Showing papers in "Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism in 2019"
TL;DR: It is suggested that consuming food within an 8-h window can safely facilitate weight loss in subjects with obesity.
Abstract: This study examines the safety of time restricted feeding (TRF; 8-h feeding window/16-h fasting window daily) in obese adults Twenty-three subjects participated in an 8-h TRF intervention for 12 weeks Self-reported adverse events, body image perception, complete blood count, and disordered eating patterns did not change from baseline to week 12 These findings suggest that consuming food within an 8-h window can safely facilitate weight loss in subjects with obesity
50 citations
TL;DR: The literature is reviewed to propose a model for the regulation of IL-15 by the soluble form ofIL-15Rα, which results in a phenotype similar to that of overexpressing/oversecreting IL- 15 in mice to explain why some findings in the literature seem to be contradictory.
Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-15 is a cytokine with important immunological functions It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and is believed to be a myokine, a hypothesis supported by the rapid increase in circulating levels of IL-15 in response to exercise Treatment with high doses of IL-15 results in metabolic adaptations such as improved insulin sensitivity and whole-body fatty acid oxidation and protection from high-fat-diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance IL-15 secreted by contracting muscle may therefore act as an endocrine factor to improve adiposity and energy metabolism in different tissues Most studies have used supraphysiological doses of IL-15 that do not represent circulating IL-15 in response to exercise However, evidence shows that IL-15 levels are higher in muscle interstitium and that IL-15 might improve muscle glucose homeostasis and oxidative metabolism in an autocrine/paracrine manner Nevertheless, how IL-15 signals in skeletal muscle to improve muscle energy metabolism is not understood completely, especially because the absence of the α subunit of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15Rα) results in a phenotype similar to that of overexpressing/oversecreting IL-15 in mice In this article, we review the literature to propose a model for the regulation of IL-15 by the soluble form of IL-15Rα to explain why some findings in the literature seem, at first glance, to be contradictory
47 citations
TL;DR: The present evidence suggests that sex differences exist in response to dietary NO3- supplementation and this review highlights avenues for future research.
Abstract: Over the last decade there has been substantial interest in the health and athletic performance benefits associated with acute and chronic dietary nitrate (NO3–) supplementation. Dietary NO3–, comm...
45 citations
TL;DR: Not only the relationship between BMI and adiposity is ethnic specific; in addition, fat distribution, SMI, and muscle mass distribution vary at the same BMI, emphasizing the need for ethnic-specific normal values in the diagnosis of obesity and sarcopenia.
Abstract: According to the World Health Organization Expert Consultation, current body mass index (BMI) cut-offs should be retained as an international classification. However, there are ethnic differences i...
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of stair climbing exercise "snacks" on peak oxygen uptake was investigated, and healthy young adults were randomly assigned to perform 3 bouts/day of vigorously ascending a 3-flight stairwell.
Abstract: We investigated the effect of stair climbing exercise “snacks” on peak oxygen uptake. Sedentary young adults were randomly assigned to perform 3 bouts/day of vigorously ascending a 3-flight stairwe...
42 citations
TL;DR: Examination of the top dietary sources of calories, sodium, sugars, and saturated fats among Canadians in relation to sex, age, and income can inform population health efforts, such as reformulation, to improve the health of Canadians.
Abstract: Dietary factors are major contributors to morbidity and mortality, and significant attention is being paid to interventions to support healthy eating, including through the creation of a healthier ...
37 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that, combined with the ability to better maintain performance across high-intensity exercise bouts, the abilityto quickly recover between bouts is the most important factor in CF performance.
Abstract: High-intensity functional training (HIFT) (i.e., CrossFit (CF) training) uses a combination of movements and self-selected time periods of work and rest. However, little is known about the physiolo...
35 citations
TL;DR: Abdominal SMA at mid-L3 is reproducibly segmented for both CT and T2w MRI, with strong correlation between the two modalities.
Abstract: Sarcopenia is associated with poor outcomes in a variety of conditions, including malignancy. Abdominal skeletal muscle area (SMA) segmentation using computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a...
32 citations
TL;DR: This study provides an accurate estimation of NM fatigue and recovery kinetics due to dynamic exercise with large muscle mass by significantly shortening the delay for post-exercise measurements.
Abstract: The majority of studies have routinely measured neuromuscular (NM) fatigue with a delay (∼1–3 min) after cycling exercises. This is problematic since NM fatigue can massively recover within the fir...
30 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that acute exercise augments circulating FGF21 and follistatin and may support the greater metabolic benefit of high-intensity exercise.
Abstract: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) are novel hepatokines that are modulated by metabolic stresses. This study investigated whether exercise intensity modulates the hepatokine response to acute exercise. Ten young, healthy men undertook three 8-h experimental trials: moderate-intensity exercise (MOD; 55% peak oxygen uptake), high-intensity exercise (HIGH; 75% peak oxygen uptake), and control (CON; rest), in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Exercise trials commenced with a treadmill run of varied duration to match gross exercise energy expenditure between trials (MOD vs HIGH; 2475 ± 70 vs 2488 ± 58 kJ). Circulating FGF21, follistatin, LECT2, glucagon, insulin, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured before exercise and at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 h postexercise. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were increased up to 4 h postexercise compared with CON (P ≤ 0.022) with greater increases observed at 1, 2, and 4 h postexercise during HIGH versus MOD (P ≤ 0.025). Irrespective of intensity (P ≥ 0.606), plasma follistatin concentrations were elevated at 4 and 7 h postexercise (P ≤ 0.053). Plasma LECT2 concentrations were increased immediately postexercise (P ≤ 0.046) but were not significant after correcting for plasma volume shifts. Plasma glucagon (1 h; P = 0.032) and NEFA (4 and 7 h; P ≤ 0.029) responses to exercise were accentuated in HIGH versus MOD. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise augments circulating FGF21 and follistatin. Exercise-induced changes in FGF21 are intensity-dependent and may support the greater metabolic benefit of high-intensity exercise.
29 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of type 2 diagnosed diabetes, undetected (undiagnosed) type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes of Canadian adults, and to evaluate whether individuals with diagnosed diabetes have different dietary intakes compared with the other groups.
Abstract: Patients with diagnosed diabetes receive recommendations by their healthcare providers about lifestyle modification, particularly on diet. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of t...
TL;DR: The role of sex in mediating lipid storage and metabolism within skeletal muscle and the liver at rest and during exercise and its relationship with metabolic disease is discussed.
Abstract: Women and men store lipid differently within the body with men storing more fat in the android region and women storing more fat in the gynoid region. Fat is predominately stored in adipose tissue as triacylglycerides (TG); however, TG are also stored in other tissues including the liver and skeletal muscle. Excess hepatic TG storage, defined as a TG concentration >5% of liver weight and known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is related to the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, elevated skeletal muscle TG, termed intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), are related to insulin resistance in obesity and type II diabetes. Men store more hepatic TG than women and, unsurprisingly, NAFLD is more prevalent in men than women. Women store more IMCL than men, yet type II diabetes risk is not greater, which is likely due to the manner in which women store TG within muscle. Sex-based differences in TG storage between men and women are underpinned by differences in messenger RNA expression, protein content, and enzyme activities of skeletal muscle and hepatic lipid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, women have a greater reliance on lipid during exercise because of upregulation of lipid oxidative pathways. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of sex in mediating lipid storage and metabolism within skeletal muscle and the liver at rest and during exercise and its relationship with metabolic disease.
TL;DR: Acute caffeine supplementation may produce small to moderate improvements in key performance attritubes required for basketball while reducing RPE.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acute caffeine supplementation on anaerobic performance in professional female basketball players. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, experimen...
TL;DR: The results suggest that Sch B may be a potential therapeutic agent against anxiety associated with oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidant activity, and the possible mechanism is neuroprotection through enhanced antioxidants activity.
Abstract: Schisandrin B (Sch B), one of the main effective components of the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis, protects neurons from oxidative stress in the central nervous system. Here we investigated the neuroprotective effect of Sch B against damage caused by acute oxidative stress and attempted to define the possible mechanisms. Using the elevated plus maze and open field test, we found that forced swimming, an acute stressor, significantly induced anxiety-like behavior that was alleviated by oral Sch B treatment. In addition, the Sch B treatment reduced toxicity, malondialdehyde levels, and production of reactive oxygen species, an important factor for neuron damage. Antioxidants under the control of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione, were significantly increased by Sch B treatment. Moreover, a higher percentage of intact cells in the amygdala of treated mice, revealed by Nissl staining, further verified the neuroprotective effect of Sch B. Several proteins, such as Nrf2 and its endogenous inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), were abnormally expressed in mice subjected to forced swimming, but this abnormal expression was significantly reversed by Sch B treatment. Our results suggest that Sch B may be a potential therapeutic agent against anxiety associated with oxidative stress. The possible mechanism is neuroprotection through enhanced antioxidant activity.
TL;DR: Resistance exercise breaks can potentially improve 1-hour postprandial glucose, but may not acutely benefit other cardiometabolic outcomes and future studies employing guidelines-based resistance exercises to interrupt prolonged sitting with a larger sample and longer follow-up are warranted.
Abstract: Interrupting prolonged sitting with light activity breaks, such as short walks, improves cardiometabolic outcomes, yet less is known about the impact of resistance exercise breaks. This study exami...
TL;DR: Results showed that the MetS prevalence significantly increased between 1999 and 2014 in the U.S. adult population, with a peak in 2007-2008, suggesting potential impact of the 2007- 2008 recession.
Abstract: To document changes in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the United States adult population between 1999 and 2014 and to explore how variations in the dietary intakes explain changes i...
TL;DR: Chronic supplementation with BRJ increased MV in the first half of the test and improved the final test times of 10 of the 14 runners, although the authors did not find a statistically significant difference in the performance of the 10-km run.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on 10-km running performance in recreational runners. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled,...
TL;DR: It is clearly proved that Spirulina modulated glucose/lipid profile and exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory properties through SREBP-1c inhibition and hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis enhancement and the whole dynamics of the therapeutic approaches in T2DM.
Abstract: Various nutritional and medicinal potencies have been accredited to metabolites from the cyanobacteria, Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) sp. Hence, our study was designed to examine whet...
TL;DR: This study reinforces the idea that an increase in exercise intensity may accentuate body fat loss before the occurrence of a body weight plateau, and Resistance to further fat loss was accompanied by a decrease in plasma leptin and a increase in plasma ghrelin.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity resistance and endurance exercise on body composition and plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight individual...
TL;DR: Although the mechanisms via which CRF may be influenced by dietary habits remain unclear, health policy-makers should consider opportunities for improving both CRF and dietary habits.
Abstract: This study examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels and lifestyle factors in a representative sample of Greek schoolchildren. In 2015, a health survey was carried out...
TL;DR: The hypothesis that olive oil based diet improves cutaneous wound healing of pressure injury in mice through the reduction of inflammation and stimulation of redox equilibrium is supported.
Abstract: The pressure injury environment is characterized by overproduction of reactive oxygen species and exacerbated inflammation, which impair the healing of these lesions. Mediterranean-like diet may be...
TL;DR: It was found that coffee consumption was inversely associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean men and women.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the frequency and quantity of coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Health Examinees study. A total of 130 420 partic...
TL;DR: This study is the first to show that time restricted feeding (TRF; 8-h feeding window/16-h fasting window daily) does not alter sleep quality or duration in subjects with obesity.
Abstract: This study examined the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF; 8-h feeding window/16-h fasting window daily) on sleep. Obese adults (n = 23) followed 8-h TRF for 12 weeks. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) total score was below 5 at week 1 (4.7 ± 0.5) and week 12 (4.8 ± 0.7), indicating good sleep quality throughout the trial. Subjective measures of wake time, bedtime, and sleep duration remained unchanged. Findings from this secondary analysis indicate that TRF does not alter sleep quality or duration in subjects with obesity. Novelty This study is the first to show that TRF (8-h feeding window/16-h fasting window daily) does not alter sleep quality or duration in subjects with obesity.
TL;DR: LCD, with or without INT, improves adiposopathy in relation to insulin sensitivity in obese women, suggesting that a short-term energy deficit is key for reducing type 2 diabetes risk.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to test if a low-calorie diet plus interval exercise (LCD+INT) improves adiposopathy, an endocrine dysfunction, when compared with an energy-deficit–matched LCD in o...
TL;DR: Zinc supplementation may be a useful strategy for the treatment of the metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity and liver antioxidant enzymes and hepatic transaminases plasma levels did not change among groups.
Abstract: Rates of obesity have been growing at alarming rates, compromising the health of the world population. Thus, the search for interventions that address the metabolic repercussions of obesity are nec...
TL;DR: There is a modest increase in blood pressure at very low loads of resistance exercise in the upper body, and exercise-induced hyperemia is blunted with increasing pressures of BFR.
Abstract: It is proposed that, at very low loads, greater blood flow restriction (BFR) pressures might be required for muscular adaptation to occur The cardiovascular and hyperemic response to very low loads combined with relative levels of BFR is unknown Ninety-seven participants were recruited and assigned to 1 of 4 exercise conditions: 15% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) without BFR (15/00), 15% 1RM with BFR at 40% of arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) (15/40), 15% of 1RM with BFR at 80% of AOP (15/80), and 70% of 1RM without BFR (70/00) Participants performed 4 sets of unilateral biceps curls Blood pressure was measured before and after exercise; brachial artery blood flow was measured before exercise, following the second set, and 1 min following exercise Systolic blood pressure increased following exercise in all conditions (+10 (11) mm Hg, P 005) Similarly, artery diameter was increased in all conditions except 15/80 (+0002 (0041) cm, P = 0853) following the second set, and increased in all conditions by 1 min following exercise (P < 005) In conclusion, exercise-induced hyperemia is blunted with increasing pressures of BFR There is a modest increase in blood pressure at very low loads of resistance exercise in the upper body
TL;DR: The inclusion of SIT with HIIT and CET shows positive long-term effects, including increased maximal oxygen uptake and baseline VEGF-A and a reduction in BDNF below baseline levels during and after SIXT.
Abstract: The study determined the effects of sprint interval training on the acute and chronic changes of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and aerobic capacity. Twenty-six cyclists were divide...
TL;DR: The effect of intermittent BFR during exercise might be insufficient to induce metabolic stress when using a low load, but effective metabolic stress for muscle adaptation could be obtained by moderate-load resistance exercise with BFRDuring intervals with less ischemic duration and discomfort.
Abstract: Increases in muscle size and strength similar to those obtained with high resistance load can be achieved by combining lower loads with continuous blood flow restriction (BFR). However, high rating...
TL;DR: HIIE is superior to MICE for reducing glycaemia and ambulatory BP, and that the 6-20 RPE scale is a useful tool for prescribing and self-regulating HIIE in individuals with T2DM is suggested.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a tool as efficient as the heart rate (HR) response to the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) for prescribing and self-regulatin...
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent findings, highlight areas of disagreement, and identify where information is lacking on exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia.
Abstract: Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) is characterized by the decrease in arterial oxygen tension and oxyhemoglobin saturation during dynamic aerobic exercise. Since the time of the initial observations, our knowledge and understanding of EIAH has grown, but many unknowns remain. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent findings, highlight areas of disagreement, and identify where information is lacking. Specifically, this review will place emphasis on (i) the occurrence of EIAH during submaximal exercise, (ii) whether there are sex differences in the development and severity of EIAH, and (iii) unresolved questions and future directions.