Showing papers in "Applied Mechanics Reviews in 2001"
962 citations
TL;DR: A review of the major fatigue models and life time prediction methodologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composites, subjected to fatigue loadings is presented in this paper, where the fatigue models have been classified in three major categories: fatigue life models, which do not take into account the actual degradation mechanisms but use S-N curves or Goodman-type diagrams and introduce some sort of fatigue failure criterion; phenomenological models for residual stiffness/strength; and finally progressive damage models which use one or more damage variables related to measurable manifestations of damage (transverse matrix cracks, delamination
Abstract: This paper presents a review of the major fatigue models and life time prediction methodologies for fibrereinforced polymer composites, subjected to fatigue loadings In this review, the fatigue models have been classified in three major categories: fatigue life models, which do not take into account the actual degradation mechanisms but use S-N curves or Goodman-type diagrams and introduce some sort of fatigue failure criterion; phenomenological models for residual stiffness/strength; and finally progressive damage models which use one or more damage variables related to measurable manifestations of damage (transverse matrix cracks, delamination size) Although this review does not pretend to be exhaustive, the most important models proposed during the last decades have been included, as well as the relevant equations upon which the respective models are based
540 citations
TL;DR: The use of the Reissner Mixed Variational Theorem (RMVT) for multilayered plate and shell analysis has been extensively studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, with a thorough review of the literature involving the use in the modeling of multi-layered plates and shells using RMVT is presented.
Abstract: This review article is devoted to the use of the Reissner Mixed Variational Theorem ~RMVT! forward two-dimensional modeling of flat and curved, multilayer structures. A thorough review of the literature involving the use in the modeling of multilayered plates and shells using RMVT is also presented. In the first part, the paper overviews relevant key points that should be taken into account for an accurate description of strain and stress fields in multilayered plate and shell analysis. It is then shown that RMVT has been originated in view of the fulfillment of such key points, herein referred to as C-Requirements ~zig-zag form of the displacement fields in the thickness direction and continuity of transverse normal and shear stresses at each layer interface!. Classical variational statements are used to introduce Reissner’s Theorem. In the second part, the paper presents various ways in which RMVT can be used to develop plate and shell theories in a systematic manner. The so called layer-wise and equivalent single layer variable description are considered. Both strong and weak ~finite element! forms of governing equations have been derived. A Weak Form of Hooke’s Law ~WFHL!, is also discussed as an idea to eliminate transverse stress variables leading to standard classical models with only displacement unknowns. Two appendices display details of governing equations related to multilayered doubly curved shells and to finite element matrices of multilayered plates. A third part reviews the works that have appeared in literature which make use of RMVT. Mainly papers on multilayered plate and shell modelings have been addressed. The final part of the paper is devoted to giving an overview with selected results of numerical performance that can be acquired by RMVT applications; extensive comparison to elasticity solutions and to other significant analyses, based on classical and refined approaches, are given. It is concluded that Reissner’s Mixed Theorem should be considered as a natural tool for multilayered structure analyses; it plays a similar role to that of the Principle of Virtual Displacement in the analysis of isotropic single-layer structures. This review article includes 119 references. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1385512#
435 citations
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319 citations
TL;DR: The first edition of the Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering was published in 2000 as discussed by the authors, which includes the fundamental concepts of soil mechanics as well as foundation engineering, including bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundations spread footings and mats.
Abstract: Principles of Foundation Engineering and Principles of Geotechnical Engineering were originally published with 1984 and 1985 copyrights, respectively. These texts were well received by instructors, students, and practitioners alike. Depending on the needs of the users, the texts were revised and are presently in their eighth editions. These texts have also been translated in several languages. Toward the latter part of 1998, there were several requests to prepare a single volume that was concise in nature but combined the essential components of Principles of Foundation Engineering and Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. In response to those requests, the first edition of Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering was published in 2000. This text includes the fundamental concepts of soil mechanics as well as foundation engineering, including bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundations spread footings and mats), retaining walls, braced cuts, piles, and drilled shafts.
260 citations
TL;DR: This review is intended to update the reader on developments that have taken place over the last approximately ten years, and to enhance the understanding of various aspects of FSI.
201 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the significant developments that have occurred over the last twenty years and show how mature the calculation of onedimensional flow has become and how the application of finite volume techniques results in more accurate simulations than the traditional method of characteristics and gives the further benefit of more rapid and more robust calculations.
Abstract: DESCRIPTION This book, together with its companion volume Design Techniques for Engine Manifolds – Wave Action Methods for IC Engines, reports the significant developments that have occurred over the last twenty years and shows how mature the calculation of onedimensional flow has become. In particular, they show how the application of finite volume techniques results in more accurate simulations than the ‘traditional’ Method of Characteristics and gives the further benefit of more rapid and more robust calculations.
168 citations
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic design methodology for linking and jointing of links and joints is presented, where the number of joints on a Link Link Assortments is divided into binary and one-dimensional chains.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION A Systematic Design Methodology Links and Joints Kinematic Chains, Mechanisms, and Machines Kinematics of Mechanisms Planar, Spherical, and Spatial Mechanisms Kinematic Inversions BASIC CONCEPT OF GRAPH THEORY Definitions Tree Planar Graph Spanning Trees and Fundamental Circuits Euler's Equation Topological Characteristics of Planar Graphs Matrix Representation of Graphs Contracted Graphs Dual Graphs STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MECHANISMS Functional Schematic Representation Structural Representation Graph Representation Matrix Representation STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS Correspondence between Mechanisms and Graphs Degrees of Freedom Loop Mobility Criterion Lower and Upper Bounds on the Number of Joints on a Link Link Assortments Partition of Binary Link Chains Structural Isomorphism Permutation Group and Group of Automorphisms Identification of Structural Isomorphism Partially Locked Kinematic Chains ENUMERATION OF GRAPHS OF KINEMATIC CHAINS Enumeration of Contracted Graphs Enumeration of Conventional Graphs Atlas of Graphs of Kinematic Chains CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANISMS Planar Mechanisms Spherical Mechanisms Spatial Mechanisms EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAINS Structural Characteristics Buchsbaum-Freudenstein Method Genetic Graph Approach Parent Bar Linkage Method Mechanism Pseudo Isomorphisms Atlas of Epicyclic Gear Trains Kinematics of Epicyclic Gear Trains AUTOMOTIVE MECHANISMS Variable-Stroke Engine Mechanisms Constant-Velocity Shaft Couplings Automatic Transmission Mechanisms Canonical Graph Representation of EGMs Atlas of Epicyclic Gear Transmission Mechanisms ROBOTIC MECHANISMS Parallel Manipulators Robotic Wrist Mechanisms APPENDICES: A. Solving m Equations in n unknowns B. Atlas of Contracted Graphs C. Atlas of Graphs of Kinematic Chains D. Atlas of Planar Bar Linkages E. Atlas of Spatial One-dof Kinematic Chains F. Atlas of Epicyclic Gear Trains G. Atlas of Epicyclic Gear Transmission Mechanisms NOTE: Introduction at the beginning of Chapters 1,3-9 Summary at the end of Chapters 1-6,8-9
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theory of the propagation of Internal Wave Packets in the Ocean using the Hamiltonian Formalism for the description of Oceanic Internal Waves.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Principles of Thermohydrodynamic Description of Internal Gravity Waves in the Ocean 1 Brief Information about Oceanic Thermohydrodynamics 2 Equations of the Theory of Internal Waves Part II: Linear Theory of Internal Waves 3 Linear Theory of Propagation of Internal Waves in the Undisturbed Horizontally Homogeneous Ocean 4 Shear Flow Influence on Internal Waves Propagation 5 Propagation of Internal Waves in Horizontally Inhomogeneous Ocean 6 Basic Sources of Internal Waves Generation in the Ocean Part III: Nonlinear Theory of Internal Waves 7 Hamiltonian Formalism for the Description of Oceanic Internal Waves 8 Long Weakly Nonlinear Internal Waves 9 Propagation of Weakly Nonlinear Internal Wave Packets in the Ocean 10 Resonant Interactions of Wave Triads and Kinetic Equation for Oceanic Internal Waves' Spectrum Part IV: Some Information on Internal Wave Observations in the Ocean 11 On Statistical Description of Natural Internal Waves Data 12 Basic Experimental Facts of Internal Waves' Behaviour in the Ocean References Author Index Topic Index
TL;DR: Advanced finite element techniques for the simulation of materials behavior under mechanical loading are reviewed andvantages, limitations and perspectives of different approaches are analyzed.
Abstract: Advanced finite element techniques for the simulation of materials behavior under mechanical loading are reviewed. Advantages, limitations and perspectives of different approaches are analyzed for the simulation of deformation, damage and fracture of mate
TL;DR: In this paper, the Boltzmann equation and gas-surface interaction were discussed. And the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of gas in a slab or a half-space.
Abstract: 1. Boltzmann equation and gas-surface interaction 2. Problems for a gas in a slab: general aspects and preliminary example 3. Problems for a gas in a slab or a half-space: discussion of some solutions 4. Propagation phenomena and shock waves in rarefied gases 5. Perturbation methods in more than one dimension 6. Polyatomic gases, mixtures, chemistry and radiation 7. Solving the Boltzmann equation by numerical techniques 8. Evaporation and condensation phenomena.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the state-of-the-art asymptotic methods for static and dynamic solid mechanics problems and some others involving fluid mechanics.
Abstract: In this review article, we present in some detail new trends in application of asymptotic techniques to me chanical problems. First we consider the various methods which allows for the possibility of extending the perturbation series application space and hence omiting their local character. While applying the asymptotic methods very often the following situation appears: an existence of the asymptotics £ —» 0 implies an exis tence of the asymptotics e —> °° (or, in a more general sense, e —> a and e —> b). Therefore, an idea of constructing a single solution valid for a whole interval of parameter e changes is very attractive. In other words, we discuss a problem of asymptotically equivalent function constructions possessing for e —> a and E —> b a known asymptotic behavior. The defined problems are very important from the point of view of both theoretical and applied sciences. In this work, we review the state-of-the-art, by presenting the existing methods and by pointing out their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the fields of their applications. In addition, some new methods are also proposed. The methods are demonstrated on a wide variety of static and dynamic solid mechanics problems and some others involving fluid mechanics. This review article contains 340 references.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define higher-order tensor components of first order tensors and define a higher order tensor component of the tensor tensor as a permutation tensor.
Abstract: 1 Mathematical fundamentals.- 2 Deformation.- 3 Stresses.- 4 Time derivative.- 5 Balance laws.- 6 Constitutive modelling.- Appendix 1.- A1.1 Index notation.- A1.2 Metric tensor and geometrical properties.- A1.3 Vector decompositions, tensor components of first order.- A1.4 Definition of higher-order tensor components.- A1.5 Permutation tensor.- A1.6 Christoffel symbols, covariant differentiation.- References.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Beavers and Joseph condition for velocity slip at the surface of a Porous Medium was used to model the deformation of a collisional shear layer.
Abstract: I Applied Continuum Mechanics.- Numerical Investigation of Shock Waves in a Radiating Gas Described by a Variable Eddington Factor.- Anisotropic Fluids: From Liquid Crystals to Granular Materials.- Integration and Segregation in a Population - A Thermodynamicists's View.- Asymptotic and Other Properties of Some Nonlinear Diffusion Models.- The Binary Mixtures of Euler Fluids: A Unified Theory of Second Sound Phenomena.- Continuously Distributed Control of Plates by Electric Networks with PZT Actuators.- II Soil Mechanics and Porous Media.- Hydraulic Theory for a Frictional Debris Flow on a Collisional Shear Layer.- The Beavers and Joseph Condition for Velocity Slip at the Surface of a Porous Medium.- Porous Convection, the Chebyshev Tau Method, and Spurious Eigenvalues.- Mechanics of Multiphase Porous Media - Application to Unsaturated Soils.- III Glacier and Ice Dynamics.- Modelling Iceberg Drift and Ice-Rafted Sedimentation.- Modelling the Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets.- Notes on Basic Glaciological Computational Methods and Algorithms.- Constitutive Modelling and Flow Simulation of Anisotropic Polar Ice.- Influence of Bed Topography on Steady Plane Ice Sheet Flow.- IV Climatology and Lake Physics.- Glacial Isostasy: Models for the Response of the Earth to Varying Ice Loads.- Arctic Sea Ice and Its Role in Climate Variability and Change.- The Role of Simple Models in Understanding Climate Change.- Comparing Different Numerical Treatments of Advection Terms for Wind-Induced Circulations in Lake Constance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the downward force on the small gear is k∆2 + μ u ∆2 Pg. 51, 3rd equation from bottom: result should be Pin = 0.866LF1 u θ pg. 54, equation at top of page: insert overdots in damping term:
Abstract: Pg. 41, 3rd equation from bottom: V = 1 2 (K11x 2 + · · · Pg. 45, 3 lines from bottom: ... express Pdis in terms ... Pg. 51, 2nd and 3rd equations: delete all overdots in expressions for ∆rD and ∆rE Pg. 51, 3rd equation from bottom: Result should be Pin = 0.866LF1 u θ Pg. 52, 2nd Þgure: the downward force on the small gear is k∆2 + μ u ∆2 Pg. 54, equation at top of page: insert overdots in damping term:
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the applications of poroelasticity to the mechanics of faulting and failure in geomaterials and apply it to interpretation of water well level changes due to slip, earthquake precursory processes, and stabilization of spreading slip zones.
Abstract: This review article discusses the applications of poroelasticity to the mechanics of faulting and failure in geomaterials. Values of material parameters inferred from laboratory and field studies are summarized. Attention is focused on solutions for shear dislocations and shear cracks. A common feature is that undrained response, invoked by rapid slip or deformation, is stiffer than drained response, which occurs for slower slip or deformation. The time and spatial variation of the stress and pore pressure is different for slip on permeable and impermeable planes. These solutions are applied to interpretation of water well level changes due to slip, earthquake precursory processes, and stabilization of spreading slip zones. Inclusion models for reservoirs, aquifers, and other inhomogeneities are formulated and the results are applied to stress and strain changes caused by fluid mass injection or withdrawal. This article has 120 references. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1410935# The shallow parts of the earth’s crust are mostly infiltrated by fluids and the coupling of fluid flow with deformation of the crust alters the response. In particular, this coupling introduces a dependence on time into the response, in addition to any time-dependence of the solid matrix itself. Deep drill holes have encountered significant quantities of fluid at surprisingly large depths, nearly 10 km @1,2#, and geochemical analysis of fluids associated with the faults in California @3# suggest that the fluids originated from the mantle. Consequently, this coupling may be a significant effect not only at shallow depths but throughout the crust.
TL;DR: Roles of flow mechanics in vascular cell biology in health and disease, S.C. Fung pulsatile blood flow in the lung studied as an engineering system and what lies beyond bioinformatics?
Abstract: Roles of flow mechanics in vascular cell biology in health and disease, S. Chien perspectives of biomechanics, Y.C. Fung the implantable glucose sensor - an example of bioengineering design, D.A. Gough design and development of artificial blood, M. Intalietta analysis of coronary circulation - a bioengineering approach, G.S. Kassab what lies beyond bioinformatics?, B. Palsson tissue engineering of articular cartilage, R.L. Sah cell activation in the circulation, G.W. Schmid-Schonbein molecular basis of cell membrane mechanics, L.-P.A. Sung biomechanics of injury and healing, P. Tong and Y.C. Fung pulsatile blood flow in the lung studied as an engineering system, M.R.T. Yen and W. Huang.
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of models for the structural analysis of soil retaining structures is discussed, such as block revetments, flexible retaining walls and bored tunnels in soft soil.
Abstract: The topic of this thesis is the development of models for the structural analysis of soil retaining structures. The soil retaining structures being looked at are; block revetments, flexible retaining walls and bored tunnels in soft soil. Within this context typical structural behavior of these structures is discussed too. The emphasis within the context of model development is on the use of Finite Element analysis as a generic toolbox for model development. In chapter 3 a methodology for the development of models is formulated. Both verification, the testing of the integrity of a model and the relation with models of lower hierarchy, and evaluation, testing the accuracy of a model are important. Accuracy and uncertainty are related aspects of model development. In chapter 4 an analytical toolbox for the development of models for structural analysis is given. One of the observations in the formulation of this chapter was that groundwater flow can be evaluated based on the same principle as equilibrium of stresses; the principle of virtual work. In the next three chapters 5, 6, and 7 three examples are given of development of models for the structural analysis of soil retaining structures. In chapter 5, a model for the stability against sliding of the top-layer of a revetment is put forward. The model is evaluated against prototype information. The validity to use Delta flume measurements to validate models for the design of a revetments cover-layer is being reconsidered, as there is reason to believe that the undrained response which is attributing to'the strength of a cover-layer has 3 dimensional effects being overlooked in a 2D measurement. In chapter 6, the models for sheet-pile retaining walls are described. The development of finite element analysis for sheet pile walls is described. Subsequently some of the verification analyses are described including an analytical solution derived from plasticity theory. Finally the finite element model is validated against prototype measurements, i.e. the Karlsruhe sheet pile test (1993). Within this context the test is evaluated applying inverse analysis. One of the conclusions was that a distinct difference between the in-situ stiffness of a sand layer and the stiffness as derived from a laboratory test was found. The reason for this is thought to be the breaking up of structure during sampling in advance of the laboratory testing. This structure is not recovered during preparation in the laboratory. The model evaluation indicates that the application of Finite Element analysis improves the accuracy in comparison to the empirical models. In chapter 7, the structural models for the design of a tunnel liner are discussed. The problems related to bored tunnelling in soft soil are discussed. The model hierarchy for the evaluation of the tunnel liner is discussed. In the second part of this chapter, a back-analysis of the measurements from the Second Heinenoord tunnel, with a finite element model is described. From this it comes forward that the uncertainty with respect to tunnel liner design is mainly related to the construction phase, i.e. tunnel ring assembly. In comparison to sheet pile walls, the soil loading of tunnel liners are easier to model.