Showing papers in "Bacteriological Reviews in 1947"

The mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation

Abstract: 1 Graham-Smith, G. S., Jour. Hyg., 5, 453 (1905). 2 Brumpt, E., Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 4, 514 (1911). 3Bruynoghe, R., and Vassiliadis, P. C., Compt. rend. soc. biol., 101, 150 (1929). 4Tyzzer, E. E., and Weinman, D., Am. Jour. Hyg., 30, 141 (1939). Laveran, A., and Marullaz, M., Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 7, 240 (1914). 6 Noguchi, H., and Battistini, T. S., Jour. Exp. Med., 43, 851 (1926). 7American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, Inc., Appendix Section 4, adopted June 8, 1937.

Recent advances in bacterial genetics

Abstract: In this lengthy article, Luria provided a thorough overview of the state of research on bacterial genetics in 1947.

The yeast-like fungi: candida and brettanomyces.

Abstract: Taxonomic positionof yeast-like fungi............................................ 227 Candida. Old and recent classifications ........................................... 229 Morphology and Variation ............................................ 231 Physiology............................................ 237 Taxonomy............................................ 241 Ecology............................................ 246 Moniliasis............................................ 248 Immunological reactions............................................ 257 Brettanomyces. Morphology, biochemistry, classification .......... ................. 260

Mechanisms of infection and immunity in virus diseases of man.

Abstract: The biologist concerned with the microbic world has numerous approaches with which to gain pertinent information of the agents with which he is concerned. In many instances attention is centered upon morphologic and basic composition of the species studied, but in a great proportion the detection of specific properties and their evaluation are based on measurements of the behavior of the agent upon specific substrates. When a living organism is the major site of recognized activity of the parasite it becomes the substrate; and if the action of the parasite creates injury and active response on the part of the host the reaction constitutes disease. Theoretically, it should be possible to measure the specific components of host and parasite which are involved in a primary injury but the instances in which it has been accomplished are extremely few. And even where special activities of the parasite have been found to be exerted upon definite tissues the manner in which the effects are brought about is in most instances obscure-limited largely to a description of the morphologic changes in cells which the agent attacks or to the type of inflammatory response which follows. The fundamental interactions which determine selective localization and pathologic injury are not known. Conversely, the phenomena which differentiate naturally susceptible tissues and species from the resistant are essentially unknown. Nevertheless, the ability of the susceptible host to modify his behavior after proper experience with a given agent has been seen to be associated with the acquisition or orientation of mechanisms not commonly encountered in the naturally resistant host. It has been increasingly obvious that regardless of the biologic level of the parasite, multicellular, bacterial or viral, the responses of the animal host are much the same, due in part perhaps to limitations in experimental methods of measuring them. In accordance with this trend a number of features formerly said to differentiate reactions to viruses from those to other infectious agents have fallen away or have required sharp limitations. They include the concepts that permanent immunity is uniform; that antibodies can be elicited only in a fully susceptible animal; that serological reactions such as precipitation, complement-fixation and agglutination are essentially directed against components of infected tissues of the host rather than to the virus moiety; that immunity can be obtained only by active infection. An effort to bring the reactions of immunity to virus infections into conformity with those of other disease-producing parasites may appear on the one hand to be