Showing papers in "Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences in 2016"
TL;DR: Dental Caries is a chronic disease that results from an imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial acid production, buffering action from saliva and the surrounding tooth structure as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common important global oral health problems in the world today. It is the destruction of dental hard acellular tissue by acidic by-products from the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates especially sucrose. It progresses slowly in most of the people which results from an ecological imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms which is characterised by microbial activity, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial acid production, buffering action from saliva and the surrounding tooth structure. The microbial community of caries is diverse and contains many facultatively and obligately-anaerobic bacteria. S. mutans is the most primary associated with it. Dental caries can affect the human in various ways i.e. presence of tooth pain, infection or dysfunction of the stomatognathic system can limit the necessary ingestion of energetic foods, affecting the growth in children and adults as well as their learning, communication skills and recreational activities. Moreover, oral and pharyngeal cancers and oral tissue lesions are also significant health concern. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and Ludwig angina can be life-threatening. Due to this, treatment is needed for dental diseases which cost is normally high and is not feasible for all community due to limited resources such as time, person and money. Therefore, prevention is more affordable. Personal hygiene cares and dietary modification should be recommended.
41 citations
TL;DR: Chalcones are 1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one, in which two aromatic rings are linked by a three carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system.
Abstract: Chalcone is an aromatic ketone that forms a central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are collectively known as chalcones. They possess different activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti tumor etc depending on the substitution made on them. Chalcones are 1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one, in which two aromatic rings are linked by a three carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system.These are abundant in edible plants and are considered to be precursors of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Chalcones possess conjugated double bonds and a completely delocalized Π-electron system on both benzene rings. Molecules possessing such system have relatively low redox potentials and have a greater probability of undergoing electron transfer reactions. The compounds with the backbone of chalcones have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti platelet, anti ulcerative, anti malarial, anticancer, antiviral, anti leishmanial, antioxidant, anti tubercular, anti hyperglycemic, immunomodulatory, inhibition of chemical mediators release, inhibition of leukotriene B4, inhibition of tyrosinase and inhibition of aldose reductase activities. The presence of a reactive alpha, beta -unsatutated keto function in chalcones is found to be responsible for their antimicrobial activity. In this paper through reviewing different biological significance of chalcones and their derivatives have been reported along with their chemistry and of synthesis. Synthetically or chemically chalcones are synthesized by two reactions: a) Aldol condensation and b) Claisen Schmidt condensation. But here is a focus on chalcones synthesized by Claisen Schmidt condensation which involves the condensation between an aromatic aldehyde or ketone with an aliphatic ketone or aldehyde catalysed by the presence of dilute alkali or acid to form alpha beta unsaturated compound.
34 citations
TL;DR: Adding Spirulina platensis improved growth performance, immunity and can be decreased adverse effect stress on chickens under heat stress condition is indicated.
Abstract: This work was performed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis levels and vitamin E under heat stress on the performance, some physiological and blood biochemical constituents, antioxidant and immune responses traits of growing chickens. A total of 150 male Gimmizah local strain chicks (4 weeks of age) were randomly distributed among five treatment groups in battery brooder placed in a temperature-controlled room until 14 weeks of age. The first treatment was fed the basal diet only without any supplementation and kept in the first sector under optimum temperature 22-24oC and relative humidity (RH) 45-55 % (normal) used as negative control. Whereas, the other four treatments were kept in the last sector under chronic heat stress condition (38°C±1; 55-65 % RH) for three successive days a week from 11.00 am until 15.00 pm. The first heat stress group was fed the basal diet only without any supplementation and used as positive control (PC). Whereas in the other three treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with Spirulina platensis at levels (0.5 and 1 g/kg diet) and vitamin E (75 mg/kg diet). The results indicated that different supplementations as Spirulina and VE decreased adverse effect of heat stress on growth performance and blood total protein, albumin, globulin, createinin, ALT, AST, total lipids, LDL, WBCs, RBCs, immunity of Chickens. In conclusion, addition of Spirulina platensis improved growth performance, immunity and can be decreased adverse effect stress on chickens under heat stress condition.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a self-Nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was proposed for ezetimibe and evaluated in vitro and in vivo potential.
Abstract: The present work was aimed at formulating and physicochemical characterization SNEDDS (self Nano emulsifying drug delivery system) of ezetimibe and evaluating its in vitro and in vivo potential. The solubility of both drugs was determined in excipient screening studies. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were used to evaluate the Nano emulsification existence area, composed of different surfactants, co surfactants, and oils at different surfactant to-cosurfactant (S/CoS) ratios, and the system exhibiting the largest percentage area of the self-Nano emulsifying region was selected and optimum oil ratio in the SNEDDS was selected by evaluating the clarity, precipitation and mean droplet size of the resultant Nanoemulsions. The release rate of ezetimibe was investigated using an in vitro dissolution test. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the SNEDDS composed of Peceol (20% wt/wt), Tween 80 (30% wt/wt), Ethanol (30% wt/wt), and ezetimibe (20% wt/wt) had higher initial dissolution rates for both drugs when compared with plain EZT. More importantly, EZT SNEDDS had a significantly increased dissolution profile in distilled water and pH 4.0 acetate buffer, implying enhanced bioavailability. The underlying mechanism of the loading capacity of EZT was elucidated by measurement of the zeta potential analysis. The results implied that EZT was located both in the Nanoemulsion core and the surfactant–cosurfactant layer. Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of EZT SNEDDS was investigated in terms of C max, tmax and AUC using rats. The SNEDDS formulation significantly increases pharmacokinetics parameter as compared with plain ezetimibe. The optimized formulation was then subjected to stability studies and was found to be stable over 6 months. Thus, the study confirmed that the SNEDDS formulation can be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of ezetimibe to improve its bioavailability
13 citations
TL;DR: It was found that the females were more prone to UTI than males and all antibiotics used in present study except Cotrimoxazole and Nalidixic acid could be the choice for empirical treatment of UTI.
Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections of the world caused by mainly Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to identify E. coli as causative agent of UTI in patient of different age groups and to investigate their responses against commonly used antibiotics. Altogether, 480 urine samples were analyzed by culture method. The samples were equally streaked on Blood agar, MacConkey, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar and then incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation, E. coli was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics of colony on culture media. For further confirmation of the presence of E. coli, Gram staining and conventional biochemical tests were also performed. Disk diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing against seventeen different antibiotics on Muller Hinton agar. Among the 480 urine samples, 81 samples were positive for E. coli. It was found that the females were more prone to UTI than males. The result of antibiotic sensitivity test on E. coli isolates demonstrated that they were highly sensitive to Amikacin, Gentamycin, Netilmycin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Pipracillin-Tazobactam, Tobramycin, Nitrofurantoin , Azithromycin, Levofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin. E. coli was found intermediate sensitive to third-generation Cephalosporins such as Cefixime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone and least sensitive to Cotrimoxazole and Nalidixic acid. Thus, all antibiotics used in present study except Cotrimoxazole and Nalidixic acid, could be the choice for empirical treatment of UTI.
12 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Carissa carandas Linn. (Karonda) is a native plant of Indo-Malaysia, which is best known for its fruits, which contain about 75 percent juicy edible pulp.
Abstract: Carissa carandas Linn. (Karonda) a native plant of Indo-Malaysia is best known for its fruits, which contain about 75 percent juicy edible pulp. The acidic pulp is a common ingredient in culinary preparations such as condiments, curries, beverages, jams in countries where the plant grows naturally. The fruit is pickled in salt solution which is rich of minerals, acids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, vitamins, peptides and sugars. Ripe fruit is full of acids and micro and macro nutrients which combine well with sugars, and used to prepare a variety of jam. It is now considered as a valuable source of several unique products for the medicines against various diseases and also for the development of some industrial products. The present review includes comprehensive information on the chemical constituents, traditional uses, pharmacological actions and nutraceutical values of raw material and processed products. Karonda is relatively a new item yet to explore the full potential and a fruit that needs promotion and publicity in the international markets.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, spherical agglomeration was carried out in the presence of different bridging liquids (hexane, octanol, dichloromethane) and polymers (Carboxymethyl Celluose Sodium [Na CMC] and Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose [HPMC]).
Abstract: Spherical crystallization technique combines crystallization followed by agglomeration to generate spherical crystals with improved micromeretic properties, thus obviating need for further processing by agglomeration and granulation. The present study was focused on spherical crystallization of an antihelmentic drug Albendazole (ABZ) using spherical crystallization technique. Apart from being poorly water-soluble, ABZ exhibits poor flow and compressibility owing to its needle shaped crystal habit and electrostatic charge. Spherical agglomeration was carried out in the presence of different bridging liquids (hexane, octanol, dichloromethane) and polymers (Carboxymethyl Celluose Sodium [Na CMC] and Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose [HPMC]), by employing different crystallization conditions such as variation of polymer type, polymer concentration, variation of bridging liquid, bridging liquid concentration, rate of stirring and stirring time. The final parameters were optimized to obtain crystals for the formulation of tablet through direct compression. The agglomerates exhibited better flow properties, higher bulk density and improved compressibility compared to pure powder drug. Spherical crystals generated in the presence of Sodium CMC and HPMC indicated better compressibility of spherical crystals than the spherical crystals prepared with organic solvents in the absence of Sodium CMC and HPMC.
10 citations
TL;DR: It has been found that Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers, and the majorly observed site of the ulcer pain is the epigastrium.
Abstract: Peptic ulcer disease refers to painful sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Peptic ulcers are present in around 4% of the population.They newly began in around 53 million people in 2014. To understand the basis etiology and pathogenesis of the fundamental efforts and basic knowledge is required. The study has planned with following objective to understand the distribution of peptic ulcers. The 40 peptic ulcer disease patients were enrolled in to the study. The age group of the patients are from 20-70 years. The patients visited to Out Patient Department (OPD) and in-patient department (IPD) of a tertiary care hospital in North India were considered in the study. From the study it has been found that Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers. The comments age of the ulcers are above 30 years. The majorly observed site of the ulcer pain is the epigastrium. The burning & the hunger is the commonest type of pain observed in the Duodenal ulcer. All patients suffering from the ulcers are doing smoking as well as alcohol consumption. The previous regular consumptions of the NSAID’s & Steroids are the also one of the factors for the duodenal & gastric ulcers.
9 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Lack of awareness, improper hand washing after defecation, not taking anti- parasitic drug and unsafe drinking water was some of the predisposing factors for parasitic infection among school children of Kathmandu Valley.
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Intestinal parasitic infection such as amoebiasis, ascariasis, ancylostomiasis and trichuriasis are one of the major health problems in children developing countries like Nepal. Around 450 million children are ill due to these infections. Therefore, this study was focused to find out the present situation of the parasitic infections among school children of Kathmandu Valley. Methods: A total of 507 stool samples from healthy students were collected in dry, clean and screw capped plastic container and were preserved with 10% formalin. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on predisposing factors. The stool samples were examined by direct microscopy and confirmed by concentration methods. Modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining was performed for the detection of coccidian parasites. Results: The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection was 58.77% (Boys=61.85% vs. Girls=53.84%). The highest number of parasitic infection occurred between 6 to 10 years aged (62.84%) and was statistically significant (p=0.001). Entamoeba histolytica was found to be predominant parasites to cause parasitic infection. The type of infection in relation to gender was to be statistically significant (p=0.001). The parasitic infection was found more in dalit children and in symptomatic children. The parasitic infection rate was found higher in not using anti-parasitic drug (72.28%) than the drug users (37.08%). Conclusion: Lack of awareness, improper hand washing after defecation, not taking anti- parasitic drug and unsafe drinking water was some of the predisposing factors. Improvements in personal hygiene and sanitation, water supplies, health education and socio-economic status will help to prevent from intestinal parasitic infection.
8 citations
TL;DR: To evaluate the etiology, clinical presentation of chronic pancreatitis in children, the patients astroenterology department of hospital in North India were considered and the complete physical examination was done.
Abstract: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterised by pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis the endpoint of which is destruction of pancreatic parenchyma with eventual loss of exocrine and endocrine function. Yet the syndrome is well considered in adults, there is incomplete data in children and adolescents; and most of the described series include small number of subjects. Hence study was conducted to evaluate the etiology, clinical presentation of chronic pancreatitis in children. The age group of the patients are upto 18 years. The patients astroenterology department of hospital in North India were considered in the study. All the patient’s clinical history were collected. Also the complete physical examination was done. Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis is the principal type of chronic pancreatitis in children and adolescents. It can present with or without calcification. The calcific variety is an aggressive disease characterized by early morphological and functional damage to the pancreas
8 citations
TL;DR: The study finding conclude that the serum lipid profile shoed noticeable increase in the nephrotic syndrome in Indian patients, and it also observed that neph rotic patients are having hyperlipidaemia.
Abstract: Nephrotic syndrome is a set of indications that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and swelling. Nephrotic syndrome is affected by changed disorders that damage the kidneys. This impairment leads to the release of too much protein in the urine. Hyperlipidemia is a common finding in nephrotic syndrome. There is increased total Cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and low or normal HDL. It has been noted that certain factors like diet, malnutrition, genetic traits etc., are known to alter the frequency and severity of lipid pattern. The Indian patient has a different dietary, constitutional and genetic background. An attempt was also made to correlate the degree of proteinuria and hypoproteinemia, with the rise in serum lipid values in cases of nephrotic syndrome. This is a Cross sectional study in which 30 Normal patients and 30 patients with nephrotic syndrome aged 25-65 years old. The Serum Protein & Serum lipid profiles of the admitted patients were evaluated. There was a significant increase in Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDC & TG. There was significant decrease in Serum Total Protein, Serum Albumin & Serum globulin in Nephrotic patients when compared to Controls. The study finding conclude that the serum lipid profile shoed noticeable increase in the nephrotic syndrome in Indian patients. It also observed that nephrotic patients are having hyperlipidaemia. This hyperlipidaemia may progress in to the cardiovascular diseases. Hence the lipid profile in the nephrotic syndrome must be monitored for better management of the diseases.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that three materials showed sufficient radiopacity, the only exception is the lower Radiopacity of PC, and ZO could be considered as an alternative radiopacifier to be added in PC, without changing the ability of sealing the furcal perforations.
Abstract: This study was designed to evaluater adiopacity, interface micrographs, and leakage mediated by zirconium oxide (ZO) placed into white Portland cement (PC) as a furcal perforation sealing material. Perforations were created in the floors of pulp chambers in 56 freshly human maxillary and mandibular molars and randomly divided into four experimental groups, each containing 12 teeth, and a negative control group containing 8 teeth. The experimental groups were prepared using 20% ZO plus PC, PC, ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and 20% bismuth oxideplus PC. First, radiopacity was assessed through X-ray. Second, the concentration of leaked glucose was measured at day 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, and 21 using a glucose oxidase method. Third, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we showed the interface between each material and teeth. The data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results suggest that three materials showed sufficient radiopacity, the only exception is the lower radiopacity of PC, and ZO could be considered as an alternative radiopacifier to be added in PC, without changing the ability of sealing the furcal perforations.
TL;DR: The present microbiological study has determined the commonest bacteria responsible for the post-operative wound infectons were S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli.
Abstract: Postoperative wound infection is a severe problem in the surgical specialties, which can cause mortality, morbidity and economic burden. In most post-operative SSIs the causative pathogens originate from endogenous flora of the patient’s skin, mucous membranes or hollow viscera. Objectives of the present study were to study the frequency of various types of bacteria. The study was carried out in general ward of the North Indian hospitals. The samples from the 50 post-operative patients were evaluated for the study. Samples were taken from the patients during the period of surgical wound dressing before the wound was cleaned with antiseptic solution. The swab was inoculated onto plates of MacConkey agar and 5% Sheep blood agar by rolling the swab over the agar and streaked. These plates were incubated at 37° C for 24- 48hours. The present microbiological study has determined the commonest bacteria responsible for the post-operative wound infectons. There was predominance of commonly isolated bacterial species were S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli.
TL;DR: In the present study various types of abortions constituted the commonest cause of first trimester bleeding, and ultrasound helped in establishing correct diagnosis timey and decides the line of management.
Abstract: Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester has been estimated to occur in 16% of all pregnant women, while the frequency of spontaneous abortion is traditionally estimated as 10-20%. The clinical approach though helpful is of limited value. Despite the latest technological developments and laboratory diagnosis the desired goal of early recognition is not achieved. The objective of the study to evaluate role of ultrasound in patients with first trimester vaginal bleeding. Hospital based study. A total of 100 cases presented with complaint of bleeding per vaginum during first trimester, were enrolled for study. Ultrasonographic examinations were done per abdominally by using ultrasound equipment. The data showed that it is the common problem in 20-30 age pregnant womens. In the present study various types of abortions constituted the commonest cause of first trimester bleeding. All cases the cases were diagnosed correctly on ultrasonography with 100% sensitivity and accuracy and managed appropriately. So ultrasound helped in establishing correct diagnosis timey and decides the line of management.
TL;DR: SEM study show formation of pores on tablet surface after sublimation of the sublimating agent, thus providing a sufficiently porous structure that permitted the selection of a batch of tablets with desired disintegration time and improved dissolution rate after oral administration.
Abstract: The objective of present study was to formulate directly compressible orodispersible tablets of quetiapine fumarate by sublimation method with a view to enhance patient compliance. A full 32 factorial design was used to investigate the effect of two variables viz., concentration of Indion 414 and camphor. Indion 414 (3-5 % w/w) was used as superdisintegrant and camphor (5-15 % w/w) as subliming agent. The tablets were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, content uniformity, wetting time, porosity, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro drug release. In vitro dissolution profile revealed faster and maximum drug from formulation F3. SEM study show formation of pores on tablet surface after sublimation of the sublimating agent, thus providing a sufficiently porous structure. This permitted the selection of a batch of tablets with desired disintegration time and improved dissolution rate after oral administration. The F3 batch containing the Indion 414 (5%) and Camphor (5%) w/w of total formulation weight had shown good the disintegration time of 18.66 seconds and with improved dissolution rate and desirable friability. Further studies will be required to evaluate the performance of dosage form in vivo and In Vitro In vivo Correlation. Keywords : Orodispersible tablet, factorial design, Indion 414, sublimation, quetiapine fumarate
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The unpredictable chronic mild stress paradigm used in the study enhanced oxidative stress in testis and causes histological damages that N. lotus treatment significantly minimize.
Abstract: Stress has been associated with various diseases such as harms the heart system, nervous system, affect the level of hormone, but also morphology and function of testis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate protective properties of Nymphaea lotus (N. lotus), against deleterious effects induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) on testes of albino male rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups as one non-stressed group and four stressed groups (n = 5 in each group). The stressed groups were exposed to 14 days of CMS, receiving concomitantly and respectively, distilled water (10 mL/kg), Yohimbine (2 mg/kg) and N. lotus at the level of 75 and 200 mg/kg. The reproductive organs weight, oxidative stress markers, and histoarchitecture of the testis were examined. Exposition to CMS to the male rats caused no significant changes in the relative weight of testis, but affects its histoarchitecture, that is preserved in stressed rats treated with N. lotus. Further CMS significantly declined the amount of Nitrites (P<0.05), GSH (P<0.05) and SOD (P<0.001) levels and increase up to 16.25% the level of testicular lipid peroxidation when compared to unstressed rats. N. lotus at the both doses significantly reduced (P<0.001 for 75 mg/kg and P<0.01 for 200 mg/kg) MDA levels in comparison to stressed rats, suggesting an lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect of our plant. The unpredictable chronic mild stress paradigm used in our study enhanced oxidative stress in testis and causes histological damages that N. lotus treatment significantly minimize.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and validated a simple, fast, precise, selective and accurate RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Ramipril(RAM), Aspirin (ASP) and Simvastatin (SIM) in a Pharmaceutical dosage form.
Abstract: Objective: The objective of present work was to develop and validate a simple, fast, precise, selective and accurate RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination Ramipril(RAM), Aspirin (ASP) and Simvastatin (SIM) in a Pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: The separation of these three drugs was achieved on a SHISHEDO C 18 , 250×4.6mm, 5 micron size column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.5% Ortho phosphoric acid :ACN:Methanol(20:10:70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1ml/min and UV detection at 226nm. Results: The retention times were observed to be 2.1, 2.7 and 9.6 minutes for Ramipril (RAM), Aspirin (ASP) and Simvastatin (SIM) respectively. Linearity was found to be 5-15μg/ml, 50-150μg/ml, 20-60μg/ml for Ramipril(RAM), Aspirin(ASP)and Simvastatin(SIM) respectively. The method was statistically validated for linearity, recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision. The stress testing of the drugs individually and their mixture is carried out under acidic, alkaline, oxidation, photo-stability and thermal degradation conditions and its degradation products are well resolved from the analyte peaks Conclusion: This method was successfully validated for accuracy, precision, and linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Keywords: Ramipril(RAM), Aspirin (ASP) Simvastatin (SIM)reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was observed that the alkaloid palmatine demonstrated some important pharmacological actions, including related to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, primarily for the treatment of AD.
Abstract: Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years for the treatment of numerous diseases becoming an important source in the search for new drugs. Among the substances, palmatine, arising from natural sources, an alkaloid has been investigated with regard to their pharmacological actions and has demonstrated promising activity for the treatment of various diseases highlighting Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to verify the state of the art and technique on palmatine with emphasis on their pharmacological activity in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo which makes it promising in developing new drugs, primarily for the treatment of AD. 164 studies were found using the keywords "palmatine", "palmatine", "palmatine activity" and "activity palmatine". Patent deposit was not observed. The palmatine shown promising pharmacological activities, including: anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive, anti-pyretic, among others. Thus, it was observed that the alkaloid demonstrated some important pharmacological actions, including related to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
TL;DR: The study was done to study the morphology and other characteristics of the human foetal spleen at different gestational ages to help in the different medical as well as surgical conditions.
Abstract: The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) and the immune system. The study was done to study the morphology and other characteristics of the human foetal spleen at different gestational ages. The Foetal spleens from the aborted foetus were collected for the study. The data on various characters like length, width, thickness and weight of spleens were measured in present study. The data generated is helpful in the different medical as well as surgical conditions. As it is a haemolymph organ and belongs to the reticulo endothelial system.
TL;DR: The results show that the antifertility effect is expressed as abortifacient activity which is dose dependent increasing with higher dose.
Abstract: Amaranthus viridis L. is a commonly growing herb, mainly used as leafy vegetable. The vegetable is a medicinal food used in urinary problems. Roots are known for its antifertility activity in Ayurveda. The term antifertility many times is used loosely in ethnic literature denoting abortifacient, antiimplantation and antiovulatory activity. Aqueous root extract was administered orally at the dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg body weight respectively for 5 days from 11-15 days of pregnancy to female albino rats. The results show that the antifertility effect is expressed as abortifacient activity which is dose dependent increasing with higher dose.
TL;DR: High incidence of thyroid dysfunction in females with subclinical hypothyroidism indicates that it still exists as a public health problem in Sikkim regardless of the implementation of iodized salt program since the last decade.
Abstract: The thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrine disorders Sikkim lies in the severely iodine deficient zone This was a hospital based cross-sectional study The serum samples were used to check the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) Out of 674 patients with suspected thyroid dysfunction, 83% were Euthyroid followed by 10 % of patients having subclinical hypothyroidism The incidence subclinical hyperthyroidism (1%) were lowest Females were found to be maximum with thyroid disorders The datas were represented as percentage and mean ± SD Thyroid hormones were compared among the different thyroid disorder by One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) High incidence of thyroid dysfunction in females with subclinical hypothyroidism indicates that it still exists as a public health problem in Sikkim regardless of the implementation of iodized salt program since the last decade
TL;DR: In this article, the aqueous extract of Areca catechu nut was analyzed for the varieties of phytochemicals and the total tannin content was also quantified.
Abstract: Herbal medicines are respected for its medicinal values through generations. Areca catechu is commonly called as betel nut belonging to the family Arecaceae. Phytochemicals are the non-nutritive substances that protect the plant and human beings from diseases when consumed. In the present investigation, the aqueous extract of Areca catechu nut was analysed for the varieties of phytochemicals and the total tannin content was also quantified. The presence of saponin, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, steroid, alkaloid and protein were recorded in the aqueous extract of Areca catechu nut whereas acid and triterpenoid recorded their absence. Total tannin content was found to be 95.3 mg TE/g. Hence, it is proposed that Areca catechu nut may possess medicinal properties against human diseases.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Several screenings with extract and constituents isolated of Brazilian plants, as well as essential oils and their constituents as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI), being suggested as promising for elaboration of new herbal medicines are brought.
Abstract: In the literature, there is a growing search for new inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in extracts and essential oils of plants. Inhibition of AChE increases the acetylcholine concentration in the synapse, region of communication between neurons in the brain, which would decrease and retard the progression of symptoms in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This article brings several screenings with extract and constituents isolated of Brazilian plants, as well as essential oils and their constituents as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI), being suggested as promising for elaboration of new herbal medicines. Promising pre-clinical studies were conducted with compounds isolated from some of these Brazilian species namely Platonia insignis (bacurizeiro), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus sinensis (orange), Mangifera indica (mango) and Kalanchoe brasiliensis (courama branca), for the prevention or progression of AD.
TL;DR: Both the lower and higher dose of AJEO has shown dose dependent significant decrease in Transfer latency (TL) by EPM and decrease in AChE activity in brain estimation which in terms indicate improved learning and memory when compared with scopolamine group.
Abstract: Two doses (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o) of the Albizia julibrissin essential oil (AJEO) were subjected for the evaluation of learning and memory enhancing activity against amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4mg/kg, i.p) in young mice. Piracetam (400 mg/kg i.p) was served as standard in both the models. Biochemical parameter like Anticholinesterase activity was evaluated. Both the lower (100mg/kg) and higher dose (200mg/kg) of AJEO has shown dose dependent significant decrease in Transfer latency (TL) by EPM and decrease in AChE activity in brain estimation which in terms indicate improved learning and memory when compared with scopolamine group. Sub-acute treatment (long term) was more significant than acute treatment (short term) on learning and memory enhancing activity.
TL;DR: The Histopathological study of the endometrium showed Proliferative Endometrium as prominent histopathological pattern in 18 patients and its correlation with clinical condition is planned.
Abstract: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the common presenting complains in the Gynaecology outpatient department in all age groups. Histopathological evaluation of the endometrial samples plays a significant role in the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. The study is planned to evaluate the pathological conditions in endometrium of the patients having abnormal uterine bleeding and its correlation with clinical condition. The 50 women’s having age from 20-60 history of abnormal uterine bleeding was studied. Endometrial tissue collected by sampling procedure such as Dilatation and Curettage (D&C),endometrial biopsies had been sent to the pathology lab for evaluation. The histopathological study of the endometrium showed Proliferative Endometrium as prominent histopathological pattern in 18 patients. Secretory Phase was seen in 12 womens, Endometrial Hyperplasia is seen in 8, Menstrual Phase observed in 3 patients. Atrophic Endometrium was followed in 7 patients followed by Endometrial Metaplasia in 2 patients.
TL;DR: The cystic swellings of scrotum are one among the common surgical problem in all age group and various modalities of management and outcome of these with least complications are identified.
Abstract: The cystic swellings of scrotum are one among the common surgical problem in all age group. Objective of this study is to identify the cause, mode of presentation, various modalities of management and outcome of these with least complications. A total of 30 cases of cystic swellings of scrotum fulfilling the methodology criteria were subjected to preformatted study. Final diagnosis was made with clinical examination and ultrasound. All 50 cases were treated surgically. Most of the patients were in age group of 31-40 years, common presenting feature being scrotal swelling. Primary vaginal hydrocele was the commonest cystic swelling followed by epididymal cyst, sebaceous cyst, haematocoele, pyocoele. Most of the patients were discharged around 8th Post-operative day. All of the cystic swellings were treated surgically with good results.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of methanol and n-hexane extracts of the leaves of Pistia stratiotes and confirmed that the aquatic plant contains some natural compounds that could be used as antioxidants.
Abstract: Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history and many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies A large number of trado-medical uses were attributed to the Pistia stratiotes particularly the leaves. The root was applied as emollient and diuretic, while leaves infusions have been used for treatment of dropsy, kidney afflictions, dysentery, anaemia, eczema, leprosy, piles and syphilis and when boiled in coconut oil was applied externally in chronic skin infections. Current study was aimed at investigating the phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of methanol and n-hexane extracts of the leaves of Pistia stratiotes. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric at 517 nm using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical mechanism with Vitamin C as reference standard. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, reducing sugars, glycosides, deoxy sugars, resins and saponins. However, anthraquinones and volatile oils were not detected, while detection of phenolic compounds in extracts was confirmed by the positive test for flavonoids. From calibration curves, linearity of absorbance and % inhibition with concentration of Vitamin C was 0.9687 and 0.9685 respectively. Also, the linearity of absorbance with concentration of methanol and n-hexane extracts was 0.9528 and 0.9263 respectively. Also the linear correlation between the % inhibition and concentrations of methanol and n-hexane extracts were 0.9554 and 0.9520 respectively. In this study, hexane shows a better antioxidant activity (32.5-53.1%) than methanol extracts (31.5-43.4%) at 20-200μg/ml. Optimum inhibition of n-hexane extract (60.3%) was lower when compared to Vitamin C (93.4 %) at 300.0μg/ml. The IC50 for methanol and n-hexane extracts were 203.1 and 155.7μg/ml respectively, indicating a moderate antioxidant activity when compared to Vitamin C (13.9μg/ml). The results of this study confirms that the aquatic plant contain some natural compounds that could be used as antioxidants.
TL;DR: The results of biochemical analysis of the whole tissue of clam Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin) shows that the clam species is a good alternative food source to fish and can be very well exploited after its toxicity evaluation.
Abstract: The present work investigates the potential use of the whole tissue of clam Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin) as a food source in a coastal region of India. In order to evaluate its food value, a detailed biochemical analysis of the whole tissue has been carried out. The results of biochemical analysis show very high protein content (26.32%), Carbohydrate (11.23%) and lipid (1.29%). The protein consists of 10 essential and 9 non essential amino acids which are as follows (Lysine 14.36%, Histidine 9.02, Methionine 8.92 %) and (Alanine 5.94%, Aspartic acid 4.98, Asparagine 3.79, Tyrosine 3.52 and Proline 3.21%) are the predominant essential amino and non essential amino acids. G. divaricatum consists of 6 different fatty acids out of which 2 are saturated fatty acids (SFA), one monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and three polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). SFA, MUFA and PUFA content was 27.18, 11.02, 12.47, 17.96, 11.38 and 11.38% respectively in fat (1.29 gm/100gm). In addition it contains Vitamins such as Vitamin A (112.3 IU), Vitamin C (24.11 mg/g), D (13.96 IU), B12 (1.98μg/g.), E (1.14 mg/g), K (0.59 mg/g) and B6 (0.31mg/g). Mineral composition of whole tissue showed presence of Calcium 312.74 mg/g, Sodium 89.93mg/g, Magnesium 61.11 mg/g, Potassium 21.38 mg/g as major and Copper 1.43, iron 1.37 and zinc 0.38 mg/g as minor quantity. The test for secondary metabolites shows the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, terpenes, carotenoids and steroids. This shows that the clam species is a good alternative food source to fish and can be very well exploited after its toxicity evaluation. The presence of secondary metabolites will have some medicinal values like hepatoprotective activity and anti oxidant activity which is currently under investigation.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results obtained are critical for developing systems of release of diverse drug, thus, enabling the attainment of the requisite physiological effects on tissues and organs of humans.
Abstract: Context: Novel poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based systems for controlled release of anti-inflammatory drug has been studied.
Methods: Ibuprofen diffusion processes determine the rate of the release at the early stages of the contact of the system with the environment (the first 6-8 h). The coefficient of the release diffusion of a drug depends on its nature, the thickness of the poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate) films containing the drug, the concentrations of Ibuprofen, and the molecular weight of the poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate). The use of central composite design (CCD) is used to map the optimal composition range for process parameters; this technique is mainly used to map the optimum ER Tablets. PHB base ER tablet of ibuprofen was prepared by direct compression technique and characterized by physicochemical parameters. The prepared tablets were evaluated physical properties hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro drug release.
Results and discussion: The drug release pattern, kinetic profiles as well as the low rate of IF release from the tablet is in satisfactory agreement with kinetics of weight loss measured in vitro for the PHB Tablet.
Conclusion: The results obtained are critical for developing systems of release of diverse drug, thus, enabling the attainment of the requisite physiological effects on tissues and organs of humans.
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid and sensitive HTLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of Linezolid in human plasma using an internal standard (cetirizine hydrochloride) with an advanced online sample preparation.
Abstract: A rapid and sensitive HTLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of Linezolid in human plasma using an internal standard (cetirizine hydrochloride) with an advanced online sample preparation. This HTLC technique reduces the time required for sample cleanup since sample extraction and analysis are performed. A 10μl of prepared sample is directly injected into the HTLC-MS/MS system where analyte was retained on the extraction column (Cyclone P 50 × 0.5mm, 50μm) and washed away the waste with the help of extraction solvent. Then the analyte was eluted from the extraction column and transferred to the analytical column (Zorbex XDB C18 50 × 2.1mm, 5μm) using mobile phase of the mixture of 0.5% formic acid, 10mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile. The eluted analyte was then detected on mass spectrometer with ESI ion source and a positive selective reaction monitoring mode (SRM). The SRM transitions were m/z 383.20 → 337.20 for Linezolid and m/z 389.10 → 201.01 for internal standard. The developed method was validated as per USFDA guidelines. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.409 – 20.310 ng/ml. The within batch and between batch accuracy for the three concentrations (LQC, MQC and HQC) were ranged from 98 -110.6% and 98 .6 – 108.3% respectively. The % RSD for all the QC samples was ranged from 3.0 – 8.1%. The percentage recovery of linezolid in HQC (16ng/ml), MQC (13ng/ml) and LQC (1,1ng/ml) was 60.3, 73 and 86.45% respectively. Stability studies were also performed and the results were within the acceptance range. This method was applied to the measurement of linezolid in human plasma and pharmacokinetic study.