Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2006"
TL;DR: As an alternative technology, plant improvement through somaclonal variation is expected to support conventional breeding through in vitro induced mutation, and new superior variants with a better performance and more attractive texture could be obtained through this method.
Abstract: As an alternative technology, plant improvement through somaclonal variation is expected to support conventional breeding. New superior variants with a better performance and more attractive texture could be obtained through this method. To enhance genetic variation, both physical and chemical treatments such as gamma ray (Co 60 ) and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) compound could be applied. In particular for vegetative propagated plants, in vitro induced mutation is the most effective method to improve variation. For obtaining the desired characteristic of plant, in vitro selection is the best method due to its capability to manipulate the variation to the expected result. Therefore, by applying the selection agent to the media, plant tolerance to both abiotic and biotic could be acquired. Generally, the tolerance at the callus level at the specific selection agent is positively correlated with the tolerance at the plant level. At this point, PEG (polyethylene glycol) and manitol is chemical compound useful for drought tolerance, fusaric or filtrate is for fusarium wilt, A1Cl3.6H2O is for Al tolerance. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two villages of Wawonii island in Southeast Sulawesi were selected as study sites based on 73 plants species, which uses by local people as traditional medicine and after having child were recorded.
Abstract: Twice field works to Wawonii Island was carried out in 2003 and 2004, in order to collect data on utilization of medicinal plants by local people. Two villages of Wawonii, which occupied by Wawonii tribe, were selected as study sites. Based on the study of 73 plants species, which uses by local people as traditional medicine and after having child were recorded. Similar to order inland areas of Indonesia, forest clearances and process of modernization was also occurred in this study area. Consequence the effect of those activities expected will beaffect in lost of local knowledge and destruction of natural resources. For that reason a study on utilizes of medicinal plant by local people is needed.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKeywords: traditional medicine; Wawonii tribe; Southeast Sulawesi.
24 citations
TL;DR: Animal models of diabetes mellitus made and used in laboratorium according to the pathology of diabetic patient and its complications, and usage of diabetogenic such as alloxan and streptozotocin were used.
Abstract: Animal models of diabetes mellitus were made and used in laboratorium according to the pathology of diabetic patient and its complications. Animal models of diabetes mellitus were designed by two methods: induced method such as pancreatectomy, chemicals (diabetogenic), viruses, and spontaneous method such BB (bio breeding) rats and NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice. The techniques of animal models of diabetes mellitus frequently used in the research were usage of diabetogenic such as alloxan and streptozotocin. Alloxan and its reduction metabolite (dialuric acid) establish a redox cycle and form superoxide radicals, and they undergo dismutation to hydrogen peroxide. By Fenton reaction, the formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals was stimulated. These radicals with high concentration of cytosolic calcium cause rapid destruction of I² cells. Besides, streptozotocin enters the I² cell through a glucose transporter (GLUT2), and stimulates superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals which in turn causes rapid destruction of I² cells. Streptozotocin also releases toxic amounts of nitric oxide that inhibits aconitase activity and contributes in DNA damage.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: animal models, diabetes mellitus, alloxan, streptozotocin.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the vegetation changing following peat fires in the sapric peat type at the land preparation using belong to the local community located in the Pelalawan district, Riau province, Indonesia during the dry season in the year 2001.
Abstract: Biomass burning is the burning of the world’s living and dead vegetation, including grasslands, forests and agricultural lands following the harvest for land clearing and land-use change. One of the important information needed following this biomass burning is how long the burnt forest or land can be recovered, and how worst the changing occurred. Repeated burning occurred at the same place trend to clean the vegetation which leads to have the land with lower number and quality of species left. The research objective is to understand the vegetation changing following peat fires in the sapric peat type at the land preparation using belong to the local community located in the
Pelalawan district, Riau province, Indonesia during the dry season in the year 2001. Before burning, logging, slashing, drying and burning the site was dominated by Uncaria glabrata at seedling stage, Ficus sundaica at sapling stage, Ficus sundaica at pole stage and Stenochlaena palustris at understorey. After logging, slashing and followed by 4 weeks drying then continued by burning with high flame temperature range from 900-1100oC, it had been found that 3-months following burning the site was dominated by Uncaria glabrata at
seedling stage and Nephrolepis flaccigera at understorey while 6-months following burning the site was dominated by Parastemon uruphyllus at seedling stage and Erechites valeriantifolia at understorey stage.
© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
Key words: peat fires, peat type, flame, natural regeneration, human.
21 citations
TL;DR: The stomata density can be applied as one indicator on the stress resistant level of rice.
Abstract: Plant response to drought stress depends on the physiological and biochemical response of the individual plant. Plant resistant toward the drought stress is controlled by so many genes that identification toward the drought stress resistant plant could use one or several characters related to drought. In order to find out the relationship between stomata density and the drought stress resistant plant, observation on the stomata density at the lower leave epidermis of various rice (Oryza sativa L.) somaclones originated from radiated callus using gamma ray. The observed varieties are Gajahmungkur, Towuti, and IR 64. The plant observed is the ones selected drought resistant by using PEG, root penetration test to paraffin layer, and proline content test. Stomata density observation on several somaclone shows that the radiation treatment to the three varieties may change the stomata width, length and density. Stomata with the lower density than the control shows the higher resistant to the drought viewed from the variable of filled grain, at the stress treatment given in the experiment. Gajahmungkur variety, which is basically higher land rice, has the lower density of stomata than that of Towuti and IR 64. In conclusion, the stomata density can be applied as one indicator on the stress resistant level of rice. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: stomata, drought resistant, rice (Oryza sativa L.).
21 citations
TL;DR: The result indicated that the direct exploitation in the mangrove ecosystem included fishery, forestry, food stuff, cattle woof, medicinal stuff, industrial material, and also tourism and education, and the land use around mangroves ecosystem including fishery/embankment, agriculture, andThe area of developing and building.
Abstract: The aims of the research were to find out (i) the direct exploitation in the mangrove ecosystem, (ii) the land use in its surrounding, and (iii) the restoration activities in the mangrove ecosystem in northern coast and southern coast of Central Java Province. This was descriptive research that was done qualitatively, in July until December 2003, at 20 sites of mangrove habitat. The data was collected in field surveys, in-depth interview to local people and/or local government, and examination of topographic maps of Java (1963-1965) and digital satellite image of Landsat 7 TM (July-September 2001). The result indicated that the direct exploitation in the mangrove ecosystem included fishery, forestry, food stuff, cattle woof, medicinal stuff, industrial material, and also tourism and education. The land use around mangrove ecosystem included fishery/embankment, agriculture, and the area of developing and building. The anthropogenic activities had been degraded mangrove ecosystem, it was called for restoration. The mangrove restoration had been done success in Pasar Banggi, but it failed in Cakrayasan and Lukulo.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: direct use, land use, mangrove ecosystem, degradation, restoration, Central Java Province.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of adding Lactic acid bacteria inoculants to Napier grass at ensiling on the quality of silage was investigated, and the results showed that the 1A-2 inoculant treatment lowered the pH between 3.67 to 4.18 and increased the lactate level of the grass silage 0.34 mg mL-1 compared with the control and other treatments.
Abstract: Ensiling is one solution to handle lack of forage at dry and wet season in tropical area. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is a popular crop conserved as silage, regarded with a relatively high dry matter (DM) content and adequate water soluble carbohydrates for fermentation to lactic acid. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding lactic acid bacteria inoculants to Napier grass at ensiling on the quality of silage. Two strain lactic acid bacteria inoculants Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 and 1BL-2 were added to the grass at different variation of inoculants , single or mix strain (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1%) with 3% of rice brand as additive, and incubated for 30 days. The 1A-2 inoculants treatment lowered the pH between 3.67 to 4.18 and increased the lactate level of the grass silage 0.3 to 0.34 mg mL-1 compared with the control and other treatments. The parameters for destruction is under 5% and DM loss was considerably lower in single inoculants 1BL-2 (0.01-3.97%) and 1A-2 (0.31-5.18%). © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: silage, fermentation, potential microorganism, lactic acid bacteria
17 citations
TL;DR: The identification improvement among species of Tor was conducted based on fish specimens in Museum Zoology Bogor and showed these four species different in morphology, and Tor soro 100% grouping from its congeners.
Abstract: The identification improvement among species of Tor was conducted based on fish specimens in Museum Zoology Bogor. Each species represented 8 specimens and measured 22 characters (in mm) used digital caliper. The Canonical variate analysis (discriminant function analysis) was used. The results showed these four species different in morphology, and Tor soro 100% grouping from its congeners. Five characters were selected to separate species. Commonly, population of tambra fish in the world was critical therefore needed conservation.
© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
Keywords: fish, Tor, morphology, character, species, conservation
16 citations
TL;DR: The decrease in population of local fruit trees due to the forest destruction in some places in Kalimantan is a worrying trend, and an ex-situ conservation program is proposed for the maintenance of diversity amongst local fruit species.
Abstract: The decrease in population of local fruit trees due to the forest destruction in some places in Kalimantan is a worrying trend.The genetic diversity of fruits in Kalimantan has been saved partly through indigenous agroforestry, as species cultivated from generation to generation by indigenous people have created miniature forests in the village agroecosystem. However, there is no doubt that the existence of local fruit trees has been threatened by the introduction of a superior fruit cultivars and other commercial plant species such as coconuts (Cocos nucifera), oil palm (Elaeis guinensis) and rubber trees (Hevea braziliensis). An ex-situ conservation program is proposed for the maintenance of diversity amongst local fruit species.
© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
Key words: Local fruit trees, indigenous agroforestry, conservation, Kalimantan.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors to diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos was studied in a mangrove field experiment in Bali.
Abstract: Rehabilitation of mangrove was required to increase biodiversity and abundance population of fauna, including macrozoobenthos. The aims of this research were to study influence of biotic and abiotic factors to diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos. This research was conducted on June, 2003 in Great Garden Forest (Tahura) Ngurah Rai, Bali. The observation plots were Rhizophora apiculata’s and Rhizophora mucronata’s planted in different plant density. The results of this experiment showed that diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos were not significant correlation to the density of the plants. The abundance of macrozoobenthos was negatively correlation to substrate texture. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: makrozoobenthos, diversity, abundance, rhizophora, mangrove.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a descriptive research was done qualitatively, in July until December 2003, at three sites of mangrove habitat in Rembang Regency, namely Pecangakan, Pasar Banggi, and Lasem.
Abstract: The aims of the research were to find out (i) species diversity of mangrove plats, (ii) the conservation problems of mangrove ecosystem, and (iii) restoration efford of mangrove ecosystem at coastal area of Rembang Regency, Central Java. This was descriptive research that was done qualitatively, in July until December 2003, at 3 sites of mangrove habitat in Rembang Regency, namely Pecangakan, Pasar Banggi, and Lasem. The data was collected in field surveys, in-depth interview to local people and/or local government, and examination of topographic maps of Java (1963-1965) and digital satellite image of Landsat 7 TM (July-September 2001). The result indicated that northern coast of Rembang had 27 mangrove species, i.e. 12 species of major mangrove, 2 species of minor mangrove, and 13 species of associated plants. Rhizophora had been dominated mangrove ecosystem in Lasem and Pasar Bangi; while Avicennia had been dominated in Pecangakan. The most degrading factors of mangrove ecosysrems were aquaculture and salt pond, timber logging, land reclamation and soil sedimentation, and environmental pollution. Mangrove restoration by Rhizophora in coast of Pasar Bangi had been successfully, because community based management. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta Key words: conservation problems, mangrove ecosystem, Rembang Regency, Central Java Province.
TL;DR: The potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria/PSB (Bacillus megaterium, B. pantothenticus, Chromobacterium lividum and Klebsiella aerogenes) were used as bio-fertilizer to increase the fresh leaf production of green mustard (Brasica caventis Oed) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria/PSB (Bacillus megaterium, B. pantothenticus, Chromobacterium lividum and Klebsiella aerogenes) were used as biofertilizer to increase the fresh leaf production of green mustard (Brasica caventis Oed.). An experiment was conducted at green house condition. The experiment were used 18 treatments such as single isolate of potential PSB (A,B,C,D), inoculants contain two isolates of potential PSB (E,F,G,H,I,J), inoculants contain three isolates of potential PSB (K, L, M, N), inoculants contain four isolate of potential PSB (O), chemistry fertilizer (P = control 1), organic fertilizer (Q = control 2), and without fertilizer (R = control 3). The treatments were arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 replications. The result showed that the inoculants of potential PSB increased the fresh plant production of green mustard. The mix of four isolates of potential PSB (inoculants O) was the best to increase the fresh plant production of green mustard until 32.87% than other PSB inoculants, 207.84% than control 1,217.23% than control 2, and 930.60% than control 3. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: BPF/PSB, Wamena Biological Garden, Brasica caventis Oed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Lactobacillus isolates as probiotic candidate and to know its resistance to low pH in Indonesian fermented foods, such as tongcai, saguer drink, pindang ikan selar, and sawi asin.
Abstract: Several isolates of Lactobacillus had been isolated from Indonesian fermented foods. Four isolates where isolated from tongcai (TT2), saguer drink (Sg.Mnd.N2), pindang ikan selar (PSl1) and sawi asin (S5) had been used in this research. The aim of the research was to get Lactobacillus isolates as probiotic candidate and to know its resistance to low pH. The treatment were several concentration of low pH of MRS broth medium, i.e. 2; 2.5; 3; and 6.5 (optimal pH). The optical density (OD) was measured after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours respectively, with three replication by using spectrophotometer (I» = 600 nm). The results showed that all Lactobacillus isolates (i.e. TT2, Sg.Mnd.N2, PSl1, and S5) could been used as probiotic candidate because they were resistant to all of low pH used. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: low pH, Lactobacillus, probiotic
TL;DR: The aims of study are to know biological aspects tambra fish, i.e: sexual maturity, fecundity, sexual dimorfism, sex ratio, food habits, parasities and dissease, and to founded two species of parasities.
Abstract: Tambra (Tor tambroides Blkr.) is consumed fish; its exotic size, rare population and expensive price but not yet cultured. The aims of study are to know biological aspects tambra fish, i.e: sexual maturity, fecundity, sexual dimorfism, sex ratio, food habits, parasities and dissease. The results were recorded two levels of sexual maturity that III and IV, fecundity ranges 3,125-8,201 eggs, sex ratio 1:2; sexual dimorfism based on shape and color body, tubercle at cheek and operculum of male, also papilla shape; food habits as omnivorous; founded two species of parasities, i.e. Argulus sp. and Lernea cypriniaceae. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: tambra fish, biology aspects, domestication, exotic, rare and expensive
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found the composition and structure of vegetation at the upstream Cianjur Watersheds by using plot method placed purposive random sampling at research location with increase elevation equal to 100 m from sea level.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to found the composition and structure of vegetation at the upstream Cianjur Watersheds. Research sampling conducted by using plot method placed purposive random sampling at research location with increase elevation equal to 100 m from sea level. Every 100 m elevation level, were taken 5 sample plots so that up to 1000-1500 (sub-montana zone) totalize plot were 30. Measured parameter cover density, frequency, dominancy, Important Value Index (IVI), Diversity Index (H'), and Evenness (E). The subdividing pattern plot done through cluster analysis. The result of this research indicate that species puspa (Schima wallichii) and rasamala (Altingia excelsa) were two species with highest Important Value Indeks, so that both species considered to be dominant the community. The species diversity index (H’) equal to 3,38 categorized to high, but the evenness value (E) was categorized to low (1.95). The phenomena happened because tha distribution of species were heterogenous. The Cluster analysis indicated that there were three sub-groups which can be categorized as sub-zone in sub-montana zone, namely the sub-zone lower, middle and hight. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: vegetation analysis, Upstream Cianjur watersheds, Sub-montana zone, Mt.Gede-Pangrango National Park’s.
TL;DR: Generally, germination and growth of ramin seem not to be restricted on growth media with special pH, while on control (soil) was 55%.
Abstract: A study on seed germination and seedling growth of ramin (Gonystylus bancanus Miq.) was conducted at a green house, Treub Laboratory, Botany Department, Research Center for Biology- LIPI, Bogor. This study was to know the effect of growth media on the germination and growth of ramin. A Completely Randomized Designed with 13 treatments and 4 replications was used in this study. Thirteen compositions of growth media used were soil, compost, cocopeat, mixture of soil and compost (1:1; 1:3), soil, compost and cocopeat (1:1:1); soil, compost, cocopeat and goat manure (1:1:1:1); soil and cocopeat (1:1; 1:2; 1:3); compost and cocopeat (1:1; 1:2; 1:3); compost and husk of rice. The result showed that the highest germination percentage was 95% obtained on the cocopeat media, while on control (soil) was 55%. The highest germination value was 6.67 obtained from the mixture media of soil+compost = 1:3 and the lowest was 1.87 from the control. There was variation of leaf shape observed until 60 days after planting. Some compositions of suggested media for seed germination andseedling growth of ramin were cocopeat, mixture of compost+cocopeat (1:1; 1:2 and 1:3), compost and the mixture of soi+compost (1:2 and 1:3) respectively. Generally, germination and growth of ramin seem not to be restricted on growth media with special pH.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: germination, growth, ramin, Gonystylus bancanus Miq.
TL;DR: From the anti-oxidative analysis using DPPH (1,1-diphinil pycril hidrazil) method, the lowest IC50 was showed by n-buthanol extract of flower and ethyl acetate extract of fruit and further purification through fractionation process of the plant extract was surprisingly followed by the decrease of anti-Oxidative activity.
Abstract: Burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook & Thomson) is one of fruit tree that originally was founded in Indonesia. Traditionally burahol is used as natural deodorance, but due to low economic value, the cultivation program of this plant species is almost abandoned. Regarding to this situation, currently this plant species could be categorized as one of endangered species. At present, economic value of this fruit is almost neglected and this is the main reason why not many people interested to cultivate this plant. In order to change the people opinion on this plant and to improve it economic value, study on the chemical content of this plant had been carried out. From the research work, it was founded that burahol fruit have a significant content of anti-oxidative compound. From the anti-oxidative analysis using DPPH (1,1-diphinil pycril hidrazil) method, the lowest IC50 was showed by n-buthanol extract of flower (22.44 ppm) and ethyl acetate extract of fruit (29.12 ppm). Flower part also showed low IC50 of ethyl acetate extract (35.07 ppm). Further purification through fractionation process of the plant extract was surprisingly followed by the decrease of anti-oxidative activity. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: anti-oxidative, 1,1-diphinil pycril hidrazil , burahol.
TL;DR: The result showed that butanol extract of maturated mahkota dewa fruit with dosage until 85 mg/kg body weight did not affect kidney tissue, but at dosage 170 mg/ kg body weight, a light necrosis on proximal convoluted tubules was occurred.
Abstract: Mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) is very popular recently because it is presumed as traditional medicine which can conquer various diseases, but research on the plant is still difficult to find. Although mahkota dewa is very popular as medicinal plants, it is very poisonous, especially if it is directly consumed which can cause swollen, sprue, numb at tongue, fever, even unconscious. A research was conducted to find out effect of sub chronic dosage of butanol extract of maturated mahkota dewa fruit. Observation was carried out on kidney tissue which is susceptible to chemicals entering body. Dosage of butanol extract of 0; 42.5; 85 and 170 mg/kg body weight was administered intra peritoneal to mice. The result showed that butanol extract of maturated mahkota dewa fruit with dosage until 85 mg/kg body weight did not affect kidney tissue. At dosage 170 mg/kg body weight, a light necrosis on proximal convoluted tubules was occurred.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Phaleria macrocarpa, plant extract, Mus musculus, kidney, necrosis
TL;DR: Research on the red rice fermented by Monascus purpureus showed that the highest pigment content for yellow pigment was on the PB 1804 IF 9 cultivar, and red pigmentwas on the Bah Butong cultivar.
Abstract: Research on the red rice fermented by Monascus purpureus had been done. The rice consisted of 2 cultivars such as Bah Butong and BP 1804 IF 9. The aim of the research was to know the content of the pigment and lovastatin of the fermentation result/ angkak. Angkak was powdered by using blender. To measure the content of pigment, the powder was extracted by methanol. By using spectrophotometer the content of the pigment could be measured with 390 nm wave lengths for yellow pigment and 500 nm for the red pigment. For lovastatin the powder was extracted by acetonitrile and H2SO4. By using HPLC the content of lovastatin could be measured. The results showed that the highest pigment content for yellow pigment was on the PB 1804 IF 9 cultivar, and red pigment was on the Bah Butong cultivar. The highest lovastatin content was on the BP 1804 IF 9.Key words: Monascus purpureus, red rice, pigment, lovastatin.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study on the plant usage as traditional medicinal plant has been done by interviewing local people, the result of the research was got 61 species of medicinal plants, where 6 species of them have never been published at the Index of Indonesian Medicinal Plants.
Abstract: North Wakarumba is one of subdistrict lies in the north of Buton Island, close to North Buton Nature Reserve. More than one etnic live in this sub district such as Muna as the biggest ethnic. Muna people have unique behavior in the plant using and environment management including protecting forest and its surrounding area. Study on the plant usage as traditional medicinal plant has been done by interviewing local people. The result of the research was got 61 species of medicinal plants, where 6 species of them have never been published at the Index of Indonesian Medicinal Plants. Thirty-eight plants species could be found wildly and 16 of them occur in North Buton Nature Reserve areas. Bark of 10 species reported as after giving birth medicine. Grinding of Epipremnum pinnatum leaves could be used as wound medicine. Leaf of Terminalia catappa could be used as anti diarrhea.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: North Wakarumba, Muna ethnics, medicinal plant, Buton
TL;DR: Eighteen plant species belonging to at least ten families were found as food sources and the monkey was likely to be folivore, and those sampled leaves contained nutrition and essential minerals that were required by this colobine monkey.
Abstract: Diet of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) inhabiting rubber forests was poorly known. The research objectives were to identify plants or other organisms which functions as food sources, estimate the amount of food a day, and determine the content of food nutrition. Identification of food sources and estimation of the amount of food were conducted in the field, but the nutrition content was analyzed in the laboratory. Eighteen plant species belonging to at least ten families were found as food sources. The monkey was likely to be folivore. Based on IARF (individual activity records of feeding) method, most of food was consisted of leaves (80.9%) and others were flowers (11.3%), fruits (6.77%), and barks (0.95%). The monkey also fed grasshoppers and termites, although few occasions were found. However, the number of food plant species and the percentage of food composition could change, because on some locations, out of the research location, we found and also people reported other plant species consumed by the proboscis monkey. By sampling the feeding rate on leaves of three species, the amount of food ranged 919.96-1537.59 g wet weight or 168.57-515.94 g dry weight. In addition, those sampled leaves contained nutrition and essential minerals that were required by this colobine monkey. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
TL;DR: In this paper, the results showed that the difference of elevation area, soil pH, forest vegetation, and microbial habitat (rhizosphere and forest floor) were not the inhabitation factors of the biodiversity of PSB and their ability to solubilize insoluble phosphate.
Abstract: Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were collected from plant rhizosphere at Cikaniki (1100 m asl.), soil at Botol Mountain (1000, 1500, and 1800 m asl.), and Ciptarasa (600, 1000, and 1500 m asl.), area at Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP). The soil ware collected randomly from 3 areas and taken from 0-15 cm depth in the plants rhizosphere at Cikaniki and forest floor soil in Gunung Botol and Ciptarasa. The result showed that the difference of elevation area, soil pH, forest vegetation, and microbial habitat (rhizosphere and forest floor) were not the inhabitation factors of the biodiversity of PSB and their ability to solubilize insoluble phosphate, but the inhabitation factors on the growth of the PSB population. The highest population of PSB at GHNP was founded in the plant rhizosphere of Altingia exelsa Norona and Schima wallichii (Dc.) Korth (107sel/g soil) at Cikaniki and in the forest floor soil (108sel/g soil) at Botol Mountain (1000 m asl.). Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus megaterium, and Chromobacterium sp. dominated Cikaniki, Botol Mountain and Ciptarasa area. Those isolates could solubilize insoluble phosphate on solid Pikovskaya medium with the range of diameter is 1.5-2.5 cm. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Cikaniki, Gunung Botol, and Ciptarasa area.
TL;DR: The result of this research showed that the hypercholesterolemia rationed food could increase the body weight of rats; and administration of Lactobacillus could not decrease theBody weight of rat with hyperch cholesterol rationedFood.
Abstract: The consumption of food could influence the body weight of organisms. “Hypercholesterolemia rationed food†is the food that increase the cholesterol on blood of rats. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of hypercholesterolemia rationed food to the body weight of white rats wistar with administration of Lactobacillus. In vivo research was done by using thirty rats that devided into three groups. Group I as Negative Control; Group II as Positive Control and Group III as The Treatment. The rat on Group I was given standart rationed food with physiological solution; Group II was given hypercholesterolemia rationed food and Group III was given Hypercholesterolemia rationed food with administration of Lactobacillus. The rationed food was given 20 g/rat/day. The weight of rats were balanced twice a week. The result of this research showed that the hypercholesterolemia rationed food could increase the body weight of rats; and administration of Lactobacillus could not decrease the body weight of rat with hypercholesterolemia rationed food. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: hypercholesterolemia rationed food, the body weight, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus
TL;DR: It had been found that one of the reasons why firefighter failed to fight fire in peatland is because they do not have any knowledge and experience on it, and the different fuel characteristics at the same level of peat decomposition will have significantly different fire behavior.
Abstract: During dry season it is easily recognized that smoke will emerge at certain place both in Sumatra and Kalimantan that is in peatland. The worst situation occurred when fire burnt buried log in the logged over area where the fire fighter did not have any experience and knowledge on how to work with fire in peatland. Finally it had been found that one of the reasons why firefighter failed to fight fire in peatland is because they do not have any knowledge and experience on it. In order to know the fire behavior characteristics in different level of peat decomposition for fire management and sustainable management of the land for the community, research done in Pelalawan area, Riau Province, Indonesia, during dry season 2001. Three level of peat decomposition named Sapric, Hemic, and Fibric used. To conduct the research, two 400 m2 of plot each was established in every level of the peat decomposition. Burning done three weeks following slashing, cutting and drying at different time using circle method. During burning, flame length, rate of the spread of fire, flame temperature and following burning fuel left and the depth of peat destruction were measured. Results of research shown that in sapric site
where sapric 2 has fuel load 9 ton ha-1 less than sapric 1, fire behavior was significantly different while peat destructed was deepest in sapric 2 with 31.87 cm. In hemic site where hemic 2 has fuel load 12.3 ton ha-1 more than hemic 1, fire behavior was significantly different and peat destructed deeper than hemic 1 that was 12.6 cm. In fibric site where fibric 1 has fuel load 3.5 ton ha-1 more than fibric 1, fire behavior was significantly different that has no burnt peat found. This results found that the different fuel characteristics (potency, moisture,
bed depth, and type) at the same level of peat decomposition will have significantly different fire behavior as it happened also on the depth of peat destruction except fibric. The same condition occurred in the fire behavior at different level of peat decomposition.
Key words: Fire, fuel, peat, sapric, hemic, fibric, Pelalawan.
TL;DR: The result indicated that forest fire decreased the diversity and population of soil fungi.
Abstract: A study was conducted in Bukit Bangkirai forest, East Kalimantan, to understand the impact of forest fire on the existence of soil fungi. Three permanent plots were used for the research, i.e. undamaged plot (K), lightly damaged plot (LD), and heavily damaged plot (HD). Each plot was 1 ha and divided into 100 sub-plots (10 m x 10 m). For observation of soil fungi, in the center of the five randomly selected sub-plots from each plot was made a sampling plot (2 m x 2 m). After removing the organic matter surface (O layer), soil sample was collected from top layer (A) and second layer (B) in each of the five sampling plots. Soil fungi were isolated using dilution plate method and they were incubated at room temperature (27-28 C). This process was replicated two times for each soil sample. The result indicated that forest fire decreased the diversity and population of soil fungi. The highest soil fungi population was found in the undamaged (K) plot at the top layer (A) (389.0 colonies/mg dry soil), while the lowest population was in the lightly damaged plot (LD) at the second layer (B) (12.3 colonies/mg dry soil). Gongronella butleri was dominant species in the area of the tropical rain forest which was fired in Bukit Bangkirai, East Kalimantan. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
TL;DR: In this paper, the 16S rRNA gene sequence provided phylogenetic basis for classification of prokaryotes, but this criterion can not correspond to real ecological unit, thus can not reveal the functional diversity in nature.
Abstract: Until now it is complicated for demarcating species of prokaryotes. The 16S rRNA gene sequence provide phylogenetic basis for classification. It has been widely accepted that more than 97% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence is a species definition for prokaryotes. However, this criterion can not correspond to real ecological unit, thus can not reveal the functional diversity in nature. The interaction with the environment is defined at the level of functional genes, not 16S rRNA gene. Protein-coding genes sequence can be expected to disclose much previously unknown ecological population of prokaryotes. These are the genes that determine the role of the species. Sequence similarity in multiple protein-coding genes is recommended as a primary criterion for demarcating taxa. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta Key words: species definition, 16S rRNA, procaryotes, systematics
TL;DR: This research to know species of cuscus in Taman Wisata Gunung Meja Manokwari using a descriptive method and observation technique indicated that there was two species in this area namely timor cusus (Phalanger orientalis) and common spotted cUScus (Spilocuscus maculatus).
Abstract: One element of the biodiversity richness at Papua is its mammal especially marsupials. According to Petocz, (1987) there are 154 mammal species in Papua. One of them is cuscus. Menzies (1991) stated that 11 cuscus species exist in New Guinea, five species occur in Papua. Menzies (1991) also mentioned that the habitat, distribution and behavior of each species is not fully known yet and one strategy to answer the above mentioned questions is by conducting an explorative study of cuscus in several areas of Papua. This research to know species of cuscus in Taman Wisata Gunung Meja Manokwari using a descriptive method and observation technique. The result indicated that there was two species of cuscus in this area namely timor cuscus (Phalanger orientalis) and common spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus). There was 26 plant species feeding food of these cuscus species.   © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: feding, location, herons, mudflat, rice-field, grass-land, fisheries
TL;DR: Applications of three different sources of N fertilizers on vegetable crops (tomato, okra and spinach) were conducted in the green house of Research Institute for Food Crop Biotechnology, Bogor from August of 1999 to April of 2000 and showed that for the first experiment, the highest N-uptake for tomatoes and okra was obtained from the treatment of 5 g N/pot of urea, although the highest fresh weight of tomatoes andOkra fruits were not from this treatment.
Abstract: Applications of three different sources of N fertilizers (urea, compost from slaughter house and chicken manure compost) on vegetable crops (tomato, okra and spinach) were conducted in the green house of Research Institute for Food Crop Biotechnology, Bogor from August of 1999 to April of 2000. Treatments consisted of: (i) without fertilizer, (ii) 5 g N/pot of urea, (iii) 10 g N/pot of slaughter house compost, (iv) 10 g N/pot of chicken manure compost, (v) 5 g N/pot of urea + 10 g N/pot of slaughter house compost, and (vi) 5 g N/pot of urea + 10 g N/pot of chicken manure compost. Completely Randomized Design with 3 replicates was used in the experiments. In the first experiment, tomatoes were planted in the first season, following by okra in the second season. In the second experiment, spinach was planted for 6 times. Urea and compost were applied only once at the beginning of the experiment. Results of the experiments showed that for the first experiment, the highest N-uptake for tomatoes and okra was obtained from the treatment 5 g N/pot of urea + 10 g N/pot of chicken manure compost, although the highest fresh weight of tomatoes and okra fruits were not from this treatment. The treatment of 10 g N/pot of either slaughter house or chicken manure composts gave the highest fresh fruits weight. In the second experiment, the highest dry weight and N-uptake of spinach were obtained from the treatment of 5 g N/pot of urea + 10 g N/pot of chicken manure compost. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: urea, compost, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench), spinach (Amaranthus tricolor)
TL;DR: 19 species (9 families) of waterbirds that living in the Peniti mangrove forest, Pontianak Regency, West Kalimantan were found, and identification showed that four species were member of Sternitidae Family, while other three species were members of Ardeidae Family.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to know waterbirds diversity in the Peniti mangrove forest, Pontianak Regency. This research was found 19 species (9 families) of waterbirds that living in the Peniti mangrove forest, Pontianak Regency, West Kalimantan. This identification showed that four species were member of Sternitidae Family, three species were member of Ardeidae Family, other three species were member of Anatidae Family, two species were member of Laridae Family, two species from Accipritidae Family, and Alcedinidae Family. One species from Ciconidae Family, Scolopacidae Family, and Ploceidae Family. Thirteen species of them were protected in Indonesia; there were Egretta garzetta, E. sacra, Ardea cinerea, Ciconia episcopus, Larus ridibundus, L. brunnicephalus, Sterna sumatrana, S. dougallii, Anous minutus, Gygis alba, Halcyon pileata, Todirhamphus chloris, and Lonchura fuscans. Lochura fuscans was belonging to Indonesian endemic birds, because we only found this bird species in Kalimantan Islands. Two species, Haliaetus leucogaster and Haliastur indus were the International protected species according to Appendix II Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: waterbirds, protected, endemic, species.