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Showing papers in "Asia Pacific Journal of Management in 2015"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the influence of economic and political institutions on the prevalence rate of formal and informal entrepreneurship across 18 countries in the Asia-Pacific region during the period 2001-2010 and found the quality of institutions to exercise a substantial influence on both formal and irregular entrepreneurship.
Abstract: We investigated the influence of economic and political institutions on the prevalence rate of formal and informal entrepreneurship across 18 countries in the Asia-Pacific region during the period 2001–2010. We found the quality of institutions to exercise a substantial influence on both formal and informal entrepreneurship. One standard-deviation increase in the quality of economic and political institutions could double the rates of formal entrepreneurship and halve the rates of informal entrepreneurship. The two types of institutions had a complementary effect on driving entry into formal entrepreneurship, whereas only direct effects were observed for informal entry.

273 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analysis of 119 independent samples (N = 35,239) was conducted to investigate the relationship between abusive supervision and outcomes and found that abusive supervision was related to subordinates' attitudes, well-beings, organizational justice perceptions, workplace behaviors, performance, and family-related outcomes.
Abstract: While a plethora of studies have examined the relationships between abusive supervision and outcomes, there is a lack of a comprehensive and systematic framework that integrates the consequences and moderators of abusive supervision. We fill the void in the abusive supervision literature through conducting a quantitative review. Based on a meta-analysis of 119 independent samples (N = 35,239), we found that abusive supervision was related to subordinates’ attitudes, well-beings, organizational justice perceptions, workplace behaviors, performance, and family-related outcomes. In addition, we found that power distance moderated the relationships of abusive supervision with subordinates’ workplace behaviors and performance in Asia and North America. In addition, the relationships between abusive supervision and its consequences were contingent on subordinates’ age, organizational tenure, and time spent with supervisors, and research design. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

185 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use the term jugaad to describe the frugal, flexible, and inclusive approach to innovation and entrepreneurship emerging from India, and identify different types of organizations that engage in this approach and elucidate their abilities or lack thereof to undertake such innovation.
Abstract: In this paper, we use the term jugaad to describe the frugal, flexible, and inclusive approach to innovation and entrepreneurship emerging from India. We articulate why this method is appropriate within the Indian context and highlight similarities between jugaad and related types of innovation originating from other emerging (and developed) economies. Next, we identify different types of organizations that engage in jugaad and elucidate their abilities, or lack thereof, to undertake such innovation. Finally, we incorporate the notion of jugaad within current theorizing on innovation and entrepreneurship and outline an agenda for future research on this topic. Overall, we provide insights on a mode of innovating that is increasingly prevalent in India as well as certain economies around the world and take steps towards integrating this concept into the mainstream theory, practice, and policy discourses around innovation and entrepreneurship.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors in this article reviewed what we know about entrepreneurship as a solution to poverty in Asia and proposed a research agenda for poverty alleviation in Asia, and introduced the articles in this special issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Management.
Abstract: Approximately 1.7 billion people in Asia live in poverty today. To date, efforts to address poverty in Asia have largely focused on subsistence entrepreneurship rather than on creating ventures that empower them to break out of poverty. That is, the mechanisms that have been used, such as microlending, generally lead entrepreneurs to create businesses providing basic life essentials rather than helping them build businesses that generate capital to improve the entrepreneur’s standard of living. This article initially reviews what we know about entrepreneurship as a solution to poverty in Asia. We then examine what we know about other major tools to address poverty in Asia. Next, we propose a research agenda on poverty in Asia. Finally, we introduce the articles in this Special Issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Management, “Asia & Poverty: Closing the Great Divide through Entrepreneurship & Innovation,” on new approaches to entrepreneurship to help address the key issue of the alleviation of poverty.

152 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-dimensional view of CSR and introducing marketing competence as an important intermediate between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm performance has been studied extensively.
Abstract: The influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm performance in developed economies has been studied extensively. However, extant studies provide mixed findings on the relationship between CSR and firm performance in emerging economies. Drawing on stakeholder theory and institutional theory, we look at CSR in China, taking a multi-dimensional view of CSR and introducing marketing competence as an important intermediate between CSR and firm performance. We also use a contingent perspective to examine the role of market environments in moderating the impact of CSR on marketing competence. The findings of an empirical study conducted in China show that marketing competence fully mediates the effects of all CSR activities on firm performance. Competitive intensity weakens the positive impact of CSR toward employees on marketing competence, while it strengthens the positive effect of CSR toward society on marketing competence. The positive relationship between CSR toward customers and marketing competence is enhanced by market turbulence. The results of this study highlight the importance of CSR to marketing competence and firm performance in China.

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper studied how different aspects of family involvement influence technological innovation in a firm and found that family involvement in ownership, management and board of directors, and business group affiliation influence R&D investments and patents obtained by the firm.
Abstract: Family firms and business groups play an important role in many emerging economies. In this paper we study how different aspects of family involvement influence technological innovation in a firm. Arguments drawn from agency theory and particularly the principal-principal agency hypothesize a negative influence of family involvement with respect to technological innovation. In contrast, stewardship theory predicts a positive influence of family involvement on technological innovation. Drawing on these theoretical lenses with contrasting directionalities with regard to the impact of family involvement on technological innovation, we study how family involvement in ownership, management and board of directors, and business group affiliation influence R&D investments and patents obtained by the firm. The hypotheses are empirically tested on a seven-year panel of 172 firms from the pharmaceutical industry in India. Our results indicate that family shareholding and family control over both CEO and chairperson positions have a positive and significant influence on the firm’s R&D investments, broadly lending support to stewardship theory. We also find a positive influence of business group affiliation on R&D investments and patents applied by the firm. Our conjecture is that the high technology opportunity environment in the Indian pharmaceutical industry facilitates stewardship behavior which in turn promotes innovation in these firms.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors employed an in-depth case study of how poverty was reduced through entrepreneurship and innovation in the eastern Chinese city of Yiwu and reported on key factors, new insights, and experiences which have led to success in poverty reduction and contributes to theory and practice in this area.
Abstract: There has been a significant reduction in the number of desperately poor people in the world in recent years A great deal of that reduction in poverty can be attributed in China There is great potential for new insights for scholars, in looking more deeply into the Chinese experience in terms of entrepreneurship and poverty reduction This paper employs an in-depth case study of how poverty was reduced through entrepreneurship and innovation in the eastern Chinese city of Yiwu This study is a response to some scholars’ call for more direct examination of businesses’ involvement with the poor to shed new light on the emerging topic of the roles of business in poverty reduction Moreover, this study reports on key factors, new insights, and experiences which have led to success in poverty reduction and contributes to theory and practice in this area

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated how organizational slack affects corporate social performance (CSP) and found that only unabsorbed slack contributes to CSP and the positive relationship between unabsorbled slack and CSP is consistent with the relationship between unslack slack and corporate financial performance.
Abstract: This study investigates how organizational slack affects corporate social performance (CSP). Based on a sample of 1,299 Chinese listed firms, our results show that only unabsorbed slack contributes to CSP and the positive relationship between unabsorbed slack and CSP is consistent with the relationship between unabsorbed slack and corporate financial performance (CFP). Our results also show that absorbed slack generates a negative impact on CSP. Furthermore, our findings indicate that state ownership has a negative impact on the relationship between unabsorbed slack and CSP. This finding illustrates that state ownership weakens unabsorbed slack’s contribution to CSP.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the effects of five approaches to poverty alleviation: foreign aid, micro-finance, social entrepreneurship, base of the pyramid initiatives, and the establishment of property rights among the abjectly poor.
Abstract: Despite decades of effort, abject poverty remains a serious problem in many countries around the world. The effects of five approaches to poverty alleviation—foreign aid, microfinance, social entrepreneurship, base of the pyramid initiatives, and the establishment of property rights among the abjectly poor—are briefly reviewed. While each of these approaches has some benefits, none have fulfilled their promise of poverty alleviation. Ironically, as these efforts have gone forward, international industrialization has had a more significant impact on poverty alleviation in at least some countries.

83 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the value of investing managerial time to cultivate political ties with local government officials may vary when firms engage in different types of technological innovation activities, such as exploratory innovation involving high institutional uncertainty, such time investment will improve firm performance.
Abstract: Prior research on firm behavior in emerging economies like China has highlighted the extensive building and use of political ties by business managers. However, there are mixed findings regarding the value of political ties on firm performance. In this study, we propose a task-contingency approach to explain when the investment in political ties will improve performance and when they will not. In particular, we study how the value of investing managerial time to cultivate political ties with local government officials may vary when firms engage in different types of technological innovation activities. We hypothesize that when a firm pursues exploratory innovation involving high institutional uncertainty, such time investment will improve firm performance. In contrast, when a firm undertakes exploitative innovation that involves low institutional uncertainty but requires high internal operational improvement such as marketing and sales, such time investment in political ties would distract managers’ attention from internal improvement, and hence may harm firm performance. Results based on a World Bank survey of 1,500 Chinese manufacturing firms confirm these hypotheses. Our findings offer fresh insights on how firm managers in emerging economies should manage their institutional environment when pursuing innovation activities.

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate how subordinates' perceived insider status within an organization may relate to abusive supervision and their proactive behavior and examine the moderating role of subordinate gender in this framework.
Abstract: Drawing upon social identity theory, we investigate how subordinates’ perceived insider status within an organization may relate to abusive supervision and their proactive behavior. In addition, based on social role theory, we examine the moderating role of subordinate gender in this framework. Using a sample of 350 supervisor–subordinate dyads from an IT group corporation, we found that abusive supervision was negatively related to subordinates’ proactive behavior, and that subordinates’ perceived insider status mediated this relationship. Results also show that subordinate gender moderated the negative relationship between abusive supervision and perceived insider status, such that it was stronger for female than for male subordinates. This study highlights the pivotal roles of subordinates’ gender and identification in the consequences of abusive supervision at work.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that experienced high performance work systems will prompt workers to exchange job-related information with colleagues, which in turn may improve workers' creativity performance, and found that different workers will react differently with different levels of experienced human resource practices.
Abstract: High performance work system refers to a set of coherent human resource management practices that a company can implement in order to achieve better performance. Based on the high performance work system literature, we propose that experienced high performance work systems will prompt workers to exchange job- related information with colleagues. Moreover, we draw on the trait activation theory to propose that an extroversion personality may strengthen the effect of experienced high performance work systems on information exchange. The resulting enhanced level of information exchange, in turn, may improve workers’ creativity performance. Analyzing time-lagged data collected from different sources among Taiwanese research and development engineers, we find support for the proposed relationships. As previous authors found that human resource management practices may stimulate creativity through psychological empowerment, our study identifies yet another path through which human resource practices may provoke creativity. We also demonstrate that different workers will react differently with the same levels of experienced human resource practices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a more comprehensive framework was developed to explore sexual harassment experienced by women in the workplace in Pakistan, using interviews with working women and human resource managers in six Pakistani organizations.
Abstract: Despite prior research on the influence of national regulatory and cultural factors on sexual harassment (SH) in the workplace, few studies have examined SH, its impact on victims and redress processes in Muslim majority countries (MMCs) such as Pakistan. This study uses neo-institutional theory to develop a more comprehensive framework to explore SH experienced by women in the workplace in Pakistan. Qualitative methodology is adopted to examine employees’ and managers’ perceptions of SH. Drawing on interviews with working women and human resource managers in six Pakistani organizations, this study demonstrates that even when there are formal policies designed to prevent SH, cultural factors influence policy implementation. It reveals that there is a tension between traditional culture and behavior consistent with SH policies in the workplace. This study identifies three major factors which influence SH redressal; these are socio-cultural factors (e.g., female modesty), institutional factors (e.g., inappropriate redress procedures), and managerial expertise/bias.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify profiles of commitment to two interrelated targets (the organization and the occupation) in a sample of 1,096 Hong Kong teachers and identify seven distinct profiles reflecting both similarities and differences in the nature of the dual commitments across targets, and demonstrated differing patterns of turnover intentions and well-being across the profiles.
Abstract: Work-relevant commitments have important implications for employee behavior and well-being, but the connections are complicated by the fact that commitments can be characterized by different mindsets and be directed at different targets. Recent developments in person-centered analytic strategies (e.g., latent profile analysis) have helped to address these complexities, particularly as they pertain to the interactions among the mindset of affective, normative, and continuance commitment to the organization. In the present study we extend application of the person-centered approach to identify profiles of commitment to two interrelated targets—the organization and the occupation—in a sample of 1,096 Hong Kong teachers. We identified seven distinct profiles reflecting both similarities and differences in the nature of the dual commitments across targets, and demonstrated differing patterns of turnover intentions and well-being across the profiles. Implications for commitment theory, future research, and practice are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors propose a multilevel model to examine when and why empowering leadership elicits followers' taking charge behaviors in China, and find support for a three-way moderated mediation.
Abstract: Drawing from the cultural self-representation model, we propose a multilevel model to examine when and why empowering leadership elicits followers’ taking charge behaviors in China. Data from 310 full-time employees in 81 work groups provide support for the mediating role of role breadth self-efficacy in transforming team-directed empowering leadership into individual taking charge behaviors. In addition, this mediation relationship is found to be attenuated by high differentiated empowering leadership and low individual power distance orientation. Finally, we find support for a three-way moderated mediation—which the moderating effect of differentiated empowering leadership is found to be significant only among followers who have low power distance orientation. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an in-depth case study of GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute, an Indian public-private partnership (PPP) which successfully brought emergency medical response to remote and urban settings.
Abstract: We present an in-depth case study of GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute, an Indian public–private partnership (PPP), which successfully brought emergency medical response to remote and urban settings. Drawing insights from the case, we investigate how the organization established itself through institutional entrepreneurship using a process conceptualized as opportunity framing, entrenchment, and propagation. The case and context highlight the need for innovation in organizational design and governance modes to create a new opportunity that connects state actors, private healthcare providers, and the public at large. We consider the role of open innovation and novel business models in creating these service platforms. The implications of our findings for the literature on PPPs, institutional entrepreneurship, inclusive and open innovation, and organizational design in base of the pyramid contexts are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors organize and review the substantive innovation research in India based on its scope and focus, and find that it has yielded unique insights about India's innovation systems and processes at both the institutional and firm levels.
Abstract: The rapid economic growth that India enjoyed following the start of its economic reforms in 1991 has led to a growing scholarly interest in Indian organizations and management practices. In this paper, we bring together extant yet dispersed research on one important and salient element of Indian economic growth: innovation. We organize and review the substantive innovation research in India based on its scope and focus, and find that it has yielded unique insights about India’s innovation systems and processes at both the institutional and firm levels. Three interesting trends emerge from this review of the literature. First, a growing body of research has started identifying innovation phenomena unique to India, such as “frugal innovation” and the related notion of “jugaad.” Second, a discernible arc in Indian innovation research can be observed, that is, a shift from a focus on the role of the state to the role of MNEs and Indian businesses in innovation. Finally, unlike much innovation research elsewhere, there appears to be significant interest in innovation that serves the need of the poor. We conclude with directions for future research on innovation within the Indian context.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Huang et al. as discussed by the authors examined the association between Chinese stock issuers' board characteristics and dividends, focusing on the gender of CEO and accompanying board members, as well as other salient board demographics and characteristics.
Abstract: This study examines the association between Chinese stock issuers’ board characteristics and dividends. We focus on the gender of CEO and accompanying board members, as well as other salient board demographics and characteristics. Using more than 9,000 firm-year observations, we observe little difference in the dividend distributions of female- and male-led Chinese firms. Other salient demographics, notably CEO age and tenure bear a strong positive association with cash distributions. Cash pay-out is also increasing in directors’ equity stakes and state ownership. In a general sense, the proportion of independent directors on boards bears only limited association with cash pay-out. However, in state-invested entities, greater independent director presence acts as a brake against cash distributions. We challenge a lingering perception in the investment literature that women are significantly more risk-averse than men. Cross-cultural theory suggests that risk aversion is manifest in greater cash retention and thus lower pay-outs (Bae, Chang, & Kang, The Journal of Financial Research, 35(2): 289–316, 2012; Khambata & Liu, Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 6(4): 31–43, 2005). Building on this literature, and extending it specifically to gender, our results are consistent with male and female CEOs displaying comparable levels of risk aversion. They are also congruent with “financial knowledge” lessening gender-based differences in risk aversion (Hibbert, Lawrence, & Prakash, Global Finance Journal, 24: 140–152, 2013) and/or its general absence in the specific field of financial decisions (Schubert, Brown, Gysler, & Brachinger, The American Economic Review, 89(2): 381–385, 1999). We also emphasize theory on managerial power (Allen, Social Forces, 60(2): 482–494, 1981) and entrenchment. Results for CEO tenure and age support notions of CEO entrenchment, while those for duality do not. In contrast to agency theory, but consistent with tunneling arguments, the present study stresses the overarching role of state-ownership in increasing (decreasing) cash (stock) payouts. We observe non-monotonic effects in this relation, thus extending related findings elsewhere (Huang, Chen, & Kao, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29: 39–58, 2012).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored how micro-finance institutions reach important social goals such as outreach to the poor and found that if MFIs follow commercial logic, they are more likely to pursue high profitability rather than to increase outreach.
Abstract: Few empirical studies have explored how microfinance institutions (MFIs) reach important social goals such as outreach to the poor. While MFIs have the dual goals of pursuing both social and economic values, the impact of their profitability on outreach can vary. Based on the institutional logics perspective, this study predicts that if MFIs follow commercial logic, they are more likely to pursue high profitability rather than to increase outreach; however, if MFIs follow social-welfare logic, they tend to tolerate relatively low profitability and try their best to extend outreach. Therefore, in the curve of distribution of MFIs’ profitability, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between MFIs’ profitability and outreach to the poor. This relationship is further influenced by a state-level institution—the rule of law. For our empirical analyses, we use a data set of 3,785 organization-year observations from 1,129 MFIs across 98 countries. The results of multilevel mixed models are consistent with our predictions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Choi et al. as mentioned in this paper examined cooperative group norms and group positive affect as antecedents of team creativity and explored collective efficacy as an intermediary mechanism between these relationships, finding that group norms were positively associated with team creativity, and that collective efficacy mediated these relationships.
Abstract: In spite of a growing body of research on creativity in team contexts, very few researchers have paid attention to the team-level antecedents and mediating processes of team creativity. To fill this gap, drawing on social cognitive theory and Dzindolet’s group creativity process model, this study examined cooperative group norms and group positive affect as antecedents of team creativity and explored collective efficacy as an intermediary mechanism between these relationships. The current study was conducted with 97 work teams from 12 different South Korean organizations. As predicted, the results demonstrated that cooperative group norms and group positive affect were positively associated with team creativity, and that collective efficacy mediated these relationships. The findings offer theoretical and practical implications regarding the creativity of work teams.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of new venture ties with multinational enterprises (MNEs) from those with other peer firms is discussed, highlighting that building ties with MNEs is necessary but not sufficient for new ventures to internationalize; they require managerial action to exploit the knowledge acquired.
Abstract: Who should a new venture ally with in order to enhance its internationalization capabilities? While peer relationships come easily and naturally for most new ventures, interactions with foreign multinational subsidiaries operating in their local environment are complex to build and to sustain. We contribute to the relational perspective of new venture internationalization by specifically contrasting the role of new venture ties with multinational enterprises (MNEs), from those with other peer firms. We draw on a multi-method study, integrating a quantitative study based on a survey of 102 software firms in India and a longitudinal case analysis of the relationship between an international new venture (INV) and an MNE (Microsoft). We find a positive relationship between local MNE ties and internationalization capability, and a negative relationship between ties with other small firms and internationalization capability. Our post-hoc analysis of the case study serves to shed further light on this, highlighting an important caveat to the relational capital story: building ties with MNEs is necessary but not sufficient for new ventures to internationalize; they require managerial action to exploit the knowledge acquired.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article developed a three-round framework that explores the evolution of the dynamic capabilities of domestic and foreign firms and the related competitive dynamics between them in (and eventually out of) transition economies.
Abstract: Transition economies have become a new frontier for multinational enterprises (MNEs). This has introduced a highly dynamic competitive environment for domestic firms operating with such less developed institutions, especially those facing the threat of MNEs with superior capabilities. Drawing on the awareness-motivation-capability framework from the competitive dynamics literature, this paper develops a three-round framework that explores the evolution of the dynamic capabilities of domestic and foreign firms and the related competitive dynamics between them in (and eventually out of) transition economies. While previous research tends to focus on MNEs or domestic firms within transition economies, ours is one of the first efforts that systematically model the competitive interaction between them with a longitudinal perspective.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors explored critical antecedents and cognitive mechanisms of proactive behavior in Asian work contexts and found that perceived organizational support was related to proactive behavior through the intervening mechanisms of subjective norms and intention.
Abstract: While there is burgeoning interest in proactive behavior in today’s workplaces, very little is known about cognitive mechanisms by which employees engage in proactive behavior Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), we explored critical antecedents and cognitive mechanisms of proactive behavior in Asian work contexts The results of structural equation modeling analyses conducted for 138 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Korean firms supported most of the propositions of the TPB Learning goal orientation was found to be associated with proactive behavior through attitudes toward proactive behavior Perceived organizational support was related to proactive behavior through the intervening mechanisms of subjective norms and intention Job autonomy predicted proactive behavior through the mediating processes of perceived behavioral control and intention These findings have meaningful implications for the literature on proactive behavior

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the mediating effects of identifications at two different levels, that is, organizational identification and job involvement (the extent of identification with job) on the relations between the level of organizational socialization and employee voice behavior.
Abstract: Drawing on role identity theory, this study examines the mediating effects of identifications at two different levels, that is, organizational identification and job involvement (the extent of identification with job) on the relations between the level of organizational socialization and employee voice behavior. To better understand voice behavior, we propose that voice behavior is driven by role identity and categorize employee voice into self-job-concerned voice and self-job-unconcerned voice. A theoretical model is developed and empirically tested using a sample of 231 supervisor–subordinate dyads collected in China. Results show that the level of organizational socialization is positively related to self-job-concerned voice and self-job-unconcerned voice. Organizational identification mediates the relationship between organizational socialization and employee self-job-unconcerned voice. Job involvement mediates the relationship between organizational socialization and self-job-concerned voice. However, we find that the mediating effect of organizational identification between organizational socialization and self-job-concerned voice is not supported. Implication and contributions are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a serial entrepreneur who achieved international market success with little industry-specific knowledge, networks, and resources was examined using the idea sets framework from the entrepreneurship literature to examine the processes of how entrepreneurs recognize and pursue opportunities in international markets.
Abstract: Despite burgeoning research in international entrepreneurship (IE), very little is known about the processes of how entrepreneurs recognize and pursue opportunities in international markets To provide an answer to this “opportunity process gap,” we drew on the idea sets framework from the entrepreneurship literature to longitudinally examine a serial entrepreneur who achieved international market success with little industry-specific knowledge, networks, and resources The research demonstrates the efficacy of the new approach as a lens and methodological framework to advance process-driven explanations and research in IE These preliminary results reveal a new concept labeled here as opportunity portfolio processing, which involves discovery, creation, prototyping, pruning, and broadening of opportunity sets, that underpins the fundamental processes but not previously documented mechanisms in IE Our study allowed us to induce a set of IE opportunity portfolio measures—volume, flow rate, novelty, magnitude, and geographical coverage—that offers an alternative framework for measuring and predicting IE performance In developing the arguments, we present six findings including the role of prior history that, taken together, move us closer to an opportunity portfolio perspective in IE

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize previous research and more closely analyze data from seven previously published papers that reported separately on venture capital research in three emerging economies in Southeast Asia: Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Abstract: This paper assesses the development of formal and informal venture capital investing in the emerging Southeast Asian economies of Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. We study the investment strategies of both venture capitalists (formal investors) and business angels (informal investors) who face significant challenges when investing in emerging economies lacking the legal and financial institutions needed to support effective private equity investing. To do so, we synthesize previous research and more closely analyze data from seven previously-published papers that reported separately on venture capital research in three emerging economies in Southeast Asia. We developed summary tables for this paper based on our analysis of the data in each of the seven papers. All seven studies used a mixed-methods research methodology based on face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Based on our synthesis of the papers, we propose an investment strategy for both venture capitalists and business angels who are investing in emerging economies. This investment strategy is based on significant networking, in-depth due diligence and hands-on post-investment monitoring. The research provides several contributions. First, emerging economies in Southeast Asia represent some of the fastest-growing markets globally and accordingly need to receive increasing attention with respect to venture investing and private equity. Second, this paper applies institutional theory and examines the investment strategies of formal and informal venture capital investors, including business angels in Southeast Asia. Finally, our proposed investment strategy could be helpful as a model for venture investing in emerging economies and to suggest research on this key topic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a collectivistic culture perspective in achieving ambidexterity and aim to settle the nested paradox of innovation in the pair of personal drivers, that is, discipline versus passion.
Abstract: Can the collectivistic culture of an organization help manage the tension between explorative and exploitative innovation? Though recent studies have suggested contextual approaches to cope with the tension, we still lack an understanding regarding whether organizational culture can be a context vehicle in solving the tension and consequently in enabling ambidextrous innovation. Drawing upon organizational effectiveness theory, we seek to present a collectivistic culture perspective in achieving ambidexterity and aim to settle the nested paradox of innovation in the pair of personal drivers, that is, discipline versus passion. Based on 102 completed survey questionnaires from 60 high-tech clusters in China, we found that creating collectivistic culture within an organization can help alleviate the tension between exploration and exploitation in organizational learning and facilitate ambidextrous innovation within the firm. Moreover, the effect of collectivism on achieving ambidextrous innovation will be weakened in a centralized hierarchy system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effects of exploration and exploitation on organizational longevity and found an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between the extent of exploratory innovation and organizational longevity.
Abstract: This study investigates the effects of exploration and exploitation on organizational longevity. We ask two questions: (1) How does the balance between exploration and exploitation influence organizational longevity? and (2) How is the appropriate balance affected by organizational and environmental contexts? This study conceptualizes exploration and exploitation as two ends of a continuum in terms of innovation context and tests the hypotheses on balancing exploration and exploitation. An analysis of data from the Korean IT industry during 1981–2011 reveals an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between the extent of exploratory innovation and organizational longevity, providing support for the ambidexterity perspective. We further examine the moderating effects of competitive strategy and environmental dynamism on the relationship between exploratory innovation and organizational longevity. The results indicate that differentiation strategy moderated the exploration–longevity relationship and call for a contingency approach for a better understanding of performance implications of the exploration–exploitation balance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors conceptualized bribery decisions in terms of social dilemmas, that is, the acquisition of valuable assets for personal good vs. maintaining a fair and open mechanism for the collective common good.
Abstract: Corruption dampens social justice and can hurt consumer welfare through increases in transaction costs and perceived unfairness in resource distribution. This study examines the particular corruption practice of bribery. It conceptualizes bribery decisions in terms of social dilemmas, that is, the acquisition of valuable assets for personal good vs. maintaining a fair and open mechanism for the collective common good. To better understand this social dilemma, institutional uncertainty was incorporated to contextualize the decision situation. Combining both cognitive and emotional mechanisms, the proposed model deliberates the psychological process of the social dilemma, particularly the contradiction between social values and selfinterests as well as their influences on ethical emotions such as shame and fear. A double loop model is further proposed to elucidate the societal dynamics of bribery decisions, which suggests a solution to reduce the likelihood of the social dilemma by governing the social consequences of bribery, enhancing social value, decreasing the uncertainty level of institutions, and intensifying emotional inhibition, where managing the levels of institutional uncertainty center the dynamics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigated the influence of specific macro-level socio-cultural and business ideology factors upon the triple-bottom-line of corporate responsibility (CR) across the BRIC countries, and investigated the meso-level trending similarities/differences in CR attitudes within and across these countries for both present generation and future generation business professionals.
Abstract: Research on corporate responsibility (CR), a topic that has grown in importance over the past few decades, has focused primarily on developed countries. In this study, we look to the future and direct our attention to the values/attitudes of business professionals in two high-growth economies of the Asia Pacific; namely, China and India. These two countries, coupled with Brazil and Russia, make up the BRIC countries, which together and individually are increasingly becoming integral members of the global economic powerbase. Our attention in this paper is upon the triple-bottom-line—economic, social, and environmental—of CR. Using crossvergence theory as our theoretical foundation, we investigate the influence of specific macro-level socio-cultural and business ideology factors upon the triple-bottom-line of CR across the BRICs. We also investigated the meso-level trending similarities/differences in CR attitudes within and across these countries for both present generation and future generation business professionals. At the macro-level, we found that socio-cultural values were the best predictor of CR attitudes. At the generational level, we found that the future generation in these developing/transitioning countries placed more importance on economic CR than on social or environmental CR. In sum, the BRIC countries provide potentially fruitful contexts for future research, for which this study lays a foundation.