at their disposal some authentic information. Herodotos, friend of the Perikles-Alkmeo-
24 citations
TL;DR: It would be presumption for a non-medical man to comment upon the anatomical findings of Professor Harrison and Dr Abdalla until the facts and the inferences that can be drawn from them have been fully published.
Abstract: It would be presumption for a non-medical man to comment upon the anatomical findings of Professor Harrison and Dr Abdalla until the facts and the inferences that can be drawn from them have been fully published. This article, then, cannot claim to be more than a commentary and speculation on those facts that are at present available.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a tree-ring calibration of radiocarbon is proposed to support the relative chronology for the Malta culture sequence as established by Evans and subsequently revised (Evans, 1971, 207-28).
Abstract: available, and serve to support the radiocarbon chronology established by Trump (1966, 48). In doing so they encourage the application to it of the tree-ring calibration of radiocarbon, with strikiig consequences, They harmonize well with the relative chronology for the Malta culture sequence as established by Evans and subsequently revised (Evans, 1971, 207-28). All three samples have been dated at the British Museum Research Laboratory, to which grateful acknowledgement is made. The dates on the 5568 half-life for radiocarbon are given in Table I. Notes and News
20 citations
TL;DR: Whitehouse as discussed by the authors argues that rock-cut tombs developed in the central Mediterranean, owe nothing to hypothetical colonists from the east Mediterranean, and are not part of any megalithic complex.
Abstract: For a long while-too long-archaeologists dealing with the prehistory of the Mediterranean and Western Europe have been thinking in terms of a ‘megalithic complex’including dry-walled and orthostatically walled tombs, rock-cut tombs, statue-menhirs, spirals and Earth-Mother Goddesses. The first sharp blow to this notion was given jive years ago in these pages by Professor Renfrew (1967, 276-88). In this article, Dr Ruth Whitehouse takes a fresh look at the problem of rock-cut tombs and argues that they developed in the central Mediterranean, owe nothing to hypothetical colonists from the east Mediterranean, and are not part of any megalithic complex.
20 citations
TL;DR: For some years it has been obvious that the new tree-ring-calibrated radiocarbon dates would necessitate a drastic revision in conventional time scales and in the whole structure of cultural relationships developed for the European Mesolithic and Neolithic as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: For some years it has been obvious that the new tree-ring-calibrated radiocarbon dates would necessitate a drastic revision in conventional time scales and in the whole structure of cultural relationships developed for the European Mesolithic and Neolithic. The full assessment of the new pattern, however, has to await the time when relative archaeological sequences, based on stratigraphy and supposed cross-datings, become supplemented with or replaced by approximately absolute chronologies covering each of the major cultural provinces of Europe.
20 citations
TL;DR: The island of Papua and New Guinea forms the largest single land mass in the cultural area known as Melanesia (Fig. I) as discussed by the authors and is divided into two parts: to the west is the Indonesian state of West Irian, to the east is the Territory of Papua-New Guinea, at present administered by the Australian Government.
Abstract: Immediately to the north of Australia, the island of New Guinea forms the largest single land mass in the cultural area known as Melanesia (FIG. I). Politically the island is divided; to the west is the Indonesian state of West Irian, to the east is the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, at present administered by the Australian Government. While such political boundaries are disregarded as a matter of course in attempting to reconstruct the prehistory of the area, the development of archaeological research reflects, and has been impeded by, this artificial division.
19 citations
TL;DR: In the United States, prehistoric archeology as distinct from Classical Archaeology has been taught primarily in Departments of Anthropology as discussed by the authors, and a predictable outcome of this is that students so trained have attempted to give archeology-often minimally characterized as mere excavation technique-a strong anthropological orientation.
Abstract: In the United States, prehistoric archeologyas distinct from Classical Archaeology-has been taught primarily in Departments of Anthropology. A predictable outcome of this is that students so trained have attempted to give archeology-often minimally characterized as mere excavation technique-a strong anthropological orientation. This movement culminated in the 1960s. The following brief review of books published in that decade that illustrate the viewpoint of the ‘ew archeology’ is not meant so much to be critical of as introductory to a literature.
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TL;DR: In this paper, Johnstone suggested to Marstrander that it might be rewarding to build and test such a skin-covered boat and this idea was brought to a successful conclusion.
Abstract: Nearly ten years ago we asked Mr Paul Johnstone, now head of the deservedly renowned BBC-2 historical and archaeological unit ‘Chronicle ’, to review Professor Sverre Marstrander ’ s eight-year study of the Bronze Age carvings on the rock faces of ostfold (‘&tfolds jordbruksristninger : Skjeberg ’, see ‘Antiquity ’, 1964, 236) . Johnstone had been specially struck by Marstrander ’ s argument that the representations of boats, previously thought to show plankbuilding, were really of hideor skin-covered vessels. ’Johnstone suggested to Marstrander that i t might be rewarding to build and test such a skin-covered boat. Mr Johnstone here sets out for us how this AnglolNorwegian enterprise was brought to a successful conclusion.
TL;DR: Hogarth as mentioned in this paper was Head of the Department of Latin and Archaeology at Chatham House Grammar School, Ramsgate and excavated in three seasons from 1969 to 1973 the AngloSaxon cemetery at St Peter's, Broadstairs.
Abstract: A. C . Hogarth is Head of the Department of Latin and Archaeology at Chatham House Grammar School, Ramsgate. He excavated in three seasons from 1969 to rgp the AngloSaxon cemetery at S t Peter’s, Broadstairs. He is a member of the committee of ‘Rescue’. His modest, clear-headed article-written as he says %om the sidelines of the professional game’will stimulate many of our readers. He would preface i t with this sentence from G. E. Moore : ‘I t is foolish to doubt, or to pretend to doubt, commonsense propositions.’
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a new approach to the measurement of the sites themselves, the attention to detail that characterizes the reduction of this data, and finally the great volume of source material which, in his books and other writings, he has put at the disposal of others.
Abstract: Although several studies along broadly similar lines have been attempted by other authors in the past, it will benefit any archaeologist approaching the work of Professor A. Thom for the first time to do so with a fresh mind. What is new about Thom’s approach to this subject, which many astronomers find equally absorbing, is the care that has evidently been bestowed in the measurement of the sites themselves, the attention to detail that characterizes the reduction of this data, and finally the great volume of source material which, in his books and other writings, he has put at the disposal of others. Previous work seems by comparison to have been of lower accuracy and restricted to at most a few sites, of which Stonehenge figures most frequently.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the early Tarxien phase falling much earlier than this disrupt the whole basis of the traditional diffusionist system.
Abstract: 'carbon dates for the Tarxien phase falling much earlier than this disrupt the whole basis $of the traditional, diffusionist system. Trump had already shown in 1966 how the uncalibrated radiocarbon dates codicted with the traditional chronology. The discrepancy becomes inescapable after calibration. Further dates for the early Tarxien Cemetery phase are still needed, however, in order to substantiate the early end of the Tarxien phase: at present too much weight has to be placed on the single determination, BM 141. Fortunately
TL;DR: Monsieur Masset as discussed by the authors described the internal organization of the allCe couverte at La Chausske-Tirancourt and summarized the results of his excavations in this most northerly gallery graves.
Abstract: Monsieur Claude Masset is Professor of History and Geography in the L y c k Michelet at Vanves, Hauts-de-Seine. For the last twelve years he has been keenly interested in prehistory, working under Professor Leroi-Gourhan at Arcy-sur-CureandPincevent. While making aspecial study of collective burial, he regards his most fruitful researches as being in the f i l d of palaeodemography and we draw attention to his demonstration (‘Bull. SOC. Anthrop. Paris’, 1971,85) that the age at death of prehistoric populations has been consistently under-estimated,sometimes very markedly. He has excavated at Neuvy-en-Dunois ( ‘Gallia PrLhistoire’, r968,zog) and, together with D. and C. Mordant, at Marolles-sur-Seine (ibid, 1967,75). He has been excavating the allCe couverte at La Chausske-Tirancourt since 1968 : when he completed his f f t h season, this year, the remains of no less than 304 individuals had been found, With one, or perhaps two, more seasons to go, he summarizes here the results of his excavations in this most northerly of the SOM gallery graves. He pays particular attention to describing what he has found out about the internal organization of this remarkable allCe couverte-and it must be called that, even if its covering was of wood and thatch.
TL;DR: The structure trifonctionnelle de la societe indo-europeenne, telle que la voit G. Dumezil, a laisse quelques traces dans les mythes et les institutions d'Athenes, correspondant a la laicisation de la society, is a place d'inspiration divine as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: La structure trifonctionnelle de la societe indo-europeenne, telle que la voit G. Dumezil, a laisse quelques traces dans les mythes et les institutions d'Athenes. A l'epoque historique, la meme ideologie tripartie sous-tend la legende de Solon ; dans celle-ci, l'homo politicus atteint la perfection au niveau des trois fonctions traditionnelles, mais, correspondant a la laicisation de la societe, la sagesse tient lieu d'inspiration divine.
TL;DR: Cadbury-Camelot is the name given by the Ordnance Survey to the 18-acre (c. 7-ha) multi-ramparted hillfort which stands above the villages of Sutton Montis and South Cadbury in the county of Somerset as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: ‘Cadbury Castle or Camelot’ is the name given by the Ordnance Survey to the 18-acre (c. 7-ha) multi-ramparted hillfort which stands above the villages of Sutton Montis and South Cadbury in the county of Somerset (NGR ST 6225). Abbreviated to Cadbury-Camelot, it serves conveniently to distinguish this fortthe scene of intensive excavations in 1966-70 from Cadbury Castle by Cadbury, Devon (NGR SS 9105), Cadbury Camp by Congresbury (NGR ST 4464), or various other Cadbury Camps and Castles.
TL;DR: In the sixth millennium the more open soils of France were peopled by Tardenoisian hunters and gatherers as mentioned in this paper, and such groups continued to exist alongside farming groups until well into the third millennium.
Abstract: In the sixth millennium the more open soils of France were peopled by Tardenoisian hunters and gatherers. In the north there were groups along the coasts, particularly in Picardy and Brittany, and inland on the sandy soils of the Plain of Flanders and the Ile de France and on the granitic soils of the Armorican massif. Such groups continued to exist alongside farming groups until well into the third millennium.
TL;DR: A century since Schliemann first dug at Troy, and the mass of archaeological evidence continues to increase at an almost alarming rate as discussed by the authors, because the pace of excavation threatens to outrun our ability to assimilate and control the evidence.
Abstract: Anyone who tries for long to penetrate the fascinating world of the prehistoric Aegean becomes aware very quickly of a certain malaise in the works of modern scholars. It is now a century since Schliemann first dug at Troy, and the mass of archaeological evidence continues to increase at an almost alarming rate. I say ‘alarming’ because the pace of excavation threatens to outrun our ability to assimilate and control the evidence.
TL;DR: Agrawal et al. as discussed by the authors emphasized the need to use multi-disciplinary approaches for the resolution of these problems and enabled several scientists from different disciplines to interact with each other in working towards the common goal of resolving archaeological problems.
Abstract: emphasized that Indian archaeology must emerge from its ‘descriptive’ phase and begin to interpret the data. The importance of making models on archaeological data and several approaches thereto were discussed. In the various panels, detailed and concerted discussions were directed towards specific problems e.g., the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, Pluvial-Glacial correlation, the chronological gaps in protohistory, exactitude in archaeological terminology, improvements in excavation techniques, etc. The symposium enabled several scientists from different disciplines to interact with each other in working towards the common goal of resolving archaeological problems. The impact of C14 dating was highlighted by most of the speakers. The critical reviews of the state of research in various fields of prehistoric archaeology led to defining the outstanding problems in their proper perspective. The symposium emphasized the need to use multi-disciplinary approaches for the resolution of these problems. The proceedings will be published by the end of 1972 and can be obtained from: D. P. Agrawal, Convener, ISRIA, T.I.F.R., Bombayg.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the only "reasonably secure date" in the pottery sequence, close enough to the beginning of this period for use as a terminus, turns out to be the settlement of the Philistines in the Levant.
Abstract: Cyprus evidence alone requires participation of some Mycenaeans ? It is sobering to find that the only ‘reasonably secure date’ in the pottery sequence, close enough to the beginning of this period for use as a terminus, turns out to be the settlement of the Philistines in the Levant, with all the controversy that that entails. Sea-faring did not lapse during the dark centuries, but piracy is scarcely mentioned, probably for the good reason that it is difficult to identify; but the Mediterranean has gone through many periods when piracy was, as much as the small farm, a basic way of life. Myres points out that on Calymnos, until as recently as 1921, there were still no houses built on the strand. I t is characteristic of piracy that objects of luxury can be introduced without any accompanying rise in levels of culture and prosperity (Attic 9thcentury graves?). Transhumance too, as a mode of living, ‘stunts economic and social advancement’, The book is well-produced and arranged except for the irritating position of the notes at the end of each chapter. The chronological chart (useful but difficult to find) shows well the absurdity, pointed out by Snodgrass, of labelling chronological periods after styles of pottery. The time has surely arrived when terms like ‘early, middle and late geometric’ can be restricted to the pots for which they were invented, and ‘centuries’ used elsewhere. There is a welcome number of illustrations, though their quality is not always of the best, and the index could be fuller. But these are very minor blemishes on the excellences of a book which attempts much and achieves much. I t has the paradoxical distinction of conjuring order and light from the shadows and uncertainties of a truly dark age. N. K. S A N D A R S
TL;DR: Les particularites de l'epyllion de Catulle qui ont jusqu'ici presente des difficultes aux se revelent etre des traits distinctifs de la technique litteraire alexandrine.
Abstract: Les particularites de l'epyllion de Catulle qui ont jusqu'ici presente des difficultes aux se revelent etre des traits distinctifs de la technique litteraire alexandrine.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a coherent picture by diagnosing the systematic details of the established facts, which is interesting to note that the author does not hesitate to cast aside a number of earlier speculations which are still repeated in many books.
Abstract: alliances of powerful tribes which maintained effective contacts with the advanced industries at both ends. The specific material culture, typified by the knife and sword, arrow-head, and animal art on ornamental plaques, shows a complicated pattern of mixing of cultures throughout the entire area. Another cultural province is noted in Transbaikalia and north-east China at the same time. It is characterized by the slab-grave which appears in various shapes and sizes. The material remains present a complicated mosaic of fundamentally different cultures ranging from neolithic to late bronze-age as well as nomadic and agricultural contexts. In north-east China there existed three zones representing a gradual penetration from west to east with the culture becoming increasingly poorer towards the east. Finally, the bronze-age culture in the southern frontier is typified by the ‘drum’, lunate axe and dagger of the T’ien in Yunnan and the Dong-son tradition in Indo-China. The survey tries to present a coherent picture by diagnosing the systematic details of the established facts. But as the data are selective, detailed in the north and brief in the south, there remain a number of gaps to be filled. Perhaps a more detailed description of the cultural progress in the Huang-ho basin and the inclusion of the finds in Sinkiang, Chinghai, upper and lower Yang-tse and Taiwan could link the frontiers all around into a more complete picture. It is interesting to note that the author does not hesitate to cast aside a number of earlier speculations which are still repeated in many books. They include Andersson’s authoritative conclusion that Ch’i-chia was the oldest culture in Kansu (p. 30), Laufer’s famous theory that the lead-glazed pottery rendered the manufacture of the porcellanous ware possible (p. 70), Yetts’s confident statement on the use of the cire perdue method in the manufacture of Shang bronzes (p. 72) and some others championed by the author himself in his earlier publications. The archaeology of east Asia is young and students in this field should be ready to face new facts which are continuously being revealed. The reviewer regrets to point out a few typographical errors: p. 2, lade should be read as jade; p. 6, Yung Tso-pin as Tung Tso-pin; p. 14, Hsi-lin as Lin-hsi. Some of the romanizations of Chinese characters are not consistent, ANTIQUITY
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the description idealisee de la villa d'Adrien and le role devolu au consul isiaque de 104 apres J.-C, Asinius Marcellus.
Abstract: En raison de ses analogies avec l'Histoire vraie et les passages erotiques de Lucien, il convient d'admettre, apres Photius, l'origine lucianesque de la Luciade ou l'Âne. Deux indices poussent a dater l'Âne d'or de l'epoque d'Adrien : la description idealisee de la villa d'Adrien et le role qui est devolu au consul isiaque de 104 apres J.-C, Asinius Marcellus. Quant aux Metamorphoses, dont l'Âne d'or n'est qu'un remaniement par Lucius de Patras romanise, elles datent, elles aussi, de l'epoque de Trajan.
TL;DR: Macqueron as discussed by the authors proposes an explication sociologique des Poplifugia de juillet, simulacre, a l'epoque historique, d'usages primitifs d'« integration » au corps ferme des Quirites de jeunes gens de la pubes, entraines hors de l'enceinte et y rentrant comme des assiegeants, pour prendre aussitot les prenoms « quiritaires » (dans la Rev. off. a J. Mac
Abstract: L'auteur avait naguere essaye (dans les Et. off. a J. Macqueron, 1970) de restituer, a l'origine des usages religieux du Comitium, une « regle de Megales », qu'Attus Navius defendait contre les innovations d'un Tarquin. D'autre part, il avait propose une explication sociologique des Poplifugia de juillet, simulacre, a l'epoque historique, d'usages primitifs d'« integration » au corps ferme des Quirites de jeunes gens de la pubes, entraines hors de l'enceinte et y rentrant comme des assiegeants, pour prendre aussitot les prenoms « quiritaires » (dans la Rev. hist, droit fr. etr., 1970). Il tente, dans l'etude presente, d'expliquer par les superstitions fulguratoires propres a cet ancien ritus comitialis le temoignage sur la transformation de Romulus en Quirinus prete a un Julius Proculus : la disparition du rex fondateur, en un orage provoquant la nuit (en des heures de jour), correspondait exactement, dans les rites « caprotins », a un moment de contact magique entre le roi, les Patres, et ces jeunes gens admis pour la premiere fois parmi les Quirites ; un sacrifice collectif, de type rare, ces trois groupes, avec un role assigne a chacun. A l'origine, le frontiac charge de veiller sur les signes a du s'appeler le nuntius Proculus.