Showing papers in "Atmospheric Environment in 2000"

TL;DR: The present status of knowledge of the gas phase reactions of inorganic Ox, Hox and NOx species and of selected classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their degradation products in the troposphere is discussed in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, it is recommended that standard O 3 models include in their chemical mechanisms the following reaction probability parameterizations for reactive uptake of gases by aqueous aerosols and clouds: γ HO 2 =0.2 (range 0.1-1) for HO 2 → 0.5 H 2 O 2, γ NO 2 =10 −4 (10 −6 −10 −3 ) for NO 2 → HNO 3, and γ N 2 O 5 → 2 H NO 3.

TL;DR: A review of the current state of organic aerosol sampling, analysis, and simulation, examines the limitations of current technology, and presents prospects for the future is provided in this article, where the emphasis is on distilling findings from recent atmospheric, smog chamber, and theoretical studies to provide a coherent picture of what has been accomplished, especially during the last five years.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the literature on the analysis of profile measurements and the use of parameterisations and simple models, and suggest for the preprocessor development and for future research activities.

TL;DR: The role of rapid in-air chemical reactions involving NO, NO2, and O3 is difficult to quantify comprehensively, and the effects of water from rain or dew on uptake of gases can be highly variable as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: A review of recent developments in atmospheric aerosol measurements can be found in this article, which focuses on measurements of aerosol integral properties (total number concentration, CCN concentration, optical coefficients, etc.), aerosol physical chemical properties (density, refractive index, equilibrium water content, etc.).

TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the magnitudes, distributions, controlling processes and uncertainties associated with North American natural emissions of oxidant precursors, including non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), that determine tropospheric oxidant concentrations.

TL;DR: In this paper, data from both 27 sites in the Atlanta mesonet surface meteorological network and eight National Weather Service sites were analyzed for the period from 26 July to 3 August 1996 for the six precipitation events over the city during the period (each on a different day) showed that its urban heat island induced a convergence zone that initiated three of the storms at different times of the day, i.e., 0630, 0845, and 1445 EDT.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present estimates of emissions of three major air pollutants in China: sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and carbon monoxide (CO).

TL;DR: In this article, the current Eulerian models are found to represent well the primary processes impacting the evolution of trace species in most cases, though some exceptions may exist, such as concentrated power plant plumes, which are treated only approximately.

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current understanding of the chemical mechanisms leading to the generation of secondary pollutants in the troposphere is provided, with particular emphasis on chemical processes occurring in the planetary boundary layer.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the contribution of cloud and fog processes to secondary organic aerosol formation, and they concluded that clouds and fog could be important contributors to organic particulate matter formation.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically measured emissions from 56 fuel/stove combinations in India and China, a large fraction of the combinations in use world-wide, and found that the total emissions per unit delivered energy were substantially greater from burning the solid fuels than from burning liquid or gaseous fuels, due to lower thermal and combustion efficiencies for solid-fuel and stove combinations.

TL;DR: The role of stratospheric}tropospheric exchange and photochemistry in the appearance of the spring ozone maximum is discussed in this article, and the evidence for various mechanisms for accumulation of ozone and its precursors are considered.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an integrated microphysical and dynamical picture of the global tropospher ic aerosol system by reviewing the microphysical processes and those elements of the general circulation that determine the size distribution and chemical composition of the aerosol.

TL;DR: In this paper, the number of particles from vehicle emissions were measured at increasing distances from a major road, ranging from 15 to 375 meters from the road, and the concentration of fine and ultrafine particles decays to around half of the maximum (measured at the closest point to the road) at a distance of approximately 100-150 meters from road.

TL;DR: In this article, the distribution and magnitudes of the global sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), and DMS are investigated.

TL;DR: Aerosol particles were collected in plumes of tropical forest and cerrado biomass burning fires in the Amazon Basin during August-September, 1992 as discussed by the authors, which is an important global source of aerosol particles to the atmosphere.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of atmospheric stability on flow in urban street canyons were studied using a stratified wind tunnel using a laser Doppler anemometer and a cold wire to measure the flow field and temperature within and above the street canyon.

TL;DR: In this article, TEOM data were used in conjunction with information gained from activity diaries completed by occupants to identify the sources of episodic elevated particle concentrations within the home, while the results indicated an important background contribution to indoor particulate matter from penetration of outdoor particles, indoor sources such as cooking, smoking, cleaning and general activity contributed substantially to indoor concentrations of PM10 and were the dominant source of episodesodic peaks in PM10.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a state-of-the-art analysis of the current state of dynamical models used as meteorological pre-processors, showing that useful simulations for real cases are feasible for scales at least as fine as 1.

TL;DR: In this article, the UK-based emission factors used in the calculation of that emission for a range of livestock classes, farm practices and fertiliser applications to agricultural land are presented.

TL;DR: A detailed literature review has been undertaken of the magnitude of non-agricultural sources of ammonia (NH 3 ) in the United Kingdom in 1996 as discussed by the authors, showing that the UK NH 3 emissions are approximately 283 kt.

TL;DR: In this article, a reduction in surface tension with respect to pure water was observed in wet aerosol and cloud/fog samples, which was positively correlated with the concentration of total soluble organic compounds in the samples.

TL;DR: Comparison of the respirable fraction of airborne bacteria and fungi with literature data suggests that the percentage of respirable fungi and bacteria is generally not dependent on the type of home, building material, geographical factors and particulate air pollution.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on data for the months that register higher values, from May to September, on years 1994 and 1995, and showed that it is possible to predict concentrations at any hour of the day, by fitting a function of the 24 hourly average concentrations measured on the previous day.

TL;DR: In this paper, surface measurements of ozone and its precursor gases (NO x, CO and CH 4 ) have been made over an urban site, Ahmedabad (23°N, 72.6°E) in tropical India.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed a study to evaluate differences in concentration of air pollutants outside and inside homes in streets with low and high traffic intensity in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in the framework of the Small Area Variation in Air quality and Health (SAVIAH) study.

TL;DR: Atmospheric particulate PAH concentrations were measured at two locations in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India as discussed by the authors, where pyrene and benz(a)anthracene#chrysene were abundant at Saki Naka and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) sites.

TL;DR: In this paper, fine and coarse fractions of airborne particulate matter were collected in an urban residential area of metropolitan Bangkok from June 1995 to May 1996 and in a suburban residential area in Pathumthani, Bangkok's boundary province, from September 1993 to August 1994.