Showing papers in "Antiquity in 1982"
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TL;DR: The large island of Euboea, which lies along the north coast of Attica and Boeotia, was little known archaeologically until recent years as discussed by the authors, and apart from its involvement in the Persian Wars, then as a victim of Athenian imperialism and later as a step in the expansionism of Philip of Macedon, does not play any prominent role in the accounts of ancient historians.
Abstract: The large island of Euboea, which lies along the north coast of Attica and Boeotia, was little known archaeologically until recent years (FIG. 1). Nor, apart from its involvement in the Persian Wars, then as a victim of Athenian imperialism and later as a step in the expansionism of Philip of Macedon, does it play any prominent role in the accounts of ancient historians. Yet, they have left hints of its former greatness in an early period of which little was remembered. The island was known to have sent out the first colonies to Italy and Sicily in the eighth century BC and to have settled the region of North Greece, still known as Chalcidice, after the name of one of Euboea's main cities, Chalcis. They remembered something, too, of a war between Chalcis and Eretria, the other major city of the island, in which their respective allies took part, and it is this conflict which seems to have exhausted both sides and led to the eclipse of the island's pre-eminence.
38 citations
TL;DR: Beaucoup d'Atheniens, en repoussant les commodites et les loisirs d'une vie de rentier, agissaient comme entrepreneurs dans divers domaines : le negoce, l'industrie, miniere, meme l'agriculture as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Beaucoup d'Atheniens, en repoussant les commodites et les loisirs d'une vie de rentier, agissaient comme entrepreneurs dans divers domaines : le negoce, l'industrie, miniere, meme l'agriculture. Par leur travail et leur frugalite, ils cherchaient a accumuler constamment des richesses et a augmenter par degres le volume de leurs affaires. On constate que, parfois, ils contractaient des emprunts pour commencer ou pour etendre leurs operations.
35 citations
TL;DR: The island has a fine series of surviving megalithic monuments with passage graves such as La Varde and outstanding examples of ornate statue-menhirs as at Câtel as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The island has a fine series of surviving megalithic monuments with passage graves such as La Varde and outstanding examples of ornate statue-menhirs as at Câtel (Kinnes, 1981). There are distinctive local variants, as in the cellular elaboration of the Dehus tomb and the regional style of cist-in-circle monument. In terms of islands as laboratories of prehistory it is instructive to note that these structures survive only where protected from the ravages of agriculture, here on the sterile sand-drift of the north and the rocky promontories of the west coast. Sporadic records and the place-name evidence studied in detail by de Guerin (1921) indicate the extent and unevenness of destruction. Of some 70 monuments thus recorded only 12 survive in any recognizable state, and earlier density at about 1 per sq. km is an important corrective to attempts at territorial analysis based on extant distribution.
30 citations
TL;DR: The city of Taxila, more properly Takṣaśilā, was one of the most important in ancient India as discussed by the authors, was identified in modern times by Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1863, after he had visited the extensive series of mounds lying near the village of Shah Dheri, east of Hasan Abdul, in the Punjab province of Pakistan (Cunningham, 1871).
Abstract: The city of Taxila, more properly Takṣaśilā, was one of the most important in ancient India. It is frequently mentioned as one of the two great cities of Gandhara (approximately the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan), along with its neighbour Puṣkalāvatī (modem Charsada north of Peshawar) some 80 miles (130 km) to the west. It was first identified in modern times by Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1863, after he had visited the extensive series of mounds lying near the village of Shah Dheri, east of Hasan Abdul, in the Punjab province of Pakistan (Cunningham, 1871). His identification was soon confirmed by the discovery there of early inscriptions referring to Taxila by name.
16 citations
TL;DR: Polybius is one of our main sources for the socio-economic conditions in Greece in the late third and the second century B.C as discussed by the authors, and it becomes clear that Polybius was hostile towards any attempt to change the socioeconomic and political status quo in favour of the populace, and this affected many aspects of his description of the various revolutions.
Abstract: Polybius is one of our main sources for the socio-economic conditions in Greece in the late third and the second century B.C. The article discusses Polybius' attitude towards the revolution in Greece from 227 to 146 B.C. under two headings : 1. Polybius' treatment of the 'radical', 'moderate' and the 'comprehensive' revolutions ; 2. his treatment of the revolutionaries. It becomes clear that Polybius was hostile towards any attempt to change the socio-economic and political status quo in favour of the populace, and this affected many aspects of his description of the various revolutions.
14 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Timaeus-Critias dialogues reveal an engagement of Plato's Academy in the political events of 357-355 B.C. and the approximate context of the timaeus-critias, and special attention has been devoted to the dialogues' dramatic date, the occasion of the conversation and the choice of characters, to the images of the royal ritual and the natural catastrophe.
Abstract: In accordance with Plato's political and philosophical conceptions, the Atlantis of the Timaeus-Critias must be understood as a cumulative symbol of the corrupt Athens and the corrupt Syracuse at the same time. The topical facets of the two dialogues reveal an engagement of Plato's Academy in the political events of 357-355 B.C., the approximate context of the Timaeus-Critias. Special attention has been devoted to the dialogues' dramatic date, the occasion of the conversation and the choice of characters, to the images of the royal ritual and the natural catastrophe, and to the genealogy of the Atlantid kings.
12 citations
TL;DR: The East Anglian Fenland comprises some 1,300 sq. miles (205 ha) of flat and monotonous terrain which is today cultivated on an intensive scale as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The East Anglian Fenland comprises some 1,300 sq. miles (205 ha) of flat and monotonous terrain which is today cultivated on an intensive scale. Beneath this rich farmland lies a complex sequence of post-glacial deposits, reflecting periods of marine and fresh-water flooding, interspersed with phases of relative dryness (Godwin, 1978). During the Iron Age, the sea covered the northern Fenland with a thick blanket of silt, accounting for the dearth of finds of this time; but by c. AD 50 the sea was receding and the land had begun to dry out. Settlement soon followed. It is likely that a fort of the post-Boudiccan period was briefly in garrison at Grandford, north-west of March, but the principal remains are those of salt-making sites and of small farms. During the reign of Hadrian, however, both the scale and the nature of settlement changed dramatically. AS the authoritative survey of the region makes clear (Phillips, 1970), the 120s and 130s witnessed a sharp increase in the number of sites, including the foundation of many villages. At the same time a network of canals, designed to disperse water at times of flood, was constructed (Simmons, 1979), as well as a series of straight-line roads and drove-ways. Although there was no formal division of the land by centuriation, as had been customary in areas reclaimed earlier for the settlement of veteran—the Po Valley and Lake Velinus near Rieti provide obvious Italian examples—the hand of government is nevertheless explicit in the size of the undertaking. While we lack direct evidence, there can be little real doubt that the Fenland was taken over as Imperial land and placed in the charge of a procurator (Salway, 1970).
11 citations
TL;DR: The handaxe of Libyan Desert glass (PL XIIIb & FIG I) was found on 23 June 1979, in the Sand Sea of SW Egypt, at latitude 25°o8' N, longitude 25° 35·5' E, near the southern boundary of the known distribution area of the glass.
Abstract: The handaxe of Libyan Desert glass (PL XIIIb & FIG I) was found on 23 June 1979, in the Sand Sea of SW Egypt, at latitude 25°o8' N, longitude 25° 35·5' E, near the southern boundary of the known distribution area of the glass Lying just north of the Gilf Kebir, this part of the Sand Sea is characterized by an extensive field of linear dunes, trending almost exactly N-S, which are up to Ioom high, tens of km long, and separated by interdune corridors or ‘streets’ 2–5 km wide
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the extent to which these have added to the knowledge so ably summarized by Hilzheimer and conclude that there had been few advances on his conclusions.
Abstract: When I became interested in the history of sheep 25 years ago, the paper by Hilzheimer (1936) was my chief source of inspiration, and in fact there had been few advances on his conclusions. Since then, however, there have been major advances, and the present account attempts to assess the extent to which these have added to the knowledge so ably summarized by Hilzheimer. His conclusions were based mainly on ancient representations (an approach which reached its peak with the work of Zeuner, 1963) and the comparison of bone remains with those of a few primitive breeds that happened to be within the experience of the investigator.
9 citations
TL;DR: Sont examines certains episodes importants du debut de la carrière de Pompee as discussed by the authors, discute le role qu'il jouait quand il servait sous son pere, Pompeius Strabo, puis fait une relation detaillee de son action sous les regimes de Cinna et Sylla.
Abstract: Sont examines certains episodes importants du debut de la carriere de Pompee. L'auteur discute le role qu'il jouait quand il servait sous son pere, Pompeius Strabo, puis fait une relation detaillee de son action sous les regimes de Cinna et Sylla.
8 citations
TL;DR: For instance, in this article, the authors present three books, taken together, which enable us to see Childe rather more completely, both as an individual scholar and as an academic in the general context of his time.
Abstract: In 1957 John Mulvaney remarked that Childe was probably the most prolific and the most translated Australian author. Now, post mortem, he must be the one currently attracting the most intense discussion. These three books, taken together, enable us to see Childe rather more completely, both as an individual scholar and as an academic in the general context of his time. To some extent it is possible to 'round him off', and to answer certain questions about him and his work. But this process opens up other more profound questions, mostly concerning his philosophy, which bear on the history of British archaeology, and are not really answered from the large amount of information, interpretation and comment now available on one of the greatest prehistorians of the first half of this century.
TL;DR: York Archaeological Trust carried out preliminary investigations which showed that well-preserved Anglo-Scandinavian buildings were to be found on the site, with organic remains excellently preserved in the waterlogged deposits.
Abstract: Coppergate, one of the many York streets with a name of Scandinavian derivation, runs through the heart of modern York, though it lies some way outside the Roman legionary fortress. Evidently the Roman Ouse Bridge had, by the Viking Age, been replaced by another, further downstream, and this had caused the city centre to shift. In the mid-1970s York City Council decided to clear and develop five of the long narrow properties which run back from Coppergate towards the nearby River Foss. York Archaeological Trust carried out preliminary investigations which showed that well-preserved Anglo-Scandinavian buildings were to be found on the site, with organic remains excellently preserved in the waterlogged deposits. The Trust therefore chose to excavate four of the tenements before development began. Five years of continuous work on the site produced an occupation sequence which began with timber buildings of the first century AD, canabae outside the Roman fortress.
TL;DR: It is therefore now settled that the law of treasure trove does not apply to any metal other than gold and silver and, secondly, that a treasure trove object must contain a'substantial' amount of gold or silver as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Mr Hammond's recent note on treasure trove examined the decision of Mr Justice Dillon in the case of Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster v. G. E. Overton (Farms) Ltd [1981] Ch. 333 (hereafter Overton). That decision has been affirmed by the Court of Appeal [1982] 2 WLR 397. It is therefore now settled, first, that the law of treasure trove does not apply to any metal other than gold and silver and, secondly, that a treasure trove object must contain a 'substantial' amount of gold or silver.
TL;DR: In this article, Williams-Hunt described the results of an aerial survey of archaeological sites in N.E. Thailand and observed four site types: small defended towns, metropolis, irregular layout and possible periods of enlargement.
Abstract: Three decades have elapsed since Williams-Hunt (1950) described the results of an aerial survey of archaeological sites in N.E. Thailand. He observed four site-types. The most abundant was a disposition of practically circular earthworks which looked like moats and ramparts. Williams-Hunt described them as small defended towns. There are also four ‘metropolis’ sites with a large gap between inner and outer ramparts, several sites located on rock outcrops, and a number of sites with an irregular layout and possible periods of enlargement. The sites concentrate in the valleys of the Mun and Chi rivers (FIG. I). Williams-Hunt had no clear information on the dates of the sites, although pioneer work by Prince Damrong in I904 and Quaritch-Wales (1936) just before the second war suggested occupation before the Khmer occupation of the Khorat Plateau in the eleventh century AD. ‘Further comment’, he concluded, ‘would be futile. The excavator’s spade alone will provide the final answer.’
TL;DR: Le cynisme, qui avait connu une eclipse au IIe siecle avant notre ere, s'est renouvele a Rome au debut de la periode imperiale as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Le cynisme, qui avait connu une eclipse au IIe siecle avant notre ere, s'est renouvele a Rome au debut de la periode imperiale. Le premier personnage qui, dans un environnement de stoicisme austere, passa pour un cynique proprement dit est Demetrius. Si les sources demeurent equivoques a son sujet, du moins revelent-elles que la plupart des soi-disant cyniques trouvaient plus facile de vivre en «chiens» que de prendre au serieux leur profession, dont Epictete a esquisse la nature dans une de ses Diatribes (III, 22).
TL;DR: The Eagle Iron Foundry was opened by William Hawkes as discussed by the authors in 1824 with a young Mr M. H. Bloxam of Rugby, in the country near Atherstone, and opened a barrow.
Abstract: My father’s forebears were ironmasters in Birmingham. Yet neither he (born 1877) nor my uncle (born 1870), let alone five aunts, knew more than the name of their firm, The Eagle Iron Foundry. When their mother died and the family moved to Beckenham, all were children. A remote cousin Arthur, Borough Librarian of Wigan, genealogist, and thence FSA, wrote when I became that (1932) to tell me that Hawkeses were Warwickshire under Charles I1 already, when a branch went to Ireland. But he said nothing of William Hawkes, who in 1824 (June), with a young Mr M. H. Bloxam of Rugby, went to Oldbury, in the country near Atherstone, and opened a barrow. Bloxam stated, naming him and the firm, that he was leader of the dig, when publishing it in Charles Roach Smith’s Col1ectanea Antiqua , vol. I part 3 (issued 1843, then in whole vol. of 1848), 33, with Pl. xiv, engraving of the finds. (My knowing this is entirely due to Sonia Hawkes’s finding it, in her luckily-obtained Collectanea a few years ago.) His publication cited in VCH Warwickshire and in Gerloff, 1975 (172 and Pl. 27 no. 332) was thus his second, and the first needs adding to the barrow’s bibliography.
TL;DR: This review presents some of the conflicting arguments which have been put forward, stressing a need to keep an open mind about the possibility of Neanderthal survival.
Abstract: It is a truism to state that human evolution is a frighteningly complex subject. It is all too easy to yield to the temptation to construct ever more elaborate 'family trees' even though the fossil record is fragmentary and chronologically inexact. The supposed fate of Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) and the origin of modern man (Homo sapim sapim) have recently received a good deal of attention—most of which serves to emphasize the gaps in our knowledge without coming much nearer to a solution. This review presents some of the conflicting arguments which have been put forward, stressing a need to keep an open mind about the possibility of Neanderthal survival.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the premier outil en metal trouve en pays maya, a Belize, sur un ilot de la cote carribeenne, Moho Cay, Cylindre ovoide de 5,3 cm de hauteur.
Abstract: Identification du premier outil en metal trouve en pays maya, a Belize, sur un ilot de la cote carribeenne, Moho Cay. C'est un marteau de forgeron en albite, roche du Sud du Guatemala. Cylindre ovoide de 5,3 cm de hauteur. Comparaison avec des outils d'Amerique centrale et du Perou. Datation: de 400 a 750 (occupation du site) ou de 900 a 1500 (presence d'objets de metal chez les Mayas). Transit des objets metalliques: raisons politiques et diplomatiques plutot qu'economiques (cadeaux). Avec l'extension du commerce maritime, importance des stations cotieres (epoque classique finale et post-classique).
TL;DR: In this paper, a mesuree a influe sur la problematique des richesses dans les Dialogues d'Augustin dits de Cassiciacum, which correspond a mise en question de l'influence reconnue a l'Hortensius.
Abstract: Enquete sur la signification d'un fragment de l'Hortensius relatif a Orata, transmis par Augustin dans le De beata uita et commente par lui d'une facon nuancee, qui laisse entendre que Ciceron, dans son protreptique, condamnait les richesses pour autant seulement qu'elles sont excessives. Cette these mesuree a influe sur la problematique des richesses dans les Dialogues d'Augustin dits de Cassiciacum. Mais il y a eu raidissement dans les Confessions, par un revirement d'inspiration ascetique qui correspond a une mise en question de l'influence reconnue a l'Hortensius.
TL;DR: In this article, Seneque fait allusion a l'ile de Thia apparue en 46, and peut, dans son recit, etre date de la fin du printemps ou du debut de l'ete 62.
Abstract: Dans les Questions Naturelles (II, 26, 6), Seneque fait allusion a l'ile de Thia apparue en 46. Dans le Livre VI, consacre aux tremblements de terre et redige anterieurement au precedent, a un moment ou il se sentait libre de commenter l'actualite du regne de Neron, l'expression spectantibus nobis (21, 1 ) a en vue l'apparition toute recente d'une ile nouvelle en mer Egee. Ce phenomene volcanique, qui fut accompagne d'un seisme et d'un tsunami en Crete, est rapporte avec plus de details par Philostrate (Vie d'Apollonius de Tyane, IV, 34), et peut, dans son recit, etre date de la fin du printemps ou du debut de l'ete 62.
TL;DR: A nouvel examen de la periode qui a immediatement suivi les victoires grecques de 479 permet d'etablir que cette campagne, revelatrice de certaines tendances de la politique Spartiate, a eu lieu en 478/7 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Le poeme de Timocreon de Rhodes dirige contre Themistocle (Plut., Them., 21) doit avoir ete ecrit vers le printemps de l'annee 477. Un element important, pour sa datation, est la campagne thessalienne de Leotychidas ; or, un nouvel examen de la periode qui a immediatement suivi les victoires grecques de 479 permet d'etablir que cette campagne, revelatrice de certaines tendances de la politique Spartiate, a eu lieu en 478/7.
TL;DR: The potential advantages of an architectural training to a field archaeologist were not at that time fully understood, and one purpose of the present writing is to make their significance more apparent as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Almost half-a-century ago, I was once referred to by Sidney Smith as someone who had entered archaeology 'by the back door'. In those days there was no well-defined 'front door', though Smith and others were doing their best to create one; and, since I was myself then already well established in a more conventional profession, the implied reproof was perhaps justifiable. In truth, the potential advantages of an architectural training to a field archaeologist were not at that time fully understood, and one purpose of the present writing is to make their significance more apparent.