Showing papers in "Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift in 2005"

Pigeons as a possible reservoir of Shiga toxin 2f-producing Escherichia coli pathogenic to humans.

Abstract: Escherichia coli harboring stx2f which secrete the respective Shiga toxin (Stx) are frequently found in pigeons. In this report we describe the isolation of a stx2f-containing E. coli O128 strain from an 11-month old child with diarrhea and comparison of this strain with stx2f-positive E. coli isolates from droppings of pigeons. The human E. coli O128:NM (nonmotile) isolate had a fliC restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern identical to that in one of the pigeon isolates belonging to the serotype O128:H2. All isolates examined, including that from the patient and five from pigeons, contained the intimin-encoding eae gene in addition to stx2f and all of the strains possessed the gene encoding the major subunit of the long polar fimbriae in enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) 026. Plasmid-associated virulence genes such as EHEC-hlyA, as well as urease and tellurite resistance-encoding operons were absent from all the strains and this correlated with their lack of hemolytic activity and urease production and tellurite sensitivity. These features, together with the sorbitol fermentation phenotype of Stx2f-producing E. coli, hamper the laboratory diagnosis of these strains. Our data demonstrate that pigeons may be a reservoir of Stx2f-producing E. coli strains associated with human disease.

Nachweis und Spezies-spezifische Differenzierung von Pestiviren mit der real-time RT-PCR

Abstract: Sensitive und spezifische Nachweismoglichkeiten sind die wichtigste Grundvoraussetzung fur die effiziente Eradikation von Pestiviren wie dem Bovinen Virusdiarrhoe Virus oder dem Virus der Klassischen Schweinepest. Neben ELISA-Systemen zum Antigennachweis und der Virusisolierung mittels Zellkultur, spielt zunehmend der Genomnachweis mit Hilfe der reversen Transkriptase-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (RT-PCR) eine Rolle. Durch den Einsatz dieser Methode als real-time RT-PCR System werden dabei die Nachteile der konventionellen RT-PCR, wie das Kontaminationsrisiko oder das Fehlen von direkten Spezifitatskontrollen, weitgehend gelost. Im Folgenden werden Prufung und Anwendung verschiedener Systeme der real-time RT-PCR zur Detektion von Pestiviren vorgestellt. Dazu wurde eine neue „panpesti“-Sonde charakterisiert, aber auch die Moglichkeit der Spezies-spezifischen Differenzierung mit bekannten Systemen auf dem Light Cycler untersucht.

Effects of Thymus vulgaris L. as feed additive in piglets and against haemolytic E. coli in vitro.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to test Thymi herba (1.66% v/w essential oil with 39% p-cymene and 32% thymol) in the rearing period of piglets as feed additive. Therefore, two feeding trials were performed with piglet groups ranging from 17 to 22 animals each. Either 10 g of Thymi herba/kg feed (Thymi herba group), 10 mg flavophospholipol/kg feed (flavophospholipol group) or nothing (control group) was added to the animals' feed. No significant differences in the performance parameter daily weight gain among any groups were recorded. No differences concerning feed efficiency or isolation of haemolytic E. coli serotypes were shown. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymi herba against 39 haemolytic E. coli isolates from the same weaners was investigated in vitro by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and bactericidal concentration testing. In contrast to the feeding results, the essential oil of the thyme batch fed showed antibacterial activity against all haemolytic E. coli investigated. This interesting antibacterial potential of Thymi herba prompts further investigations as to its value as feed additive.

[Canine leishmaniosis in Central Europe: retrospective survey and serological study of imported and travelling dogs].

Abstract: Canine leishmaniosis is a common parasitic disease in Central Europe affecting dogs imported or returning from endemic countries around the Mediterranean basin. Through an internet discussion forum owners of dogs with suspected or proven leishmaniosis living in Central Europe (D, A, CH), were questioned about the dog's history. Additionally, serologic examinations of the dogs for anti-Leishmania antibodies (ELISA using antigen of promastigote stages) were offered to the participants. From February to October 2003, 291 dogs imported or returning from Southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, France, Malta, Portugal and others) were analysed. Serologically, 111 dogs (38%) were classified positive; 103 being imported and eight travelling dogs. The majority of seropositive dogs originated from Spain (67%). No significant correlation could be established between race, sex and age and the incidence of the disease. The clinical symptoms in the seropositive dogs varied widely and ranged from mild general symptoms to visceral manifestations with chronic renal failure. Skin disorders were found in 78% of the seropositive, symptomatic animals. In the country of origin or after import or return, 174 out of 291 dogs (60%) had been tested for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies by different immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT). Discrepancies between the ELISA and the various IFATs used were noted in 55 cases (32%), especially in cases of low IFAT titers. Most of the seropositive dogs (80%) had been treated against leishmaniosis. In 91% of these cases, Allopurinol as monotherapy or in combination with Glucantime had been used. For diagnostics and therapy, dog owners had spent an average of 1,100 euros (median 900 euros, maximum 5,800 euros).

Molecular detection and characterization of Ehrlichia canis from dogs in Turkey.

Abstract: Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis antibodies among dogs in Turkey were previously reported, however, the ehrlichial organism has never been characterized in this region. The current study examined dogs from Ankara with febrile illness for E. canis infection with E. canis-specific PCR. Three of the 12 blood specimens from dogs showing clinical signs compatible with canine ehrlichiosis were found to be positive by PCR using E. canis-specific primers. E. canis detected in one of the blood specimens was designated as Kutahya strain. The representative E. canis strain was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Western blot analysis of the plasma sample from the dog infected with E. canis. The 16S rRNA sequence (1,388 bp) of the E. canis Kutahya was identical to that of Ehrlichia ovina from a sheep in Turkey and Venezuelan Dog Ehrlichia (VDE) and was closely related (99.9%) to that of type strain of E. canis, Oklahoma. The plasma of the dog infected with E. canis Kutahya was analyzed by Western blotting using the purified E. canis Oklahoma strain as antigen. The reactive antibody profiles of the dog infected with E. canis Kutahya was found to be similar to those of dogs infected with E. canis Oklahoma and VDE, suggesting the antigenic similarities among these strains. The findings in this study would help for a better understanding of epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis. This is the first report of molecular detection and characterization of an ehrlichial agent in Turkey.

[Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animal species and cattle in Styria/Austria].

Abstract: Infections with Mycobacterium ovium ssp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) are increasingly recognised worldwide. In addition to an increased prevalence of paratuberculosis in Austrian cattle herds, recent years have also shown a rise in infections with M. paratuberculosis in wild red and roe deer, chamois and mouflon. During the period from June 2002 to September 2004, mesenteric lymph nodes were taken from a total of 483 wild animals hunted or found dead and from 338 deceased cattle. Samples were analysed using PCR and cultivation methods. In the case of pathomorphological changes or anamnestic indications, investigations also included an analysis of organ samples (e.g. liver, lung) or foetuses. The tests revealed that 129 wild animal samples (red deer, roe deer, chamois, mouflon, fallow deer, ibex, foxes, mountain hare, yellow-necked field mouse, and capercaillie) contained M. paratuberculosis. The major symptoms in the wild aninodes. Evidence of diarrhoea was only observed in about 15% of the positive cases. The study for the first time provided evidence of intrauterine transmission of M. paratuberculosis in red deer (3 cases) and chamois (1 case) and succeeded in the isolation of the pathogen from the liver, lung and subcutaneous granulomas of wild animals. Of the total of 338 mesenteric lymphnodes of cattle from 303 herds, 80 samples from 77 herds tested positive for paratuberculosis. Twenty-two wild animal and 3 cattle isolates have so far been molecularly typed using IS900-RFLP and RAPD analyses in order to prove epidemiological relationships between occurrences in cattle and wild animals. The increase of paratuberculosis in wild animal species is assumed to have been caused by the purchase of animals, a strong increase in suckler cow farming (cow-calf herds) with a concentration of pathogens in the environment and by inadequate feed hygiene for wild animals.

Racing, ornamental and city pigeons carry shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) with different Shiga toxin subtypes, urging further analysis of their epidemiological role in the spread of STEC.

Abstract: Pigeons are known to shed zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, in this study a total of 366 droppings from pigeons were analysed using PCR and DNA-DNA-hybridization for Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Specimens were collected from three different groups of pigeons: 247 collective and 3 individual droppings from racing pigeons, 26 collective and 40 individual from ornamental pigeons as well as 50 collective droppings from city pigeons. Initial screening experiments revealed a total 245 (66.9%) droppings to be Shiga toxin gene positive. Of these 36% were positive for stx1, 9% for stx2 and 37% for stx2f. Prevalence significantly (p < 0.001) differed in regard to the pigeon groups examined. Droppings from racing pigeons showed prevalence of 45.6% for stx1, 3.2% for stx2, and 33.2% for stx2f, while the distribution of stx-positive specimens was more even in ornamental pigeons (15% stx1, 27% stx2, and 26% stx2f). In specimens from city pigeons, stx2f was found to be most prevalent with 76% (2% stx1, 16% stx2). In 161 samples, stx genes were detected by PCR as well as DNA-DNA-hybridization. From these 161 samples, 20 were randomly chosen for isolation of STEC. A total of 27 STEC strains were isolated from 13 of these 20 samples. Six of the STEC were positive for stx1, 21 harbored stx2f. Further typing for virulence factor genes revealed the existence of eae in 4 of the 6 stx1-positive strains, as well as in 19 of the 21 stx2f-positive strains. eae is known to be crucially involved in the ability of E. coli strains to cause the "attaching and effacing" lesion in the gut, while stx2fSTEC are assumed to be host specific for pigeons. Here we report the first description of stx1- and eae-positive STEC strains in pigeons from Germany, especially in racing and ornamental pigeons. Taking into account the close contact between fanciers and pigeons, these findings warrant a more critical appraisal of these zoonotic pathogens in pigeons.

Investigation of the prevalence of summer eczema in Icelandic horses in northern Germany

Abstract: An epidemiological study on summer eczema (SE) was performed in 490 Icelandic horses from 24 stud farms located in Lower Saxony and Westphalia. The study revealed a prevalence of summer eczema of 29.8 %. Horses imported from Iceland were affected with a frequency of 71.9 %, whereas horses born in Germany and other countries had a prevalence of 15.6 % and 27.3 %. Mares (33.1 %) and geldings (29.1 %) were more often affected by summer eczema than stallions with 15.5 %. The most common sites of summer eczema were mane and tail. Five to eight years old horses were more severely affected by SE than younger or older horses. Piebald horses showed higher degrees of SE than grey horses. The high prevalence of SE in Icelandic horses kept in Germany was due to imported horses from Iceland particularly horses imported at an age of seven to 15 years were at an extremely high risk to SE (96.4 %). The prevalence of SE significantly increased with higher age. Chestnut and grey horses born in Germany were prone to a lower risk to SE than bay, black or piebald horses. In horses imported from Iceland, a higher inbreeding coefficient was significantly related to a lower prevalence of SE. The most efficient measure recommended for reduction of SE in Germany would be to abandon imports of Icelandic horse from Iceland.

Resistance of mastitis pathogens in northern Germany

Abstract: The data of 1692 susceptibility tests acquired from April 2003 through March 2004 in the mastitis laboratory of the Institute for Food Quality and Safety were summarized in order to help veterinarians confronted with acute mastitis in choosing the appropriate antibiotic. Two thirds of the milk samples were infected with gram-positive cocci. One third of these were identified as Streptococcus (S.) uberis, one fourth as Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. All isolates (100%) of S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, S. agalactiae and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were susceptible to Penicillin and Ampicillin. Concering S. aureus, nearly 100% of the isolates were susceptible to Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Cefacetril, Cefquinom and Neomycin, but only 88% of the isolates were sensitive to Penicillin, Ampicillin and Cefoperazon. The gram-negative rods (Escherichia (E.) coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) displayed an irregular resistance pattern. More than 93% of all examined isolates including Pseudomonas spp. were susceptible to Colistin. The sensitivity of E. coli and Klebsiella spp.to Marbofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Cefquinom exceeded 96%. Thus, the susceptibility of gram-positive mastitis pathogens to common antibiotics is favourable. Because the highly effective Colistin is no longer approved for local therapy, the situation for gram-negative bacteria is more difficult.

Influence of Inbreeding on Litter Size and the Proportion of Stillborn Puppies in Dachshunds

Abstract: In the present study, factors influencing the litter size of puppies and the number and the proportion of stillborn puppies per litter were analysed in normally sized German dachshounds. Data was available for litters registered from 1987 to 2002 in the German dachshound kennel club. The records studied here contained 42,855 litters. The mean litter size was 5.22 +/- 2.01 puppies. The proportion of puppies born dead per litter was 6.6%. The age of dam, the puppy's year and month of birth, the hair type and the inbreeding coefficients of the puppies, the sire and the dam were significant on the litter size and the number and the proportion of puppies born dead. The litter size decreased and the percentage of puppies born dead increased with increasing inbreeding coefficients of the puppies, dams and sires. The increase of the inbreeding coefficient of the puppies by 1% led to a 0.06% higher percentage of puppies born dead per litter. The increase of the inbreeding coefficients of the dam and the sire by 1% resulted in 0.02% and 0.007% higher percentages of puppies born dead. Young and older dams had smaller litter size than middle-aged dams. The percentage of puppies born dead per litter increased with an increasing age of the dam. In the recent birth years, the litter size and the percentage of puppies born dead increased in German dachshounds.

The change of acute phase protein haptoglobin in cattle during spontaneous labor and Caesarean section with or without torsio uteri intrapartum

Abstract: The change of haptoglobin concentration in cattle with dystocia after torsio uteri which lead to Caesarean section is regarded in contrast to haptoglobin concentrations in cattle at parturitions with undisturbed puerperium and Caesarean section without torsio uteri intra partum. Animals with natural parturition had low haptoglobin concentrations with slight changes, for a slightly increased haptoglobin concentration was seen as physiologic. Also surgical treatment such as Caesarean section did not result in changes of haptoglobin concentration. Thus, the curve of animal patients with anomalies concerning position or with a too large fetus (relatively or absolutly) was nearly identical to the curve of animals with regular parturitions over the first four days after surgery. Not before the fifth day after surgery, a moderate increase of haptoglobin could be observed. Animals with dystocia after torsio uteri intra partum showed significantly higher haptoglobin concentrations in contrast to controls over the time of investigation. The correlation of haptoglobin concentrations in animal patients with torsio uteri bin concentration shortly after surgery an additionally significant increase of haptoglobin concentration could be observed in later fertile cattles but not in later infertile cattle with torsio uteri. In two cows with torsio uteri and ovariohysterectomy haptoglobin concentrations decreased rapidly. Haptoglobin concentration may serve as an indicator for the degree of impairment of the uterus during a parturition as well as a predictor for regenerative potential.

Longitudinal study on the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in four German pig breeding and raising farms

Abstract: There are very few current data on the prevalence of Toxoplasma (T.) gondii in German pig farms. Consequently a reliable risk assessment of human Toxoplasmosis caused by ingesting raw or improperly cooked pork and pork products is not available. The aim of this study was to show current data on T. gondii prevalence in German pig farms. In four pig farms with different management systems (three conventional, one organic) 100 animals each were selected and tested for T. gondii antibodies. The test was done four times during the period from birth to slaughtering. In one farm 20 mother sows were tested additionally. The slaughtered pigs from conventional farms showed seroprevalences between 0 and 15.2% (mean value 5.6%). At the organic system T. gondii antibodies were not detected. All slaughtered seropositive pigs (6 months old) were tested negatively at the age of 9 weeks, but shortly after birth high titres of T. gondii antibodies had been detected in the same animals. Comparing the results gained in different seasons significantly more pigs were found to be infected during the autumn/winter than in the spring/summer period. In order to assess the current risk of Toxoplasmosis more pig farms should be tested. From the point of view of consumer protection the detection of highly infected pig herds is necessary.

TSE eradication in small ruminants--quo vadis?

Abstract: The term of 'TSE infections in small ruminants' summarises BSE as well as classical and the recently discovered atypical scrapie infections in sheep and goats. There are fundamental differences between the TSE infections in small and large ruminants. Other than in bovines the TSE pathogenesis in small ruminants implies that various peripheral tissues become infectious long before the onset of clinical symptoms. At least in sheep, classical scrapie is efficiently transmitted horizontally within affected flocks. On the other hand, BSE poses a distinctly higher zoonotic risk than scrapie. Therefore, regulatory measures for the protection of animals and humans from a BSE infection must be substantially different for large and small ruminants. While culling of the birth and feeding cohort of a BSE affected cattle is considered to be effective to prevent any further BSE cases in the affected herd, an effective BSE and classical scrapie eradication programme in small ruminants requires a much more stringent eradication strategy and the rendering of all susceptible animals. The situation became even more complicated when atypical scrapie cases with divergent transmission and pathogenesis characteristics and with a novel biochemical phenotype of the infectious agent came into play. The discovery of these atypical scrapie cases has initiated a discussion about the suitability of the current TSE eradication measures in sheep (which are selective breeding and genotype based culling), in particular when such cases were also found in sheep carrying the believed scrapie resistant genotypes.

[Iodine concentration in the blood serum of milk cows from Saxony as well as in cows' milk and milk products (baby food)].

Abstract: Within the framework of investigations into the metabolism of Saxon dairy-cows, more than 3300 analyses of blood serum total iodine concentrations have been carried out between 1997 and 2003. The total iodine concentration proved as suitable parameter for the recognition of the iodine supply situation of the milk cows. While to first two years 28,5 % of the samples were rated below the recommended minimum level (0,04 mg/l), thus indicating deficiencies, the total iodine concentration then rose demonstrably, even indicating an oversupply in some herds (> or = 0,20 mg/l). The iodine concentration in 117 independently tested milk samples (official food monitoring) confirmed this situation. An adequate iodine supplementation in feedstuffs is of great significance for the bovine metabolism as well as for the iodine concentrations in milk and therefore the iodine intake of the population. Of the negative consequences of an uncritically excessive iodine supplement particularly for high milk-yield cows one warns. This can lead to precariously high iodine concentrations in milk and dairy products. Further tests of blood total iodine levels in dairy herds on selective animals as well as analysis

[Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and shigatoxin-producing escherichia coli (STEC) in horse faeces and horse meat products].

Abstract: Um die Bedeutung von Pferden als mogliches Reservoir fur Salmonellen und Shigatoxin-bildende Escherichia coli (STEC) beurteilen zu konnen, wurden 400 Pferdefaeces- und 100 Pferdefleischproduktproben (Rohwurste, Hackfleisch) mittels PCR-Screening auf Salmonellen (invA-Gen) und STEC (stx-Gen) untersucht. Salmonellen wurden aus keiner Probe isoliert. Aus einer Faeces- und einer Pferdfleischproduktprobe wurde jeweils ein STEC-Stamm isoliert. Das Isolat aus der Faecesprobe gehorte dem Serotyp O113:H21 an und verfugte uber die Fahigkeit zur Bildung von Shigatoxin 2c sowie von Enterohamolysin. Das Isolat aus einem Pferdefleischprodukt hatte den Serotyp O87:H16 und besas des stx 2d-Gen. Nach den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit scheint von Pferden in Deutschland fur den Menschen ein sehr geringes Infektionsrisiko durch Salmonellen und EHEC auszugehen.In order to assess the relevance of horses as a possible reservoir of Salmonella and Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), 400 samples of horse faeces and 100 samples of horse meat products were examined by PCR-screening methods. Salmonella enterica was not found in any of the samples. One faeces-sample and one horse meat product were proved to be STEC positive. The STEC-strain from faecal origin belonged to the serotype 0113:H21 and had the stx 2c gene and the enterohemolysin gene. The STEC-strain isolated from a horse meat product had the serotype O87:H16 and the stx 2d gene. The results indicate a very low risk for human to get a Salmonella- or EHEC- infection from horses in Germany.

Effect of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on inflammatory markers in calves with experimentally-induced bronchopneumonia.

Abstract: The influence of treatment with steroidal (SAIDs) and non-steroidal (NSAIDs) anti-inflammatory drugs on inflammatory markers in thirty, 6-8 week old calves with induced bronchopneumonia was investigated. Animals received a single intravenous treatment with meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg body weight), flumethasone (0.05 mg/kg body weight) or sterile 0.9% NaCl (10 ml per animal). Body temperature, respiratory and heart rate, concentration of prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2alpha, thromboxane (TXB2), leukotriene (LTB4) and malonyldialdehyd (MDA) and proinflammatory cytokines i.e. tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) and interferon (INFalpha) were recorded in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood platelets (BP). A significant reduction of main inflammatory mediators PGE2, PGF2alpha,TXB2 and MDA after meloxicam treatment in calves with induced bronchopneumonia indicates a beneficial effect on the inflammatory processes. Contrary to effects observed by flumethasone, meloxicam induced an increase of LTB4 and INFalpha indicating that it is not immunosuppressive.

[From farm to fork--Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) as zoonotic agent?].

Abstract: Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of the paratuberculosis (Para Tb) in ruminants. In addition, this pathogen has been suspected to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Morbus Crohn disease (MC), causing chronic inflammatory intestine changes of humans. The participation of MAP in this illness is discussed intensively and has very contradictory opinions. On the one hand several times succeeded in proving MAP DNA in changed human tissues as well as, in recent time, the bacteria has been isolated from patient's blood. On the other hand there are many publications which support the opposite opinion. In critical evaluation of already available data, therefore the hypothesis can be formulated that MAP could possibly take part in the MC of humans. The reliable verification of this hypothesis will only be possible, if the diagnostic procedures can be refined upon the substantial deficit concerning the sensitivity and/or specificity of the diagnostic methods. In addition, till now there is lack of optimized statistically case control studies. The conceivable transmission of the bacteria to humans by the direct animal contact has been considered as possible vector, furthermore, MAP has been detected in pasteurised milk and other food of animal origin. The prevalence data, usually estimated by ELISA for milk cattle stock show over 80% prevalence in many counties of the Federal Republic of Germany with an individual case prevalence ranging between 1% and 17% in different stocks. Comparable data are present also from other countries as well as for small ruminants. MAP has been concerned as a global problem, moreover the high spreading rate of MAP in wild animal populations as well as the considerable ability of the bacteria to survive in different stages of the infectious- and contamination-cycle, which might hardly be broken through. Thus it requires intensive research efforts for the development of the methodical diagnostic process as basis for valid epidemiological investigations of animals, humans and food.

Investigation of diagnostic importance of platelet closure times measured by Platelet Function Analyzer--PFA 100 in dogs with endotoxemia.

Abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic importance of the platelet closure times measured by the Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100) in dogs with endotoxemia. E. coli endotoxin was given intravenously once, at the dose of 0.02 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg in groups I (n=9) and II (n=8), respectively. Normal saline (0.1 ml/kg) was injected in group III (n=8). The dogs were monitored for 48 h, and venous blood samples were collected prior to (baseline) and at intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h subsequent to the treatments. The white blood cell (WBC), platelet counts, and hematocrit (Hct) values were recorded. Platelet closure times were determined, using collagen/epinephrine (CEPI) and collagen/adenosine diphosphate (CADP) cartridges. Within 0.5 h after the endotoxin application baseline WBC and platelet counts (mean +/-SD) decreased significantly (p<0.001) to 2000 +/- 500 and 1850 +/- 200 cells/microl or 69.000 +/- 12.500 and 27.000 +/- 6.400 cells/microl in groups I and II, respectively. Platelet counts remained low during the first 1-48 h, but the WBC count was high at the 8th-48th h, in groups I and II, compared with baselines (p<0.001). After the application of the endotoxin, Hct values increased from baseline values of 37 +/- 3 or 39 +/- 2% to 48 +/- 2 or 51 +/- 3%, within 1 h (p<0.001), in groups I and II, respectively. Hct values in group II were notably higher (p<0.001) than those of group I, during the 2nd-48th h. Hematological parameters and closure times did not differ significantly throughout the study in group III. Baseline closure time ranged from 79 +/- 5 seconds (s) to 86 +/- 5 s for CADP and 144 +/- 13 s to 159 +/- 14 s for CEPI in all dogs (n=25). At 0.5 h after the endotoxin, the closure times of CADP as well as CEPI declined to 62 +/- 6 s and 76 +/- 8 s in group I (p<0.001) and 57 +/- 5 s and 75 +/- 6 s in group II (p<0.001). Afterwards, closure time prolonged to the levels of 280 +/- 8 s (CADP) and 294 +/- 5 s (CEPI) by 48 h (p<0.001) in group II, but returned to the baseline limit in group I. In conclusion, our results show that the shortened closure times may serve as a very early diagnostic sign of endotoxemia, prolonged closure times however may be used as an index for the severity of endotoxemia.

Investigation and control of mastitis outbreaks caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a sheep flock and a goat herd.

Abstract: Outbreaks of mastitis in a sheep flock and a goat herd caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and their control are described. The morbidity rates of mastitis in a sheep flock and in a goat herd were 18.7 and 18.2 per cent, respectively. The lethality and involuntary culling rates of the animals with sub-clinical mastitis correspond to the morbidity rate. The highest morbidity rates were noted in yearlings--22.5 and 30 per cent, as well as in animals pre- and post partum (7 and 20 per cent, in sheep and goats, respectively). The morbidity periods in the flock and in the herd were 20 and 27 months, respectively. A strict-hygiene milking programme and maintenance of the milking devices was introduced. In addition, prevention of crowding, provision of dry bedding and thorough cleaning of water troughs have also been instituted. Ruthless culling of all infected and carrier animals was an essential part of the control program against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis.

[Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in Saxony-Anhalt: identification of areas of increased risk of infestation and association of the infestation probability with the average annual maximum temperature].

Abstract: Between 1998 and 2004 1341 Red Foxes from 611 locations were examined parasitologically for Echinococcus multilocularis at the State Office of Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt Examination was carried out in parallel to rabies monitoring A period-prevalence of 92% of infestation was found Employing a Scan Statistic a large area in the southwest of the federal state and two smaller areas of increased risk with respect to infestation with Echinococcus multilocularis were identified The hypothesis of a negative association of the probability of infestation with the average annual maximum temperature of the location where the foxes were shot was supported by logistic regression analysis A decreased probability of inactivation of Echinococcus multilocularis-oncospheres through heat and desiccation in areas of lower average annual maximum temperature seems to be likelyThus, the infection pressure increases with reduced temperatures

[Effect of beta-carotin serum concentration on the reproductive performance in dairy cows].

Abstract: The aim of the following investigation was to study the effect of beta-carotin serum concentrations on reproductive performance in dairy cows. Blood samples were collected from 201 cows 3 to 4 weeks antepartum, 1 to 2 weeks postpartum and at the time of insemination. Concentrations of beta-carotin in blood serum were determined via HPLC. The incidence of retained placental fetal membranes, endometritis, ovarian cysts as well as the beginning of the oestrous cycle and various measures of fertility such as first service conception rate, pregnancy index, interval from calving to first insemination, interval from calving to conception, interval from first insemination to conception and expected calving interval were recorded and analysed. The beta-carotin serum concentrations were not related to the incidence of retained placental fetal membranes, endometritis, ovarian cysts or the onset of cyclicity post partum. Cows with lower beta-carotin concentrations partially seemed to have a reduced reproductive performance than cows with higher beta-carotin concentrations. Overall, our results suggest only a minor relationship between the beta-carotin serum concentration and fertility in dairy cows.

Die Situation der Salmonellose der Rinder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den Jahren 1995 - 2003 nach der Datenlage des Nationalen Tierseuchennachrichtensystems

Abstract: Der Artikel gibt eine Ubersicht uber die Situation der Salmonellose der Rinder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Grundlage der Daten sind die im Nationalen Tierseuchennachrichtensystem ( TSN) seit 1995 erfassten Informationen zu den amtlich festgestellten Ausbruchen von Rinder-Salmonellose. Die Anzahl der jahrlich angezeigten Ausbruche von Salmonellose der Rinder in Deutschland von 1995 bis 2003 betrug im Mittel 221,2 ± 26,5. Aufgrund des in diesem Zeitraum erfolgten Ruckgangs der Rinderpopulation erhohte sich die Anzahl der angezeigten Ausbruche an Rinder-Salmonellose im Verhaltnis zur Anzahl der Betriebe mit Rinderhaltung signifikant (p = 0,05). In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verursachten Salmonella Typhimurium und Salmonella Typhimurium variatio copenhagen zusammengefasst von 1995 bis 2002 ca. 50 % der jahrlich angezeigten Ausbruche an Salmonellose der Rinder und besitzen daher die groste Bedeutung. Die an das Rind adaptierte Serovar Salmonella Dublin wurde von 1995 bis 2000 bei 15 % bis 20 % der Ausbruche nachgewiesen, danach erhohte sich ihr Anteil kontinuierlich bis auf 38 % im Jahre 2003. Zwischen 1995 und 2003 verursachte Salmonella Abony 7 % bis 21 % und Salmonella Enteritidis sehr konstant einen Anteil von 5 % bis 6 % der jahrlich angezeigten Rinder-Salmonellosen. Zahlreiche andere Salmonella-Serovaren konnen ebenfalls Ausbruche bei Rindern hervorrufen. Hierbei handelt es sich jedoch meist um Einzelfalle, die in den anderen Jahren des Beobachtungszeitraumes nicht noch einmal zu einem Ausbruch fuhrten. Die zeitliche Verteilung der jahrlich angezeigten Rinder-Salmonellose-Ausbruche weist eine sehr grose Ubereinstimmung auf. Die geringste Zahl von Neuausbruchen wird jahrlich in den Monaten April/ Mai festgestellt. Danach kommt es zu einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg bis September/ Oktober, anschliesend wird ein Ruckgang der monatlichen Salmonellose-Ausbruche beobachtet.

Relationship between oxidant stress and milk productivity in dairy cows

Abstract: An imbalance between formation and detoxification of oxygen radicals leads to oxidant stress that may increase in more intense oxidative metabolism caused by a high intake of metabolizable energy to provide metabolic intermediates for the milk synthesis and secretion This hypothesis was tested using dairy cows and the concentration of hydroperoxides in lipids (LHP) extracted from circulative lipoprotein particles of low and very low density (LDL and VLDL/chylomicrons) as oxidant stress indicator The particles were prepared by ultracentrifugation of serum obtained by coccygeal bleeding (13 cows, 1 parity, n=8 and 2 parity, n=5, lactation stage, 53 +/- 14 days post partum) and purified by precipitation Concentrations of LHP-LDL/mg Lipoprotein correlated significantly with daily milk yield (r = 073, P = 0004) or daily milk energy output (r = 077, P = 0003) in contrast to LHP of VLDL/chylomicron particles Thus, some evidence was obtained for an almost linear, positive relationship between milk productivity and oxidant stress occurring in LDL

Distribution and genetic characterization of porcine Campylobacter coli isolates

Abstract: Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen des Schlachtprozesses auf die Campylobacter (C.) coli- Kontaminationsrate von Schweineschlachttierkorpern und letztendlich des Schweinefleisches zu evaluieren. Dazu wurden am Schlachthof Kotproben, Organe und Oberflachen von Schlachtschweinen auf das Vorhandensein von C. spp. untersucht. Zusatzlich wurden verschiedene Oberflachen des Schlachthofes (n=208) und 227 Schweinefleisch- und Schweinehackfleischprodukte beprobt.Wahrend die Untersuchungen eine hohe C. spp.-Pravalenz im Kot von Schlachtschweinen ergaben (64,0 %),wobei ausschlieslich C. coli nachgewiesen wurden, fanden sich geringere C. spp.-Nachweisraten auf Schlachttierkorpern vor der Kuhlung (21,1 %). Wahrend der Kuhlung reduzierte sich die Nachweisrate von C. spp. auf der Schlachttieroberflache auf 0,8 %. Bei diesen Isolatenhandelte es sich ausschlieslich um C. jejuni. In Lebern waren signifikant mehr C. spp. zu finden als auf den korrespondierenden Schlachttierkorpern. In nur funf Tupferproben verschiedener Oberflachen auf dem Schlachthof (n=208) konnten C. coli nachgewiesen werden. Bakteriologisch war kein Nachweis von C. spp. in den untersuchten Schweinefleischproben moglich. Diese geringen Nachweisraten am Ende des Schlacht- und Zerlegeprozesses deuten darauf hin, dass Schweinefleisch vermutlich nur eine untergeordnete Rolle bei der C. coli Ubertragung auf den Menschen spielt. Durch Genotypisierungen von C. coli -Stammen ausgewahlter Tiere konnten drei mogliche Kontaminationswege der Schlachtkorperoberflachen aufgezeigt werden. Genetisch hoch verwandte Stamme fanden sich auf hintereinander geschlachteten Tierkorperoberflachen. Kotisolate und Isolate von Schlachtkorperoberflachen zeigten vereinzelt hohe genetische Similaritaten. C. coli- Genotypen von Tonsillenisolaten und Genotypen der entsprechenden Schlachtkorper bildeten einen gemeinsamen Cluster.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the slaughter process on the Campylobacter (C.) coli prevalence on pig carcasses and finally pork. To detect C. spp., faecal samples, organ samples and surfaces of slaughter pigs were sampled. Additionally, various abattoir surfaces (n=208) and 227 pork and minced meat samples were included in our study.Whereas a high C. spp. prevalence (64.0%) was detectable in the faeces of slaughter pigs (all isolates were identified as C. coli), low detection rates were observed on pig carcasses after the slaughter process before the chilling period (21.1%).The impact of chilling reduced the detection rate of C spp. on pig carcasses even further to 0.8%. Only C. jejuni strains were isolated after the chilling process. Chilling and the associated drying of the skin are responsible for that massive reduction of C. spp prevalence. Significantly more C. spp. were isolated from livers compared to the corresponding carcasses. Only 5 out of 208 swab samples from different surfaces of the abattoir were C. coli positive. Bacteriological investigation could not detect any C. spp. strains from pork and minced pork meat.The low detection rates at the end of the slaughter and processing line indicate that pork may only play a minor role in the transmission of C. coli infections to humans. By genotyping C. coli-isolates from selected animals we were able to demonstrate three possible ways of contamination of the slaughter carcass surface. Genetically highly related strains were detectable on carcass surfaces of consecutively slaughtered animals. Faecal isolates and isolates from the carcass surface showed occasional high similarities. C. coli-genotypes from tonsils and genotypes from the corresponding slaughter carcasses formed a close cluster.

[Effects of glucocorticoids on parameters of lipid metabolism, hepatic metabolism, haematological parameters and milk yield in high-yielding cows in early lactation].

Abstract: Effects of glucocorticoids on lipid metabolism, hepatic metabolism, haematological parameters and milk yield in high-yielding cows in the early stages of lactation. The assumption is widespread that glucocorticoids promote lipolysis and fatty liver in ruminants. But there are contrary experimental results. Therefore we investigated the effects of dexamethasone (in the form of Voren suspension) in cows with very high milk yields (herd average 10.000 kg/year) between 7 and 15 days post partum, when high levels of lipolysis occur. Nine cows were given Voren 7 and 11 days post partum at doses of 0.02 mg/kg body weight. Glucose and insulin concentrations rose whilst FFA concentrations fell. Hepatic lipid levels were unchanged compared to a control group (n=8). There were also no changes in the various liver function parameters tested (beta-hydroxybutyrate, bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin, aspartat-amino-transferase, glutamat-dehydrogenase), which suggests that liver damage did not occur. Each of the two doses of Voren resulted in typical glucocorticoid-related changes in the differential leukocyte count. There was only a very slight reduction in daily milk yield. This studies show that, in ruminants, glucocorticoids have an indirect antilipolytic effect in vivo and do not aggravate or accelerate fatty degeneration of the liver.

Clostridium novyi caused outdoor sow mortality in croatia.

Abstract: In a Croatian outdoor pig breeding unit 32 sows (died between days 2 and 14 post partum) were subjected to gross pathological and further laboratory investigations. Necropsy findings revealed tympany and purple discoloration of the skin, the surface of the livers was dark and had honeycomb appearance with gas bubble infiltrations, congested lungs, hemorrhages, serosanguinous exsudates in body cavities and the stomachs were full. Gram-stains of smears revealed large numbers of Gram-positive rods. Anaerobic cultures yielded high numbers of Clostridium (C.) novyi and fluorescent antibody test (FAT) confirmed this diagnosis. Enzyme immunoassay and toxin testing by neutralisation in Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed toxin B. Based upon the clinical symptoms, gross-pathological signs, bacteriological findings and toxin testing we concluded that C. novyi caused sow mortality. Suboptimal outdoor environment and high outdoor infectious pressure might have contributed the C. novyi caused losses in this unit.

[Conventional and alternative housing systems for poultry--point of view of infectious disease medicine].

Abstract: The use of conventional battery cages for hens will be prohibited in Germany in 2007. Only few studies, however, have considered the differences between battery cages and alternative systems with regard to infectious diseases. The existing gaps in the current knowledge need to be closed by research and measures must be developed that will prevent the spread of viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections in alternative poultry housing systems. With regard to virus infections, avian influenza requires particular attention. Since wild birds, particularly anseriformes, represent a reservoir for avian influenza viruses, free-ranging poultry is much more at risk of infection than birds in closed hen-houses. Appropriate measures must prevent direct contact with wild birds and transmission via contaminated water, feed, or equipment. Several bacterial infections of poultry represent zoonoses. Salmonella and Campylobacter are considered as particularly important. To avoid a potential increase in the risk of infection for consumers due to poultry keeping systems that might favour infections with bacterial zoonotic agents, there is a special need for research in this area. With regard to parasitic infections, coccidioses may cause problems in alternative poultry housing systems, and lead to considerable economic consequences. The epidemiological situation concerning infections with Histomonas meleagridis needs to be analysed. Since all compounds that had been used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in the past have been banned, there is a need to develop new drugs which are safe for animals and humans.

Computer tomographic differentiation of intrathoracic neoplasms and inflammation in the dog

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to elaborate on the advantages and limits of computed tomography (CT) in the differentiation of thoracic lesions, in particular neoplasias. In the course of the investigation CT-scans of the thorax of 31 dogs with lesions in the area of the lungs or mediastinum were evaluated. The lesions were rated by morphology, distribution pattern, attenuation values and contrast-enhancement. Biopsies or the whole body underwent a pathohistological examination. Of the 31 dogs 17 had neoplastic and 14 had inflammatory lesions in the thoracic region. With help of the CT, the exact localisations of the different lesions was possible in most cases. Due to their characteristic morphologies, distribution patterns and attenuation values the differentiation between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions was possible in most cases (n=25/31) on the basis of the CT-scans. Mean non-enhanced CT attenuation values of the neoplastic lesions ranged between 31 and 50 HU, of the inflammatory lesions between -251 and 9 HU. Both neoplastic and inflammatory lesions showed contrast enhancement (between 14 and 38 HU and between 2 and 95 HU respectively). The mediastinal abcesses enhanced mainly on the periphery of the lesion. A differentiation of the various types of neoplastic lesions based on the non-enhanced attenuation values was not successful. Only metastasis could be differentiated because of their distribution pattern.

Body and claw measurements as well as pressure distribution under the claws in heifers of different cattle breeds

Abstract: In 56 heifers of the three breeds German Holstein (GH), German Brown (GB) und German Red (GR) the body weight and height were determined at the age of 350 to 550 days in intervals of 6 to 8 weeks At the right front limb and the left hind limb the claw measurements dorsal wall length, diagonal length, heel length and height, the angle of the dorsal wall and the hardness of the claw were taken Furthermore, the punctual pressure under the medial and the lateral claw of the right front limb and the left hind limb were determined using an electronic measuring system The GH heifers weighing 3873 kg on an average and having a mean height of 1323 cm at the sacral bone in the course of the present study were the heaviest and tallest breed at the age of 12 to 18 months GB had a weight of 3662 kg and 1062 cm height at the sacral bone The GR were the smallest breed (1260 cm) and weighed 3377 kg The heel at the front limb was on the average 1 cm shorter than at the hind limb and it was 05 cm lower The angle of the dorsal border was 4-5 degrees higher at the hind limb The GR had the flattest claws The animals showed a larger average weight load on the medial claws than on the lateral claws especially of the front limbs The highest pressures per cm2 were found underneath the rear part of the medial claw in all breeds At the front limb, the GB showed significantly higher average pressures per cm2 under the front sectors of the claws than GH and GR, while the other values did not differ significantly between the breeds The GH tended to have lower average pressures per cm2 underneath the claws of the hind limb, but this was only significant at the front medial sector of the claw

[Development of a monitoring program for antibiotic resistance in bacteria from Swiss food-producing animals].

Abstract: Resistant bacteria from food-producing animals may compromise the success of antibiotic treatment in animals and in humans. Therefore, the level of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from farm animals and its development over time needs to be monitored. In Switzerland, a monitoring program for antibiotic resistance is currently being developed. Pilot-monitoring programs were conducted in selected animal species in order to obtain current data on antibiotic resistance. The data on the prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance in poultry were used to optimize the sampling plan. The influence of sampling more farms compared to sampling more animals per farm on the prevalence estimate for antibiotic resistance was analyzed by a Monte Carlo simulation model. Accounting for the costs for sample collection, transportation and laboratory analysis of the samples, the number of samples to be taken at the respective step in the production line was optimized. Optimization was defined as maximizing the precision of the prevalence estimate while minimizing the costs. The model will be expanded to other bacterial and animal species in the future.