Australian Journal of Chemistry 

About: Australian Journal of Chemistry is an academic journal published by CSIRO Publishing. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Crystal structure & Reaction mechanism. It has an ISSN identifier of 0004-9425. Over the lifetime, 13974 publications have been published receiving 195114 citations.

Living radical polymerization by the RAFT process

Abstract: This paper presents a review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds [ZC(=S)SR] by a mechanism of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Since we first introduced the technique in 1998, the number of papers and patents on the RAFT process has increased exponentially as the technique has proved to be one of the most versatile for the provision of polymers of well defined architecture. The factors influencing the effectiveness of RAFT agents and outcome of RAFT polymerization are detailed. With this insight, guidelines are presented on how to conduct RAFT and choose RAFT agents to achieve particular structures. A survey is provided of the current scope and applications of the RAFT process in the synthesis of well defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers, as well as more complex architectures including microgels and polymer brushes.

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process - A Second Update

Abstract: This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Experimental Designs Balanced for the Estimation of Residual Effects of Treatments

Abstract: Where an experiment can be carried out by applying different treatments in succession to the same unit of experimental material, accurate comparisons can be made between the effects of different treatments. To allow for the residual effect of previous treatments on the result obtained for any given treatment, it is desirable to adjust the results for such effects. Methods of constructing balanced designs for the estimation of these residual effects are described in this paper, and are summarized as follows. Designs balanced for effect of single preceding treatment: When n, the number of treatments, is even, a balanced design is possible with n replications ; when n is odd, 2n replications are required.Designs balanced for the effects of any number of preceding treatments, ignoring the interaction of residual effects: When n is a prime or a power of a prime, a balanced design is possible in n(n-1) replications, which may be set out as a set of n-1 mutually orthogonal Latin squares, with the same first columns. Designs which are not expressible as mutually orthogonal Latin squares are also possible. Designs balanced for the effect of the two preceding treatments and their interactions : A design can be developed from a set of n-l mutually orthogonal Latin squares obeying certain restrictions. The method of analysis of designs of this type is set out in detail, together with a numerical example. Direct effects of treatments are shown to be only slightly confounded, the maximum confounding being 4 per cent., when there are three treatments. These designs have wide applicability wherever successive treatments can be applied to the same unit of experimental material.

The Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen : a critical study of digestion conditions-temperature, catalyst, and oxidizing agent.

Abstract: The effect of temperature on the rate of Kjeldahl digestions in the absence of catalyst and oxidizing agent has been studied. Both the clearing time and the minimum time for complete recovery of nitrogen are markedly decreased by raising the digestion temperature. The appreciable rise in temperature during prolonged digestions and the effect of time and temperature on the pyrolytic loss of nitrogen are considered. By proper choice of digestion conditions nitrogen can be completely recovered in a reasonable time even from refractory compounds. The time may be further decreased by the use of mercury as catalyst. The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in Kjeldahl digestions is discussed and the effects of the volume and number of additions at various temperatures after different cooling times determined. Earlier claims regarding complete recoveries with few additions cannot be substantiated. A modified micro-apparatus for the distillation of ammonia from Kjeldahl digestions is described and acidimetric methods for the determination of the ammonia are critically examined. As a result of this work it is possible to develop procedures for the Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen in various materials. A rapid and precise method for the determination of 0.2-2 mg of nitrogen in amino acids and proteins is described.

Determination of Activity Coefficients from total pressure measurements

Abstract: A method of least squares is described for calculating activity coefficients from results of total vapour pressure measurements.