Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2010"
TL;DR: Mirmanto et al. as mentioned in this paper made a vegetation analysis study in Sebangau peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Java, Indonesia and found that there are 133 species (taxa) were recorded within 8 plots belong to 34 families where Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae were the most dominant families.
Abstract: Mirmanto E (2010) Vegetation analyses of Sebangau peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 11: 82-88. The vegetation analysis study has been made in Sebangau peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan. Eight permanent plots of 50-m x 50-m were set-up distribute from close to the river with shallow peat-layer up to the inland with relatively deep peat-layer. Enumeration of trees (GBH > 15 cm) was conducted in all of 8 plots. Overall there are 133 species (taxa) were recorded within 8 plots belong to 34 families where Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae were the most dominant family. Out of all species recorded, Combretocarpus rotundatus, Palaquium leiocarpum, Stemonurus scorpioides and Tristania whittiana were the most dominant species. Two community’s types namely Combretocarpus rotundatus-Shorea balangeran community and Palaquium leiocarpum-Eugenia densinervium communitywere recognized and they distributed in slightly different habitat condition. The sequence of these two communities’ shows significantly related to both distances to river and peat-depth. In addition there was indication the presence of habitat preference among tree species.Key words: vegetation, peat-swamp, community, Sebangau, Central Kalimantan
32 citations
TL;DR: The highest haplotype numbers and the highest specific haplotypes were found in the population from Papua suggesting this islands as the centre and the origin of sago palm diversities in Indonesia.
Abstract: Abbas B, Renwarin Y, Bintoro MH, Sudarsono, Surahman M, Ehara H (2010) Genetic diversity of sago palm in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers. Biodiversitas 11: 112-117. Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) was believed capable to accumulate high carbohydrate content in its trunk. The capability of sago palm producing high carbohydrate should be an appropriate criterion for defining alternative crops in anticipating food crisis. The objective of this research was to study genetic diversity of sago palm in Indonesia based on cpDNA markers. Total genome extraction was done following the Qiagen DNA isolation protocols 2003. Single Nucleotide Fragments (SNF) analyses were performed by using ABI Prism GeneScanR 3.7. SNF analyses detected polymorphism revealing eleven alleles and ten haplotypes from total 97 individual samples of sago palm. Specific haplotypes were found in thepopulation from Papua, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan. Therefore, the three islands will be considered as origin of sago palm diversities in Indonesia. The highest haplotype numbers and the highest specific haplotypes were found in the population from Papua suggesting this islands as the centre and the origin of sago palm diversities in Indonesia. The research had however no sufficient data yet to conclude the Papua origin of sago palm. Genetic hierarchies and differentiations of sago palm samples were observed significantly different within populations (P=0.04574), among populations (P=0.04772), and among populations within the island (P=0.03366), but amongislands no significant differentiations were observed (P= 0.63069).Key words: genetic diversity, sago palm, chloroplast DNA, haplotype, Indonesia.
25 citations
TL;DR: Melghat forest in Central India was surveyed for occurrence of wild edible fungi and their prevalent favorable ecological factors and a total of 153 species of mushrooms were recorded, collected, photographed and preserved.
Abstract: Karwa A, Rai MK (2010) Tapping into the edible fungi biodiversity of Central India. Biodiversitas 11: 97-101. Melghat forest in Central India was surveyed for occurrence of wild edible fungi and their prevalent favorable ecological factors. Studies were carried out for three consequent years in the months of June to February (2006-2008). A total of 153 species of mushrooms were recorded, collected, photographed and preserved. The enormous biomass in the forest favors variety of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Dominating species belong to genera Agaricus, Pleurotus, Termitomyces, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Auricularia, Schizophyllum, Morchella, etc. The biotechnological potential of these important mushrooms is needed to be exploited. These studies will open new avenues in improvement of breeding programs of commercially cultivated mushroom species.Key words: biodiversity, mushrooms, Agaricus, Pleurotus, Ganoderma, medicinal
23 citations
TL;DR: The anatomical structure of bulb and leaf of red bulb plants during their development and their naphtoquinone derivative contents were analyzed and there was no significant difference in the content of bioactive compounds of leaves during development, despite the rise in the thickness of mesophyll and the constituting cells as the location of synthesis.
Abstract: Kuntorini EM, Nugroho LH (2010) Structural development and bioactive content of red bulb plant (Eleutherine americana); atraditional medicines for local Kalimantan people. Biodiversitas 11 (2): 102-106. Red bulb plant or “bawang dayak†(Eleutherine americana Merr.) is commonly used as a traditional medicine especially for anti breast cancer of Kalimantan people, because it contains bioactive naphtoquinone-derivatives. Naphtoquinones is usually used as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic agents. This study was aimed to complete the investigation of Red bulb plant as a traditional medicine from anatomical and phytochemical point of view, especially the anatomical structure of bulb and leaf of red bulb plants during their development and their naphtoquinone derivative contents. The anatomical structures of bulb and leaf were analyzed by paraffin embedding method and naphtoquinone derivative contents were analyzed using HPLC. During plant development, the diameter and the length of bulbs as well as the thickness of mesophyll and epidermis layers of the leaves increased significantly. The size of vascular bundles increased and so did phloem and xylem components. The content of bioactive compounds in bulbs increased significantly as the size of parenchymal cells increased. There was no significant difference in the content of bioactive compounds of leaves during development, despite the rise in the thicknessof mesophyll and the constituting cells as the location of synthesis.Key words: development, bulb, leaf, Eleutherine americana, naphtoquinone
22 citations
TL;DR: Diversity analyses showed that the bacterial community of egg had the highest diversity and evenness, meanwhile theacterial community of 48 hours old nauplii had the lowest diversity.
Abstract: Bacterial communities associated with white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae at early developmental stages. Biodiversitas 11 (2): 65-68.Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to monitor the dynamics of the bacterial communities associated with early developmental stages of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae. Samples for analysis were egg, hatching nauplii, 24 hours old nauplii, and 48 hours old nauplii which were collected from one cycle of production at commercial hatchery. TRFLPresults indicated that the bacterial community associated with early stages of shrimp development might be transferred vertically from broodstock via egg. There was no significant difference between bacterial communities investigated, except the bacterial community of 48 hours old nauplii. Diversity analyses showed that the bacterial community of egg had the highest diversity and evenness, meanwhile the bacterial community of 48 hours old nauplii had the lowest diversity. Nine phylotypes were found at all stages with high abundance. Those TRFs were identified as I³- proteobacteria, I±-proteobacteria, and bacteroidetes group.Key words: Litopenaeus vannamei, bacterial community, T-RFLP
21 citations
TL;DR: The present review is focused on biotechnological tools like in vitro culture, micropropagation, mycorrhization, genetic transformation and development of DNA banks which are imperative and important alternatives for the conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants.
Abstract: Rai MK (2010) Review: Biotechnological strategies for conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants. Biodiversitas 11: 157166. The use of medicinal plants is as old as human civilization. The biotechnological tools play a crucial role in conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants. The rapid depletion of plant genetic diversity has made essential to develop new in situ and ex situ conservation methods. Advances in biotechnology offer new methods for conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants. The present review is focused on biotechnological tools like in vitro culture, micropropagation, mycorrhization, genetic transformation and development of DNA banks. These are imperative and important alternatives for the conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants.
20 citations
TL;DR: To describe the anatomical character and morphology of fives Indonesian banana cultivars based on their level of ploidy, the row of vascular bundles acts as demarcation area between peripheric and central zone and the root, rhizome, and leaf anatomy were collected.
Abstract: Sumardi I, Wulandari M (2011) Anatomy and morphology character of five Indonesian banana cultivars (Musa spp.) of different ploidy level. Biodiversitas 12: 167-175. In Indonesia there are many cultivars of banana, and some of them produce edible fruits. Beside their morphology, the character which necessary as a tool for classification is anatomical character. The aim of this research were to describe the anatomical character and morphology of fives Indonesian banana cultivars based on their level of ploidy. The cultivars were collected from Banana Germplasm Plantation, Yogyakarta District, Indonesia. The samples of roots, rhizome, and leaf were collected from five banana cultivars i.e.: Musa acuminata cv Penjalin, M. balbisiana cv Kluthuk warangan, M. acuminata cv Ambon warangan, M. paradisiaca cv Raja nangka, and M. paradisiaca cv Kluthuk susu. For anatomy observation samples were prepared using paraffin method, stained with 1% safranin in 70% ethanol. To observe the structure of stomata and epidermis surface, slide were prepared using modification of whole mount method. Slides were observed using Olympus BHB microscope completed with Olympus camera BM-10A. Stem and leaf morphology character of diploid level (AA and BB genome) is different with triploid level (AAA, AAB, and ABB genome). Anatomy and morphology character of root and rhizome of banana in diploid level (AA and BB genome) and triploid level (AAA, AAB, and ABB genome) is quite similar. Distribution of stomata is found in leaf and pseudostem. Stomata is found in adaxial and abaxial epidermis layer. The size of guard cells in triploid cultivars was longer than that diploid cultivars. The root composed of epidermis layer, cortex and cylinder vascular of five cultivar’s root show anomalous structure. Rhizome consist of peripheric and centre zone. Anatomically, this was no differences in the rhizome structure among five banana cultivars. The row of vascular bundles acts as demarcation area between peripheric and central zone. In the cultivar with BB genome (diploid) and ABB genome (triploid) the row of vascular bundle was not found. The differences of leaf anatomy were base on: size and number of stomata distribution, number of subsidiary cells, number of hypodermal layers, structure and number of parenchyma palisade, size of airspace in petiole and mesophyll and the vascular bundle structure.Key words: anatomical character, morphology, banana cultivar, ploidy level
20 citations
TL;DR: Genetic variation within breeds is important and its study has become a subject of interest in livestock species, as it has many applications in animal breeding and genetics, such as the identification of animals and parentage testing, gene mapping and identifying markers for performance traits.
Abstract: Sutarno (2010). Genetic variations among Indonesian native cattle breeds based on polymorphisms analysis in the growth hormone loci and mitochondrial DNA. Biodiversitas 11: 1-5. Genetic variation within breeds is important and its study has become a subject of interest in livestock species, as it has many applications in animal breeding and genetics, such as the identification of animals and parentage testing, gene mapping and identifying markers for performance traits. Two loci of bovine growth hormone genes, and two regions of mitochondrial DNA, D-loop and ND-5 were characterized using polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism (CR-RFLP) involving 120 Indonesian native cattle of Bali, Madura, PO and West Sumatra breeds. The results indicated that sequence variations were detected both in the growth hormone loci and mitochondrial DNA.
15 citations
TL;DR: Junaedi et al. as mentioned in this paper performed treevegetation analysis in three locations of Mount Patuha region, i.e. Cimanggu Recreational Park, Mount Masigit Protected Forest, and Patengan Natural Reserve.
Abstract: Junaedi DI, Mutaqien Z (2010) Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha region, West Java. Biodiversitas 11: 75-81. Treevegetation analysis was conducted in three locations of Mount Patuha region, i.e. Cimanggu Recreational Park, Mount Masigit Protected Forest, and Patengan Natural Reserve. Similarity of tree communities in those three areas was analyzed. Quadrant method was used to collect vegetation data. Morisita Similarity index was applied to measure the similarity of tree communities within three areas. The three areas were dominated by Castanopsis javanica A. DC., Lithocarpus pallidus (Blume) Rehder and Schima wallichii Choisy. The similarity tree communities were concluded from relatively high value of Similarity Index between three areas. Cimanggu RP, Mount Masigit and Patengan NR had high diversity of tree species. The existence of the forest in those three areas was needed to be sustained. The tree communities data was useful for further considerations of conservation area management around Mount Patuha.Key words: Mount Patuha, tree communities, plant ecology, remnant forest
15 citations
TL;DR: Examining butterfly diversity and its potential for development plan of butterfly garden showed that 26 species of butterfly was found in Bosscha area and Delias belisama belisamas was the most dominant species.
Abstract: Subahar TSS, Yuliana A (2010) Butterfly diversity as a data base for the development plan of Butterfly Garden at Bosscha Observatory, Lembang, West Java. Biodiversitas 11: 24-28. Change of land use and the increasing number of visitors to Bosscha area was one factor for the development plan of butterfly garden in the area. The objectives of this research were to examine butterfly diversity and its potential for development plan of butterfly garden. Butterfly diversity and its richness conducted by standard walk methods. Host plantand larval food plant was recorded during butterfly survey. Public perception on the development plan of butterfly garden was examined by questionnaire. The results showed that 26 species of butterfly was found in Bosscha area and Delias belisama belisama was the most dominant species. Public perceptions consider that the development plan of butterfly garden will give benefit to the community; not only providing new insight (40.41%), additional tourism object (23.97%) and will gave aesthetical value (17.12%). Twelve local speciesshould be considered for development plan of butterfly garden: Papilio agamemnon, P. demoleus, P. memnon, P. sarpedon, Delias belisama, Eurema hecabe, Danaus chrysippus, Argynnis hyperbius, Cethosia penthesilea, Hypolimnas misippus, Melanitis phedima and Euthalia adonia. Host plant: Bougainvillea spectabilis, Citrus aurantium, Lantana camara, Macaranga tanarius and food plants: Citrus aurantium, Cosmos caudatus, Eupatorium inulifolium, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Lantana camara, and Tithonia diversifolia.Key words: host plant, butterfly diversity, Bosscha Observatory, standard walk.
14 citations
TL;DR: Budiharta et al. as discussed by the authors conducted a study on floristic composition at biodiversity protection area (Kawasan Perlindungan Plasma Nutfah, KPPN) of PT Suka Jaya Makmur in Lubuk Kakap, District of Ketapang, West Kalimantan.
Abstract: Budiharta S (2010) Floristic composition at biodiversity protection area in Lubuk Kakap, District of Ketapang, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 11: 151-156. A study on floristic composition has been conducted at biodiversity protection area (Kawasan Perlindungan Plasma Nutfah, KPPN) of PT. Suka Jaya Makmur in Lubuk Kakap, District of Ketapang, West Kalimantan. Two sampling methods were used: Point-Quarter sampling (Quadrant method) of 50 m was applied to class of tree, and 2x2 m 2 plot sampling to class of sapling. Of 20 sampling units, 48 species of tree (belong to 27 genera and 13 families) and 94 species of sapling (belong to 54 genera and 28 families) were recorded. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') were 3.54 and 3.49 for tree and sapling respectively, while Pielou evenness index (J') were 0.91 and 0.77 for tree and sapling respectively. Forest ecosystem in this area can be classified as lowland ever wet tropical rain forest which dominated by dipterocarps species. Species of sapling with the highest importance value index were Shorea laevis, Hopea dryobalanoides and Shorea sandakenensis, while that of tree included Dipterocarpus caudiferus, Shorea laevis and Dryobalanops sp. The floristic composition at family level showed comparatively similar pattern with that at other sites in Kalimantan although composition at species level was different.
TL;DR: This study was done to assess the molecular diversity of 36 accessions of the plantain and cooking bananas based on Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers and to determine genetic relationships in the bananas.
Abstract: Poerba YS, Ahmad F (2010) Genetic variability among 18 cultivars of cooking bananas and plantains by RAPD and ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 11: 118-123. This study was done to assess the molecular diversity of 36 accessions (18 cultivars) of the plantain and cooking bananas (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana, AAB, ABB subgroups) based on Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers and to determine genetic relationships in the bananas. RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting of these banana varieties was carried out by five primers of RAPDs and two primers of ISSRs. RAPD primers produced 63 amplified fragments varying from 250 to 2500 bp in size. 96.82% of the amplification bands were polymorphic. ISSR primers produced 26 amplified fragments varying from 350 bp to 2000 bp in size. The results showed that 92.86% of the amplification bandswere polymorphic. The range of genetic distance of 18 cultivars was from 0.06-0.67.Key words: RAPD analysis, Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, plantain, cooking bananas.
TL;DR: Taurusman et al. as mentioned in this paper evaluated the distribution and composition of macrozoobenthic feeding guilds along gradient of organic enrichment (trophic states) in Jakarta Bay.
Abstract: Taurusman AA (2010) Community structure of macrozoobenthic feeding guilds in responses to eutrophication in Jakarta Bay.Biodiversitas 11: 133-138. The group of benthic fauna which feed on the same food sources are classified as a feeding guild. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the distribution and composition of macrozoobenthic feeding guilds along gradient of organic enrichment (trophic states) in Jakarta Bay. The result of the present study was shown that at the hypertrophic stations of the bay dominated by species of surface deposit feeding polychaetes such as, Dodecaceria sp., Cirratulus sp., Capitella sp., and Spionidae. The eutrophic zone of the bay was dominated by suspension feeding bivalves Mactra sp., Chione sp. The offshore area (mesotrophic zone)showed a high diversity of species and feeding guilds compared to other areas. The patterns of feeding guilds in the mesotrophic zone indicated a higher stability of macrozoobenthos community, indicated by the presence of deep-deposit feeder (e.g. Acetes sp.), surface deposit feeders (e.g. Prionospio sp.), suspension feeders (e.g. Chione sp.), and carnivores (e.g. Nephthys sp.) in comparable proportions.The structure of macrozoobenthic feeding guilds in an eutrophic coastal water is positively related to the quantity and quality of organic matters (eutrophic states), and the capability of benthic species in adaptation to such environmental condition.Key words: macrozoobenthos, feeding guild, eutrophication, coastal water, Jakarta Bay.
TL;DR: It is indicated that habitat type has importance effect on determining the species richness and community structure of dung beetles at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park.
Abstract: Shahabuddin (2010) Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across habitat disturbance gradient in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Biodiversitas 11: 29-33. Dung beetles are important component of most terrestrial ecosystems and used to assess the effects of habitat disturbance and deforestation. This study aimed at comparing dung beetle assemblages among several habitat types ranging from natural tropical forest and agroforestry systems to open cultivated areas at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi (one of Indonesia’s biodiversity hotspots). Therefore, 10 pitfall traps baited with cattle dung were exposed at each habitat type (n = 4 replicate sites per habitat type) to collect the dung beetles. The resultsshowed that species richness of dung beetles declined significantly from natural forest to open area. However cacao agroforestry systems seemed to be capable of maintaining a high portion of dung beetle species inhabiting at forest sites. The closer relationship between dung beetle assemblages recorded at forest and agroforestry sites reflects the high similarity of some measured habitat parameters (e.g. vegetation structure and microclimate) between both habitat types, while species assemblages at open areas differedsignificantly from both other habitat groups. These results indicated that habitat type has importance effect on determining the species richness and community structure of dung beetles at the margin of LLNP.Key words: forest conversion, diversity, habitat selection, dung beetles marker.
TL;DR: Suyatna et al. as discussed by the authors identified demersal fishes and their distribution in the estuarine waters of Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Abstract: Suyatna I, Bratawinata AA, SidikAS, Ruchaemi A (2011) Demersal fishes and their distribution in estuarine waters of Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 12: 204-210. The study aimed (i) to identify of the demersal fishes, (ii) to analyze the diversity and (iii) to determine their distribution. Surveys were carried out between August 2009 and January 2010 in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Data were analyzed using several indices of Shannon Weaver, Simpson, Margalef species richness, and Bray Curtis distance. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was also used to correlate between fish species and their environmental factors and to show the fish distribution. Sixty samplings were done using bottom-trawl at various water depths from one to forty two meters to collect the data. Taxonomically, during the study, 10 orders, 61 families, 87 genera and 131 species of fish with 43340 individuals were identified. Among the families, Leiognathidae was the most important group of fish, they distributed throughout the depths. Meanwhile CCA showed that Leiognathidae and Sciaenidae were observed to be rich in the shallow water. Generally, index of Shannon Weaver, Simpson and Margalef species richness ranged between; 0.52 and 2.48; 0.11 and 0.82; 2.24 and 18.61 respectively. Bray Curtis distanceindicated the significant difference of individual number of demersal fishes between shallow and deep waters.Key words: Mahakam delta, water depth, trawl, demersal fish, canonical correspondence analysis
TL;DR: There is a little support for the subgeneric classification of Austrostipa proposed by Jacobs and Everett (1996), other than for the consistent recognition of Falcatae.
Abstract: Bustam BM (2010) Systematic studies of Australian stipoid grasses (Austrostipa) based on micro morphological and molecular characteristics. Biodiversitas 11: 9-14. This research is one of many studies on stipoid grasses organized by the International Stipeae Working Group (ISWG). This research tested the subgeneric classification of Austrostipa proposed by Jacobs and Everett (1996) and tested how informative the micro morphological characters used. Data were collected from herbarium specimens of 36 species (33 species of Austrostipa, two species of Hesperostipa and one species of Anemanthele) at Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Twenty eight micro morphological characters were used. The data were collected from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves, and from the lemma epidermis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ISWG provided the molecular data. Parsimony analysis and a distance method (Unweighteic Pair Group with Arithmatic Mean: UPGMA) were used to analyze micro-morphological and molecular data separately. Only UPGMA analysis was used to analyze the combined data. The results support the monophyly of Austrostipa. However, there is a little support for the subgeneric classification of Austrostipa proposed by Jacobs and Everett (1996), other than for the consistent recognition of Falcatae. The characters for comparisons between genera are too homoplasious at this level and do not contain enough information for analyses at subgeneric level, a problem apparently shared with the DNA sequences.Key words: Austrostipa, stipoid grasses, micro morphological, molecular
TL;DR: The larval densities in all seasons decreased with progressive development of the instar stages, and there were positive correlations between the abundance of immature stages of P. polytes and their natural enemies abundance in each season.
Abstract: Suwarno (2010) Population dynamic of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in dry and wet seasons. Biodiversitas 11: 19-23. The population dynamic of Papilio polytes L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in dry and wet seasons was investigated in the citrus orchard in Tasek Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Population of immature stages of P. polytes was observed alternate day from January to March 2006 (dry season, DS), from April to July 2006 (secondary wet season, SWS), and from October to December 2006 (primary wet season, PWS). The population dynamics of the immature stages of P. polytes varied between seasons. The immature stages of P. polytes are more abundance and significantly different in the PWS than those of the DS and the SWS. The larval densities in all seasons decreased with progressive development of the instar stages. Predators and parasitoids are the main factor in regulating the population abundance of immature stages of P. polytes. There were positive correlations between the abundance of immature stages of P. polytes and their natural enemies abundance in each season. Ooencyrtus papilioni Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the most egg parasitoid. Oxyopes quadrifasciatus L. Koch. and O. elegans L. Koch. (Araneae: Oxyopidae) are the main predators in the young larvae, meanwhile Sycanus dichotomus Stal. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae), Calotes versicolor Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae), birds and praying mantis attacked the older larvae.
TL;DR: Dewiyanti et al. as discussed by the authors studied the decay of leaves of R. stylosa in a mangrove forest in Sabang-Weh Island, Aceh, Indonesia.
Abstract: Dewiyanti I (2010) Litter decomposition of Rhizophora stylosa in Sabang-Weh Island, Aceh, Indonesia; evidence from mass loss and nutrients. Biodiversitas 11: 139-144. Mangrove is an essential coastal ecosystem that provides nutrients to estuarine and its surrounding environments through its litter decomposition. This vegetation can be considered as an important ecosystem in food web along the coast. The research was conducted in mangrove forest in Sabang-Weh Island, Aceh. Rhizophora stylosa was dominant species of mangrove in the study area that still remains after tsunami catastrophe in 2004. This study was conducted from February to April 2008, and the purposes were to obtain the decomposition rate of senescent leaves and to measure mass loss, and nutrient contents of decomposing leaves under different inundation regime. Three plots were established in each site. Decomposition of R. stylosa leaves were studied by using litter bag technique. They were made of synthetic nylon which had size 20x30 cm and mesh size was 1x1.25 mm2. Senescent leaves were used because they present major leaves on the forest floor and started to decay. Remaining leaves decreased during experiment period because decomposition process had been taking place in the study area. Time required for decomposing a half of theinitial material (t50) was 67 days and 63 days for site next to the land and site next to the sea, respectively. The decay rate can be expressed by the decay coefficient (K) and the results of K were 0.010 and 0.011 (d-1). The value of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), C: N ratio and phosphorous (P) during decomposition periods were no significant difference in sites but significant difference in time. The C: N ratio of decomposing leaves decreased in both sites. Low C: N ratio in the last of observation indicated that R. stylosa leaves weredecomposed easier at the end of observation than that in the beginning of observation.Key words: Rhizophora stylosa, leaves litter, mass loss, nutrients, Aceh.
TL;DR: Abedi et al. as discussed by the authors performed a study to determine plant species diversity in Guilan Rural Heritage Museum in Iran and found that Rosaceae and Labiatae families have the highest number of species.
Abstract: Abedi R, Pourbabaei H (2010) Plant diversity in natural forest of Guilan Rural Heritage Museum in Iran. Biodiversitas 11: 182-186. The aim of this study was to determine plant species diversity in Guilan Rural Heritage Museum in Iran. Eighty nine sampling plots were sampled based on systematic random method. Data analysis was carried out using diversity indices of richness, diversity (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Mc Arthur’s (N1) and Hill’s (N2) and Smith and Wilson’s evenness index (Evar). Results indicated that Rosaceae and Labiatae families have the highest number of species. Quercus castaneifolia and Ruscus hyrcanus were the most dominant woody plants for class of tree and shrub, respectively. Carex divolsa and Viola odorata were dominant herbaceous species. Herbaceous layer had the highest richness, evenness and diversity. Mc Arthur’s N1 index had the highest value among diversity indices.Key words: diversity, richness, evenness, Rural Heritage Museum, Guilan.
TL;DR: Result of this research showed that isolate A11 produced the most active compound against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which is Streptomyces sp.
Abstract: Sunaryanto R, Marwoto B (2010) Marine Actinomycetes screening of Banten West Coast and their antibiotics purification. Biodiversitas 11: 176-181. Isolation and purification of active compounds produced by marine Actinomycetes has been carried out. Marine sediment samples were obtained from six different places at Anyer, Banten West Coast in October 20, 2007. Isolation was carried out using two methods pretreatments, acid treatment and heat shock treatment. A total of 29 Actinomycetes isolates were obtained from the various sediment samples collected, then tested for antimicrobial test against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 66923, Candida albicans BIOMCC00122 and Aspergillus niger BIOMCC00134. Identification of potential isolate was carried out using 16S rRNA. Purification of active compound was carriedout using silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Result of this research showed that isolate A11 produced the most active compound against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Morphology and identification test using 16S rRNA gen showed that isolate A11 is Streptomyces sp. Production of active compound from isolate A11 used yeast peptone medium. The single peak of active compound was detected by HPLC and showed retention time on 8.35 min and maximum absorbance UV visible of antibiotic was 210 nm and 274.5 nm. Active purified compound showed inhibition activity to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to E. coli ATCC 25922 was 27 I¼g/mL, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 68.7 I¼g/mL, S. aureus ATCC 2592380.2 I¼g/mL, and B. subtilis ATCC 66923 73.7 I¼g/mL.Key words: marine Actinomycetes, isolation, screening, antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration
TL;DR: Morphological variation was found in stem, leave, and inflorescence of Hoya multiflora Blume populations at the different habitat types of Bodogol Research Station of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in Indonesia.
Abstract: Rahayu S, Jusuf M, Suharsono, Kusmana C, Abdulhadi R. (2010) Morphological variation of Hoya multiflora Blume at different habitat type of Bodogol Research Station of Gunung Gede Pangrango Natonal Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 11: 187-193. Hoya multiflora Blume (Asclepiadaceae) is an Asiatic tropical epiphytic shrub which has been utilized as ornamental plant and reported to possess medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological variation of Hoya multiflora populations at the different habitat types of Bodogol Research Station of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in Indonesia. We collected 48 samples from three sub populations with six different habitat types. Morphological variation was found in stem, leave, and inflorescence. According to thediscriminant and cluster analysis, the 48 samples were separated into three groups at 12% dissimilarity. The groups were determined by canopy cover degree.Key words: morphological diversity, Hoya multiflora, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
TL;DR: Screening microsatellites for their polymorphism and gene typing of DNA samples from blood of wild long-tailed macaques from Tinjil Island population provide insight into the long-term viability of the population and help in creating genetic management of both captive and natural habitat breeding colonies of primates.
Abstract: Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Kyes RC, Iskandar E (2010) Microsatellite DNA polymorphisms for colony management of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) population on the Tinjil Island. Biodiversitas 11: 55-58. Polymorphic genetic markers are the basic requirement for studies on population and conservation genetics of non-human primates. In this paper, we screened microsatellites for their polymorphism and gene typing of DNA samples from blood of wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from Tinjil Island population. Among the three primer sets tested, two are polymorphic. They were D1S548 and D3S1768. Average observed heterozygosity (A¤) within populations ranged between 0.264-0.555. D1S1768 locus was highly polymorphic and 24 alleles were detected among two loci. Estimation of genetic variability for the Tinjil population (A¤) was 0.485. The results obtained provide furtherinsight into the long-term viability of the population and help in creating genetic management of both captive and natural habitat breeding colonies of primates.Key words: microsatellite, variations, social groups, long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis
TL;DR: The research aim was to observe the development process of flowering and fruiting phase of S. pycnanthum at Purwodadi Botanical Garden.
Abstract: Mudiana D, Ariyanti EE (2010) Flower and fruit development of Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. Perry. Biodiversitas 12: 124-128. Flower formation is a process of flowering plant in order to produce the next generation. Flower plays a major role in pollination and fertilization as early stage of fruit and seed formation. Syzygium pycnanthum is a member of family Myrtaceae or known as ‘Jambujambuan’ family. The research aim was to observe the development process of flowering and fruiting phase of S. pycnanthum at Purwodadi Botanical Garden. It has been noted that this species has ten (10) stages of flowering and fruit development, namely flower bud initiation, flower bud fully emerge, unfolding calyx, visible corolla, bud starts blooming, early blooming, perfectly blooming, perianths and anthers fall, early fruit structure and ripe fruit. All these stages require 80-89 days.Key words: Syzygium pycnanthum, flower and fruit development.
TL;DR: Assessment of growth and soil quality of TPTJ system showed that growth respond of Shorea leprosula toward the width of planting line was better comparing to Shorea parvifolia, but generally from this growth assessment it seems that individual tree has a successfully performance.
Abstract: Pamoengkas P (2010) Potentialities of line planting technique in rehabilitation of logged over area referred to species diversity, growth and soil quality. Biodiversitas 11: 34-39. Human interventions in the utilization of tropical forest resources are experiencing unanticipated consequences. The selective logging practices generally cause considerable damage to vegetation and the soil surface. It is supposed that soil condition and vegetation growth rate is deteriorated and reduced. Therefore, scientist strongly argue that the only wayto achieve sustainability of Indonesian natural forest will require that the production natural forest is managed through methods that are acceptable from the perspective of environment as well as timber production. This means that there will be a strong need and incentive for methods and innovative technology. For more than two decades, tropical rainforest in Indonesia have been managed intensively under the Indonesian selective cutting (TPI) and later on by the Indonesian selective cutting and replanting (TPTI) and then, selective cutting and line planting (TPTJ) system. TPTJ, as one example of selective cutting, recently become a proper alternative should be takeninto consideration in the management of production natural forest in Indonesia by planting dipterocarp species in line. In this system, planting line (width 3 m) and intermediate line (width 17 m) are made alternately. The initial width of line is 3 m and to be expanded until 10 m within 5 years to introduce more light. The objective of this research was to assess growth and soil quality of TPTJ system. The object of research was TPTJ plot of various ages from 1 year to 7 years. For achieving the objective, 14 sample plots measuring 200 m x 200 m each, were laid out at research plots. The result showed that growth respond of Shorea leprosula toward the width of planting line was better comparing to Shorea parvifolia, but generally from this growth assessment it seems that individual tree has a successfully performance. In terms of soil quality, it was seen that planting line establishment of 3 m and more, does not cause soil properties decrease in the whole plots.Key words: selective logging, production forest, selective cutting and line planting, dipterocarp species, growth, soil quality.
TL;DR: Widodo et al. as mentioned in this paper determined the diversity of taxonomy of macro flora vegetation in the main stands of the forest of Wanagama I in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Abstract: Widodo, Sutarno, Widoretno S, Sugiyarto (2010) Taxonomic diversity of macroflora vegetation among main stands of the forest of Wanagama I, Gunung Kidul. Biodiversitas 11: 89-92. The objective of this study is to determine the diversity of taxonomy of macro flora vegetation in the main stands of the forest of Wanagama I in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Vegetation diversity data can be used as a recommendation for conserving the local biodiversity as well as other planned conservation activities. The nested square sampling method was applied to collect the data required in the research. The size of the nested square was based on species-area curves, as well as theories of other studies. The seven main stands studied were: pine (Pinus merkusii), mahogany (Swieteniamahagoni), kesambi (Schleichera oleosa), teak (Tectona grandis), cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and a mixed stand. Each stand was observed four times. The square location was randomly determined based on a contour map of the area. The variables of the study of diversity in terms of taxonomy consist of species, genus, family, and order richness. The results were, then, analyzed statistically using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Turkey’s test. The result of the study shows that the species of the main stands was affected very significantly by the diversity of all level: species, genus, family, and order total richness. The Pine stand has the highest rank in terms of number of species, genus, family, and order richness.Key words: taxonomic diversity, main stands, Wanagama
TL;DR: Rahawarin et al. as mentioned in this paper identified the type and extent of forest land use alteration at Sorong Natural Tourism Park (or SNTP), investigated society activities that cause forest use alteration, and made the zoning level of environmental damage.
Abstract: Rahawarin Y (2011) Forest land use by the community in Sorong Natural Tourism Park at Sorong City, West Papua Province. Biodiversitas 12: 222-227. The aim of the research was to: (i) identify the type and extent of forest land use alteration at Sorong Natural Tourism Park (or SNTP), (ii) investigate society activities that cause forest land use alteration, and (iii) make the zoning level of environmental damage (iv) investigate the causative factors of forest land use alteration at SNTP. The method used was survey with field observation and semi-structural interview techniques. The primary data of biophysical aspects consist of type and extents of land usage by society; while data of socio-cultural aspects consist of level of community dependency upon land and the existing of local institution and management of SNTP. Secondary data that had been collected consist of study results documentation and report of SNTP management aspects. Data were analyzed by using (i) qualitative descriptive analysis of society socio-cultural and management aspects, (ii) spatial analysis of biophysical aspects, and (iii) environmental analysis of biophysical, socio-cultural and management aspects.Evaluation of environmental analysis was used to arrange directive and environmental management strategy at SNTP. Result of research indicated that since its establishment in 1981 to 2009, SNTP forest land utilizing for settlements, forest product extraction and shifting cultivation activity by society had been cause of land use alteration occurred which was incompatible with area function about 11,53%. Changing in the land use caused by society activities in land utilizes such settlements, forest product extraction and shifting cultivation.Level of environmental degradation in the catchments area of damage SNTP level indicates that 8.01% of total of land area was in slightly damaged, 2.36% was moderately damaged and 1.16% is in heavily damaged. Inadequate support on socio-cultural aspects of society at SNTP and the lack of founding and supervising upon SNTP management was pointed as causative factors on environmental damage. Based on level of environmental damage, community based forest management system will be able to be implemented as environmental management strategy at SNTP.Key words: forest land use, environmental degradation, Sorong Natural Tourism Park
TL;DR: Adhikerana et al. as discussed by the authors have characterized forest reduction in the Ketapang district forests when they implemented the Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Conservation in Transboundary Landscape between Central and West Kalimantan provinces.
Abstract: Adhikerana AS, Sugardjito J (2010) Characterizing forest reduction in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 11: 46-54. We have characterized deforestation in the Ketapang district forests when we implemented the Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Conservation in Trans-boundary Landscape between Central and West Kalimantan provinces. For the purpose of evaluating the changes in land use and land cover in the study areas, a series of Landsat imageries have been analyzed. Each of the Landsat imagery data set for all study areas was initially classified using unsupervised classification into 13 different land-cover types. Ground truth checks were undertaken for Ketapang district forests and Sungai Puteri peat swamp forest, from which the results were used for the supervised land use classification of these two study areas. Between 1992 and 2000 there was only small conversion of primary forest into secondary forests. During this period barren land remained extensive about 30.17% of the total area of Ketapang district. Both agriculture and plantation areas substantially increased 56% and 55% respectively during 2003, while at the same time the extent ofboth primary and peat swamp forests were considerably reduced up to 15% and 28% respectively. The most striking conversion was from secondary forest to agricultural land and from peat swamp forest to swamp areas. A fraction of lowland forest was also converted into oil-palm plantation which was extended with considerable size into agricultural land. The patterns of land use changes detected in this study indicated a number of possible causes that trigger deforestation in this district include, the local government policy and market demand.Key words: deforestation, habitat fragmentation, Landsat, imagery, land use.
TL;DR: Linkage analysis revealed that GOTC and GOT-D were closely linked loci with an average recombination rate of about 5%.
Abstract: Siregar IZ, Yunanto T (2010) The genetics of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese. Biodiversitas 11: 5-8. Inheritance and linkage analysis of glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) in P. merkusii were performed using megagametophyte tissues of single tree seed-lots. One monomorphic locus (GOT-A) and three polymorphic loci (GOT-B, GOT-C and GOT-D) were identified, based on the allelic 1: 1 segregation of putatively heterozygous trees. Linkage analysis revealed that GOTC and GOT-D were closely linked loci with an average recombination rate (R) of about 5%. This result which is in contrast to the GOT genetics in other pine species was discussed with regard to the probably occurring gene duplication of one GOT locus.
TL;DR: Meshram et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the diversity of some fauna in National Chambal Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, India and recommended the poor survival is recommended to greater protection by management practices.
Abstract: Meshram PM (2010) Diversity of some fauna in National Chambal Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, India. Biodiversitas 11: 211-215. National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) gives very good account of avifauna. It over emphasizes significant and important birds species available which are of National and International importance. Crocodiles use sand banks for nesting and basking. Fauna in the NCS is very much influenced by various factors like habitat suitability and protection of their habitats. Their distribution is depending on availability of deep water pools. Another important factors on which distribution of animals depends long stretches of long sand banks. Sloppy to steep sand bank with loose soil were good habitats for nesting of crocodiles, turtles and birds. NCS areas were considerablyaltered and there were disturbance by the sand miners, poachers, fishermen and farmers. Consequently the poor survival is recommended to greater protection by management practices. Effective co-operations between the Forest Department of Madhya Pradesh and neighbouring states were needed as sand mining and poaching becomes an interstate problem. Thus, strategic location of this site in the migratory route of water birds enhances its importance as a significant water bird habitat. In the present study diversity ofsome fauna in NCS is discussed.Key words: National Chambal Sanctuary, fauna, diversity
TL;DR: The aims of the present research are to know the phenotypic diversity and to reconstruct the cross-breeding pattern of local cattle in Banyuwangi to know how the flow of genetic intervention of other local cattle and the artificial insemination program affected this diversity.
Abstract: The aims of the present research are two folds: to know the phenotypic diversity and to reconstruct the cross-breeding pattern of local cattle in Banyuwangi. Based on three sampling areas, it was found that there were 32 phenotypic cattle (10 in the sub districts of Rogojampi, 16 in Tegaldlimo and 6 in Glagah areas). The phenotypic varieties were caused by two factors, namely the flow of genetic intervention of the other local cattle (Bali, Ongole, and Brahman cattle) and the artificial insemination program using the semen of Limousine, Simmental, Aberdeen Angus and Santa Gertrudis cattle. © 2010 Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological DiversityKey words: flow of genetic intervention, local cattle, phenotypic variation