Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2011"
TL;DR: Prasetyo et al. as discussed by the authors conducted an assessment for the density of Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii L in degraded forests of the boundary of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan in 2004 and 2005.
Abstract: Prasetyo D, Sugardjito J (2011) Nest density as determinants for habitat utilizations of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in degraded forests of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 12: 164-170. Conversion of forests into nonforests areas particularly for the development of timber industry and oil palm plantation in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan province was drastically increased recently. We have conducted an assessment for the density of Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii L. in degraded forests of the boundary of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan in 2004 and 2005. We used line-transects nest-count to survey 39,6 km length at 13 sites including 7 in side the park and the other 6 situated out side the park which holds a difference status of forest management. The differences of nest density between degraded forests habitat was calculated. The olddegraded forest which has been logged for 5 years or more, were containing more new nests in a cluster compared to the recently as well as currently logged. The highest number of orangutan’s nests could be found in the old degraded forest in side the park, whereas the lowest one was obtained in the currently logged protection forest with the density of 3.70 ind/km2 and 0.06 ind/km2 respectively. We compare these results with the survey undertaken previously in the area when the logging and forest conversion activities have just begun in the region in 2001.Key words: degraded forests, nest-count, orangutan density, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii.
34 citations
TL;DR: Pribadi et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the response of termite community to land use intensification and explored their role as environmental bioindicator in Mount Slamet, Central Java.
Abstract: Pribadi T, Raffiudin R, Harahap IS (2011) Termites community as environmental bioindicators in highlands: a case study in eastern slopes of Mount Slamet, Central Java. Biodiversitas 12: 235-240. Termites ecological behavior is much affected by land use change and disturbance level. Their variation in diversity can be used as bioindicator of environmental quality. However, termite community response to land use changes and habitat disturbance in highland ecosystems remains poorly understood. This study was conducted to investigate the response of termite community to land use intensification and to explore their role as environmental bioindicator in Mount Slamet. A standard survey protocol was used to collect termites in five land use types of various disturbance levels, i.e. protected forest, recreation forest, production forest, agroforestry, and urban area. It was found two termite families i.e. Rhinotermitidae andTermitidae with seven species, i.e. Schedorhinotermes javanicus, Procapritermes sp, Pericapritermes semarangi, Macrotermes gilvus, Microtermes insperatus, Nasutitermes javanicus, and N. matangensis. Termite species’ richness and evenness, Shannon-Wiener index, relative abundance, and biomass of termite were declined along with the land use types and disturbance level from protected forest to urban area. Habitat disturbance was the main declining factor of termite diversity. Termite composition changed along with the land usedisturbance level. Soil feeding termites were sensitive to the disturbance – they were not found in urban area. Hence, their presence or absence can be used as environmental bioindicator to detect habitat disturbance.
24 citations
TL;DR: The fungus had the strongest suppressing effect on population growth among fungi tested and its potency in protecting host plants against Aphis gossypii Glov.
Abstract: Hernawati H, Wiyono S, Santoso S (2011) Leaf endophytic fungi of chili (Capsicum annuum) and their role in the protection against Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae). Biodiversitas 12: 187-191. The objectives of the research were to study the diversity of leaf endophytic fungi of chili, and investigate its potency in protecting host plants against Aphis gossypii Glov. Endophytic fungi were isolated from chili leaves with two categories: aphid infested plants and aphid-free plants, collected from farmer’s field in Bogor, West Java. Abundance of each fungal species from leave samples was determined by calculating frequency of isolation. The isolated fungi were tested on population growth of A. gossypii. The fungal isolates showed suppressing effect in population growth test, was further tested on biology attributes i.e. life cycle, fecundity and body length. Five species of leaf endophytic fungi of chili were found i.e.Aspergillus flavus, Nigrospora sp., Coniothyrium sp., and SH1 (sterile hypha 1), SH2 (sterile hypha 2). Even though the number of endophytic fungi species in aphid-free and aphid-infested plant was same, the abundance of each species was different. Nigrospora sp., sterile hyphae 1 and sterile hyphae 2 was more abundant in aphid-free plants, but there was no difference in dominance of Aspergillus flavus and Coniothyrium sp. Nigrospora sp., SH1 and SH2 treatment reduced significantly fecundity of A. gossypii. Only SH2 treatment significantly prolonged life cycle and suppress body length, therefore the fungus had the strongest suppressing effect on populationgrowth among fungi tested. The abundance and dominance of endophytic fungal species has relation with the infestation of A. gossypii in the field.
19 citations
TL;DR: The presence of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their ability tosolubilize various types of phosphate species are indicative of the important role of both species of bacteria in the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus and the plant growth in coastal ecosystems.
Abstract: Widawati S. (2011). Diversity and phosphate solubilization by bacteria isolated from Laki Island coastal ecosystem. Biodiversitas 12: 1721. Soil, water, sand, and plant rhizosphere samples collected from coastal ecosystem of Laki Island, Jakarta, Indonesia were screened for phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). While the population was dependent on the cultivation media and the sample type, the highest bacterial population was observed in the rhizosphere of Ipomoea aquatica. The PSB strains isolated from the sample registered 18.59 g-1 L-1. 18.31 g-1 L-1, and 5.68 g-1 L-1 of calcium phosphate (Ca-P), Al-P and rock phosphate solubilization after 7-days. Phosphate solubilizing capacity was the highest in the Ca-P medium. Two strains, 13 and 14, registered highest phosphomonoesterase activities (2.01 µgNP.g-1.h-1 and 1.85NP µg.g-1.h-1) were identified as Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively. Both strains were isolated from the crops of Amaranthus hybridus and I. aquatica, respectively, which are commonly observed in coastal ecosystems. The presence of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their ability to solubilize various types of phosphate species are indicative of the important role of both species of bacteria in the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus and the plant growth in coastal ecosystems.
18 citations
TL;DR: Biosystematics and ethnobotanical researches of Nusantara Selaginella is needed to expand taxonomic status and bioprospecting of this bioresources, which is vulnerable to forest degradation and global warming, and needs more conservation priority.
Abstract: Setyawan AD. 2011. Recent status of Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) research in Nusantara. Biodiversitas 12: 112-124. Selaginella Pal. Beauv. (Selaginellaceae Reichb.) is a cosmopolitan genus that grows in tropical and temperate regions. Some species of Selaginella have widely distribution and tend to be invasive, but the others are endemics or even, according to IUCN criteria, endangered. Nusantara or Malesia (Malay Archipelago) is the most complex biogeographic region and rich in biodiversity. It is one of the biodiversity hotspotof Selaginella, whereas about 200 species of 700-750 species are exist. Selaginella has been survived for 440 mya without any significant morphological modification, but extinction of tree-shaped species. Selaginella have similar morphological characteristics, particularly having heterospore form and loose strobili; and is classified as one genus and one family. However, individual species has high morphological variation caused by different edaphic and climatic factors. Genetic studies indicate high polymorphism among Selaginella species. Selaginella had been used as complementary and alternative medicines treated to postpartum, menstrual disorder, wound, etc. Biflavonoid – the main secondary metabolites – gives this benefit and is especially used as anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti cancer in modern pharmaceutical industry. The other metabolites, trehalose, potentially act as molecular stabilizer in biological based industry. Metabolite profiles can also be used to identify Selaginella by its species, time and harvest age, and locations. Since most of Selaginella grows on moist, organically rich, and well drained soils, which is vulnerable to forest degradation and global warming, it needs more conservation priority. Biosystematics and ethnobotanical researches of Nusantara Selaginella is needed to expand taxonomic status and bioprospecting of this bioresources.
15 citations
TL;DR: Mutaqien et al. as mentioned in this paper established a permanent plot in Cibodas Botanic Garden (CBG) in West Java, which is a transition between natural forest and artificial habitat which mostly consists of exotic plant species.
Abstract: Mutaqien Z, Zuhri M (2011) Establishing a long-term permanent plot in remnant forest of Cibodas Botanic Garden, West Java. Biodiversitas 12: 218-224. Cibodas Botanic Garden (CBG) has unique characters; almost 10% of which is forested area adjacent to the natural forest of Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park. The area is a transition between natural forest and artificial habitat which mostly consists of exotic plant species. The permanent plot in CBG was established in 2007-2009. Two hundred and eighty four units of 10x10 square meters sub-plot were established in four locations, i.e. Wornojiwo, Kompos, Jalan Akar, and Lumut forest. Vegetation analyses were conducted for trees, saplings, shrubs, and herb species. The inventory found 137 species plants consisting of 74 tree speciesdominated by Villebrunea rubescens (Bl.) Bl. and Ostodes paniculata Bl., 30 shrub species dominated by Strobilanthes hamiltoniana (Steud.), 24 herb species dominated by Cyrtandra picta Bl., 6 fern species mainly consisted of Diplazium pallidum Moore, and 3 climber species dominated by Calamus reinwardtii Mart. In comparison with the natural forest of Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park, the CBG permanent plot showed a good representative of the vegetation of lower montane forest. A regular monitoring during the successive years is needed to maintain diversity, monitor forest dynamics and anticipate the spread of invasive plant from CBG.
14 citations
TL;DR: Praptosuwiryo et al. as mentioned in this paper re-inventory the species of Cibotiun in North Sumatra, and assess the population size of each species.
Abstract: Praptosuwiryo TNg, Pribadi DO, Puspitaningtyas DM, Hartini S (2011) Inventorying the tree fern Genus Cibotium of Sumatra: Ecology, population size and distribution in North Sumatra. Biodiversitas 12: 204-211. Cibotium is one tree fern belongs to the family Cibotiaceae which is easily differentiated from the other genus by the long slender golden yellowish-brown smooth hairs covered its rhizome and basal stipe with marginal sori at the ends of veins protected by two indusia forming a small cup round the receptacle of the sorus. It has been recognized as material for both traditional and modern medicines in China, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asia. Population of Cibotium species in several countries has decreased rapidly because of over exploitation and there is no artificial cultivation until now. The aims of this study were: (i) To re-inventory the species of Cibotiun in North Sumatra, (ii) to record the ecology and distribution of each species, and (iii) to assess the population size of each species. Field study was carried out by using random search with belt transect. Two species were recorded, namely C. arachnoideum dan C. barometz. The geographical distribution of the two species in North Sumatra is presented. Cibotium is commonly growing terrestrially on opened or rather opened areas in secondary forest and primary forest at hills or lower mountains with a relatively high humidity at 30-90Âo slopes. C. arachnoideum has a strict distribution and only found at 1740-1770 m a.s.l. in primary forest, whereas C. barometz has a broad distribution in secondary forest at elevation range from 650-1200 m.
13 citations
TL;DR: Results supported proposal that G. malaccensis was allopolyploid derivative of mangosteen, and indicated that distribution of the accessions was not linked to their genetic properties.
Abstract: Sobir, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Sinaga S, Mansyah E (2011) Genetic variability in apomictic mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and its close relatives (Garcinia spp.) based on ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 12: 59-63. In order to reveal phylogenetic relationship of mangosteen and several close relatives (Garcinia spp.), we employed seven ISSR dinucleotide primer systems on eleven close relatives of mangosteen and 28 mangosteen accessions from four islands in Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Lombok). ISSR analysissuccessfully amplified 43 bands on average 6.1 fragments for each primer system, and these all fragments were polymorphic. Seven close relatives of mangosteen were separated with mangosteen accessions at 0.22 level of dissimilarity, while other four including G. malaccensis, were clustered with mangosteen accessions, this results supported proposal that G. malaccensis was allopolyploid derivative of mangosteen. Clustering pattern among mangosteen accessions, however, not represented their origin, indicated that distribution of the accessions was not linked to their genetic properties.
13 citations
TL;DR: Invasion of native plant species along with planted species may play a significant role in increasing the plant diversity on mined spoils.
Abstract: Singh AK, Jamaluddin (2011) Status and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its role in natural regeneration on limestone mined spoils. Biodiversitas 12: 107-111. Limestone mined spoils are devoid of adequate population of beneficial microbial flora. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are very important constituent of plant- soil-microbe system. In mined spoils the population of AMF is greatly reduced and hence the spoils become very inhospitable for establishment of vegetation. In the present investigation, status of AMF population and its effect on natural regeneration process is studied. It is well known fact that the arbuscular mycorrhizalfungi play very important role in establishment of vegetation in degraded lands. Plantation of seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide favorable soil conditions for naturally growing vegetation in the mined overburden spoils. Physico-chemical properties of soil are converted suitable for planted species and thus it allows other species to grow and also provide shade to protect the herbaceous vegetation. Introduction of plant species attracts immigration of other species and if they established, may result into a very distinctive floral cover on disturbed lands. Thus, invasion of native plant species along with planted species may play a significant role in increasing the plant diversity on mined spoils.
13 citations
TL;DR: Ammar MSA (2011) as discussed by the authors surveyed eight sites extending from Ras Mohammed to the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba were surveyed for seven different indices of diversity: Ras Ghozlani, Marsa Breika, Temple, Katy, Islands, Canyon, South Nuweiba and Marsa Muqabela.
Abstract: Ammar MSA (2011) Coral diversity indices along the Gulf of Aqaba and Ras Mohammed, Red Sea, Egypt. Biodiversitas 12: 92-98. Eight sites extending from Ras Mohammed to the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba were surveyed for seven different indices of diversity. These sites are: Ras Ghozlani, Marsa Breika, Temple, Katy, Islands, Canyon, South Nuweiba and Marsa Muqabela. The study proved that the healthy condition can be expressed either by a high value of Shannon index or low value of these other indices. Canyon, having effective management, is considered as the healthiest site (based on Shannon species diversity H`) while South Nuweiba is the least healthiest of all sites because of the illegal destructive fishery overexploitation. Sites having old damage with improved values of richness indices and low values of dominance indices (healthy conditions) like Ras Ghozlani and Marsa Breika had enough time and effective management to improve their diversity, while sites with non improved diversity like Temple and Katy are characterized by sponge and ascidian domination representing potent competitors with corals beside the increased nutrients in those sites. Islands and Marsa Muqabela have low values of richness indices because Marsa Muqabela has the highest value of boring worms and considerable sediments.Key words: Coral reefs, diversity, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt.
12 citations
TL;DR: Genetic study on A. paeoniifolius indicated that there was no genetic variation in cpDNAÂ region of trnL-F IGS within the species.
Abstract: Kurniawan A, Wibawa IPAH, Adjie B (2011). Species diversity of Amorphophallus (Araceae) in Bali and Lombok with attention to genetic study in A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Biodiversitas 12: 7-11. Amorphophallus belongs to Araceae family that consists of more than 170 species worldwide and distributed predominantly in tropical countries, especially in Asia and Africa. The study of Amorphophallus in Bali and Lombok Islands had been conducted to reveal its diversity. Genetic study was also conducted among Amorphophallus paeoniifolius species to recognize the variation within the species. The fieldworks showed three species Amorphophallus distributed in Bali, notably A. muelleri Blume, A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, A. variabilis Blume and two species in Lombok, notably A. muelleri and A. paeoniifolius. Var. hortensis and var. sylvestris were two varieties of A. paeoniifolius that commonly found either in Bali or in Lombok. Genetic study on A. paeoniifolius indicated that there was no genetic variation in cpDNA region of trnL-F IGS within the species.
TL;DR: Prevalence and mean intensity of infection showed the differences between fish species, and presence of this parasite may be harmful for consumer, however it can be used for several ecological studies as biological tags.
Abstract: Setyobudi E. Soeparno. Helmiati S (2011) Infection of Anisakis sp. larvae in some marinefishes from the southern coast of Kulon Progo. Yogyakarta. Biodiversitas 12: 34-37. The prevalence, intensity and distribution of Anisakis sp. larvae which infected some fishes at the southern coast of Kulon Progo District were investigated. Totally 95 fish specimens were collected during December 2007. Results of the present study indicated that the Anisakis sp. larvae infected various fish species Le: Trichiurns lepturns, Parupeneus sp., Lutjanus malabaricus, Teraponjarbua and Caesio sp. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection showed the differences between fish species. The highest mean intensity of infection was found in L. malabaricus (7.71 larvae/infected host) and T. Lepturns (3.18 larvae/infected host), white the lowest intensity of infection was found in Parupeneus sp., T.jarbua and Caesio sp. (I larvae/infected host). Infected host organs were body cavities (peritoneum), digestive tract, gonads, and liver. Presence of this parasite may be harmful for consumer, however it can be used for several ecological studies as biological tags.
TL;DR: This present study aimed to assess genetic diversity of 47 accessions of duku from Java, Sumatra, and Ceram based on RAPD fingerprints using the UPGMA method suggesting high variation of gene pool existed among accessions.
Abstract: Yulita KS (2011) Genetic variations of Lansium domesticum Corr. accessions from Java, Bengkulu and Ceram based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprints. Biodiversitas 12: 125-130. Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) is one of popular tropical fruits in SE Asia. The species has three varieties, known as duku, langsat and kokosan; and duku is the most popular one for being the sweeties fruit. Indonesia has several local varieties of duku, such as duku Condet, duku Sumber and duku Palembang. This present study aimed toassess genetic diversity of 47 accessions of duku from Java, Sumatra, and Ceram based on RAPD fingerprints. Ten RAPD’s primers were initially screened and five were selected for the analysis. These five primers (OPA 7, 13, 18, OPB 7, and OPN 12) generated 53 scorable bands with an average of 10.6 polymorphic fragments per primer. Percentage of polymorphism ranged from 16.89% (OPA 7 and OPN 12) to 24.54% (OPB 7) with an average of 20.16% polymorphism. OPB 7 at 450 bp was exclusively possessed by accession 20 (Java), OPA 18 at 500 bp was by accession 6 (Java), 550 bp by 3 clones from Bengkulu. While OPN 12 at 300 bp and OPA 13 at 450 bp were shared among the accessions. Clustering analysis was performed based on RAPD profiles using the UPGMA method. The range of genetic similarity value among accessions was 0.02-0.65 suggesting high variation of gene pool existed among accessions.
TL;DR: To inventory orchid’s species in Lamedai Nature Reserve, Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi by explorative method, the result showed that there were 27 orchids species, consist of, 25 species (16 genera) epiphytic orchid and 2 species terrestrial orchid.
Abstract: Lestari DA, Santoso W (2011) Inventory and habitat study of orchids species in Lamedai Nature Reserve, Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi. Biodiversitas 12: 28-33. Orchid is one of the ornamental plants which have been high commercial value. Therefore, orchid often has been over exploitation. Finally, some of orchid species are becoming threatened or even endangered. Purwodadi Botanical Garden as an institute of ex-situ conservation play role with it. The aim of this research is to inventory orchid’s species in Lamedai Nature Reserve, Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi by explorative method. Observation for habitat study was focused on some ecological factors supported to orchids growth like host tree, zone growth on host tree, abundance of sunlight, thickness of substrate (moss), orchid species and number of individual species. The result showed that there were 27 orchids species, consist of, 25 species (16 genera) epiphytic orchid and 2 species terrestrial orchid such as Eulophia keithii var. celebica and Goodyera rubicunda (Blume) Lindl. The host preference for theepiphytic orchid is the group of Myrtaceae family like Syzygium sp., Metrosideros vera Niederen and Metrosideros sp. They mostly grow on the main stem of the tree zone 1 on thick substrate (moss) and get a little abundance of sunlight (calm).
TL;DR: Yulistyarini et al. as discussed by the authors evaluated the quality of vegetation in recharge area of Seruk Spring, Pesanggrahan Valley, Batu City, East Java.
Abstract: Yulistyarini T, Sofiah S (2011) Valuing quality of vegetation in recharge area of Seruk Spring, Pesanggrahan Valley, Batu City, East Java. Biodiversitas 12: 229-234. A Seruk spring is one of the springs in Batu city which has water debit less than 1 liter per second. Land use changes of Seruk spring recharge area was occurred in 2001. Recharge area of Seruk Spring consists of anthropogenic forest, eucalypts plantation, bamboo forest, pines plantation, horticulture and housing. The aim of this research was to valuing the quality of vegetation which supported ground water recharge in Seruk spring. Quality of vegetation was determined by vegetation structure, diversity, the thickness of litter and C-stock of each land use systems. Forests, eucalypts plantation and bamboo forests had almost same quality of vegetation.
TL;DR: The result of cluster analysis showed different patterns on the community similarity among habitat type and habitat utilization during rainy and dry seasons.
Abstract: Riyanto A (2011) Herpetofaunal community structure and habitat associations in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 38-44. Community structure and habitat associations of amphibians and reptiles on both rainy and dry seasons of six habitat types of three sites in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java were investigated in March and October 2008. The data of herpetofauna was obtained by opportunistic searches. Herpetofaunal diversity for each habitat was determined by using Shannon Wienerindex, the species abundance per unit area was calculated by using Margalef’s index, and the homogeneity of distribution of species in relation to other species in a sampled per unit area was evaluated using Evenness index. The similarity in herpetofauna communities among habitat types was determined using Sorensen’s coefficient, meanwhile the Jaccard’s index was used to estimate similarities in habitat utilization. Thus, both community similarities and habitat utilization displayed in cluster dendrogram. A total of 46 amphibian and reptile taxa were recorded, comprising 16 anurans, 22 lizards and 8 snakes. Of the total taxa, four anurans are endemic and unusual specimens probably new in sciences referred to the genus Cyrtodactylus and Eutropis. There were differed in sequential of biological indices among habitat types but not much different in their values. The result of cluster analysis showed different patterns on the community similarity among habitat type and habitat utilization during rainy and dry seasons.Key words: community, habitat utilization, amphibians, reptiles, Gunung Ciremai, Indonesia
TL;DR: Members of families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae and Eulophidae were recorded as parasitoidsof the banana skipper E. thrax from Java, Indonesia.
Abstract: Erniwati, Ubaidillah R (2011) Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 76-85. Hymenopteran parasitoids of banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Java, Indonesia are reviewed and an illustrated key to 12 species is presented to include Theronia zebra zebra, Xanthopimpla gamsura, Casinaria sp., Charops sp., Cotesia (Apanteles) erionotae, Brachymeria lasus, B. thracis, Ooencyrtus pallidipes, Anastatus sp., Pediobius erionotae, Agiommatus sumatraensis and Sympiesis sp. The surveys of the natural enemies of the banana-skipper were conducted in 1990-2006 in several localities in Java. The aim of this study was to assess the native natural enemies of E. thrax, especially the parasitic Hymenoptera. Infested eggs, larvae and pupae of E. thrax were collected and reared in the laboratory. Emerging parasitoids were preserved in both dry mounting and in 80% alcohol for the species identification. Members of families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae and Eulophidae were recorded as parasitoidsof the banana skipper E. thrax from Java, Indonesia. Species distribution and alternative hosts of the parasitoids are presented.
TL;DR: Indriyani et al. as mentioned in this paper obtained a model of relationship between climate and soil factors related to oxalate content in porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) corm.
Abstract: Indriyani S, Arisoesilaningsih E, Wardiyati T, Purnobasuki H (2011) A model of relationship between climate and soil factors related to oxalate content in porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) corm. Biodiversitas 12: 45-51. The abiotic environment as well as the biotic environment, involved climate and soil affect directly or indirectly to plant growth as well as plant substance. The objective of the research was to obtain a model of relationship between climate and soil factors related to oxalate content in porang corm. Porang corms were collected from five locations of porang agroforestry in East Java. The locations were (i) Klangon Village, Saradan Subdistrict, Madiun District; (ii) Klino Villlage, Sekar Subdistrict, Bojonegoro District; (iii) Bendoasri Village, Rejoso Subdistrict, Nganjuk District;(iv) Sugihwaras Village, Nggluyu Subdistrict, Nganjuk District and (v) Kalirejo Village, Kalipare Subdistrict, Malang District.Geography variable consist of altitude. Climate variables consist of percentage of radiation, temperature and rainfall. Soil variables consist of electrical conductivity, pH, soil specific gravity, soil organic matter, available of calcium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Vegetation variables consist of species of plant tree and percentage of coverage. Porang vegetative growth variables consist of plant height, number of bulbil, canopy diameter, and petiole diameter. Corm variables consist of corm diameter, corm weight, and corm specific gravity. Oxalate variables consist of total oxalate, soluble oxalate, insoluble oxalate, and density of calcium oxalate crystal.Oxalate contents were measured based on AOAC method. All of variables were collected from first to fourth growth period of porang. Data were analyzed by smartPLS (Partial Least Square) software. The results showed that there were significantly direct effect between altitude and temperature, altitude and CEC of soil, temperature and CEC of soil, altitude and percentage of coverage, temperature and percentage of coverage, CEC of soil and percentage of coverage, CEC of soil and petiole diameter, petiole diameter and corm diameter, and petiole diameter and corm oxalate content. There were no significantly direct effect among altitude, temperature, percentage of coverage and petiole diameter; and among corm total oxalate, soluble oxalate, insoluble oxalate, and density of calcium oxalate crystal and corm diameter. The value of Goodness of Fit of the developing model was R²=0.99.Key words: corm, climate, model, oxalate, smartPLS, porang, soil.
TL;DR: A new agar-liquefying bacterium, designated Alg3.1, was isolated from Gracilaria samples collected from the Kuta Coast at Central Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara and was identified as Aeromonas sp.
Abstract: Faturrahman, Meryandini A, Junior MZ, Rusmana I (2011) Isolation and identification of an agar-liquefying marine bacterium and some properties of its extracellular agarases. Biodiversitas 12: 192-197. A new agar-liquefying bacterium, designated Alg3.1, was isolated from Gracilaria samples collected from the Kuta Coast at Central Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara and was identified as Aeromonas sp. on the basis of morphology, biochemical-physiological character and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The bacterium appeared capable of liquefying agar in nutrient agar-plate within 48 hours of incubation and the agar was completely liquefied after l5 days at 29oC. When the isolate was grown in basal salts solution medium B supplemented with peptone and yeast extract, producedextracellular agarases within a short period of time (4-16 h) and the maximum agarase activity was 0.489 nkat/mL at 36h after incubation.
TL;DR: The population demographic parameter (individual number, age structure and sex ratio) of javan green peafowl was analyzed and indicated that both population (BNP and APNP) tend to unbalance pyramidal, where adult birds more abundance than sub adult or juvenile.
Abstract: Hernowo JB, Alikodra HS, Mardiastuti A, Kusmana C (2011) Population analysis of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1758) in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java. Biodiversitas 12: 99-106. The javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus) have high pressure to the population and the habitat. The distribution of the bird at Java Island is clumped randomly at several types in condition of fragmented and isolated habitat and it has small individual number every unit population. Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks are one of distribution javan green peafowl; it was chosen for study on the population analysis. The research was aimed to gain data and information on demographic population of javan green peafowl. The individual number of the bird was countedby call count transect method and councentration count. The population demographic parameter (individual number, age structure and sex ratio) of javan green peafowl was analyzed. The result shown that individual number of the javan green peafowl at Baluran National Park (BNP) was 69.1 birds (in 2006) and 70.5 birds (in 2007) not much differ, but it compared with the observation in1995 approximately was 117.7 birds had significant different. The green peafowl population at BNP declined around 47.50% during 12 years. Meanwhile the population at Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) was 80.7 birds (in 2006) and 73.5 birds (in 2007), if compared to observation in 1998 only 43 birds and in 2006 was 80.0 birds, the population grow up 86.05% during 8 years. The age structure of population indicated that both population (BNP and APNP) tend to unbalance pyramidal, where adult birds more abundance than sub adult or juvenile. The birds sex ratio at both (APNP and BNP) indicated that the peafowl life in polygyny system 1 male: 4 female > 1 male: 2.5 female.
TL;DR: Wijayanto et al. as discussed by the authors identified and selected species to develop agroforestry at Lake Toba catchment area (LTCA) in order to improve land productivity.
Abstract: Wijayanto N (2011) Species identification and selection to develop agroforestry at Lake Toba Catchment Area (LTCA). Biodiversitas 12: 52-58. In order to improve land productivity surrounding the LTCA, the existing ITTO project tries to establish agroforestry system. The system will be designed to meet consideration of both sides. on one side is to generate the people awareness of the forest and land rehabilitation, and on the other side is to support the poverty reduction. The aims of this research are: species identification and selection to develop agroforestry at LTCA. Data collecting was carried out with: interview, group discussion, field observation, divining manual study, and PRA. The diversity of the available crop kind shows the number of choices to be developed by the farmer. The farmers generally have the economic objective to develop agroforestry, including increase in net income, risk reduction, increase in environmental service, and the wealth and savings accumulation. Various types of agricultural crops, plantations and forest trees were found in LTCA. They can be the basis for building a wide variety of agroforestry systems.Key words: catchment area, agroforestry system, sequential, integrated.
TL;DR: The present work was aimed at estimating the genetic variation of Melia azedarach by using RAPD markers to propose appropriate conservation and management strategies of genetic resources in order to support the establishment of seed sources.
Abstract: Yulianti, Siregar IZ, Wijayanto N, Tapa Darma IGK, Syamsuwida D (2011) Genetic variation of Melia azedarach in community forests of West Java assessed by RAPD. Biodiversitas 12: 64-69. Melia azedarach L. or mindi (local name) is one of the widely planted exotic species in Indonesia, mostly found in community forests in West Java. However, improving and increasing the productivity of mindi commmunity plantation in West Java requires information on patterns of existing genetic diversity. The present work was aimed at estimating the genetic variation of mindi by using RAPD markers. Outcome of the activities was to propose appropriate conservationand management strategies of genetic resources in order to support the establishment of seed sources. Six populations of mindi plantation in the community forests were chosen for this research, i.e Sukaraja (Bogor-1), Megamendung (Bogor-2), Bandung, Purwakarta, Sumedang and Kuningan. Five primers (OPA-07, OPY-13, OPY-16, OPA-09 and OPO-05) producing reproducible bands were analysed for 120 selected mother trees in total, in which 20 trees per locality were sampled. Data were analysed using Popgene ver 1.31, NTSYS 2.02 and GenAlEx 6.3. Based on the analysis, the observed number of alleles per locus ranging from 1.43 to 1.60, and percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) ranging from 43.33 to 60.00.%. The levels of genetic variation were considered as moderate for all populations (He range from 0.1603 to 0.1956) and the the mean level of genetic diversity between population (Gst) was 0.3005. Cluster analysis and Principal Coordinates showed three main groups, the first group consists of 4 populations i.e Bandung, Kuningan,Purwakarta and Megamendung, the second was Sukaraja and the third was Sumedang. Based on Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), the Percentages of Molecular Variance within population (69%) is higher than that of between populations (31%). The moderate level of genetic variation in the community plantation forests, might be due to small population size, leading to reduce genetic variability. Further analysis is required to confirm this findings using other genetic marker.
TL;DR: Sutomo et al. as discussed by the authors studied plant establishment and succession on the volcanic deposits following the 2006 nuA©es ardentes (pyroclastic flows) of Mount Merapi: diversity and floristic variation.
Abstract: Sutomo, Hobbs R, Cramer V (2011) Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposits following the 2006 nuA©es ardentes (pyroclastic flows) of Mount Merapi: diversity and floristic variation. Biodiversitas 12: 86-91. Species establishment and composition changes in a substrate with little or no biological legacy is known as primary succession, and volcanoes, erosion, landslides, floodplains and glaciers are some type of disturbances that can create this kind of environment. Mount Merapi with its Merapi-type nuA©es ardentesor pyroclastic flows provides excellent opportunities to study primary succession. Using chronosequence approach, plant establishment and succession was studied, and thus five areas that were affected by nuA©es ardentes deposits between 1994 and 2006 were chosen as study sites. Results showed that there was a rapid colonization by vascular plants in primary succession as the sites aged. Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium riparium, Anaphalis javanica, Athyrium macrocarpum, Brachiaria paspaloides, Dichantium caricosum, Selaginella doederleinii, Eleusine indica, Cyperus flavidus, Calliandra callothyrsus and Acacia decurrens were the species mainly responsible in explaining the differences between sites. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity reach their peak 14 years afterdisturbance.Key words: plant establishment, primary succession, chronosequence, Mount Merapi.
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to observe epiphytic orchid diversity and their host trees at three different altitudes at southern part of Mount Lawu, District of Magetan, East Java.
Abstract: Yulia ND, Budiharta S, Yulistyarini T (2011) Analysis of epiphytic orchid diversity and its host tree at three gradient of altitudes in Mount Lawu, Java. Biodiversitas 12: 225-228. The aim of this study was to observe epiphytic orchid diversity and their host trees at three different altitudes (1796, 1922 and 2041 m asl.) at southern part of Mount Lawu, District of Magetan, East Java. Line transect of 10 x 100 m was set up and then divided into ten plots (as replicates) of 10 x 10 m. At each plot, species name and number of individual of epiphytic orchids, and species name, number of individual and diameter at breast height (dbh) of host trees were recorded. The result showed that there were 19 species of epiphytic orchid recorded at the study sites. There were significantly different among gradient altitude in number of epiphytic orchid species (F = 3.7; df = (2, 27); P < 0.05). The highest number of species of epiphytic orchid was recorded at the altitude of 1922 m asl. (6.6 species/100 m2) while the highest number of individual was recorded at the altitude of 1796 m asl. (1337.7 individuals/100 m2). The study site at altitude of 1922 m asl. was recognized as the denser and richer in species of host trees (2.3 species/100 m2 and 3.5 individuals/100 m2 respectively). However, the highest basal area of host tree was recorded at the altitude of 2041 m asl. (4558 cm2/100 m2).
TL;DR: The results showed that there were 29 epiphytic orchid species recorded, and Zone 3 (bottom part of the branches) was revealed as the most favorable part at the host tree (281 individuals), while Zone 1 (bottom parts of the main stem) was the least preferable one.
Abstract: Yulia ND, Budiharta S (2011). Epiphytic orchids and host trees diversity at Gunung Manyutan Forest Reserve, Wilis Mountain, Ponorogo, East Java. Biodiversitas 12: 22-27. Natural forests in Wilis Mountain have been destroyed by forest fires, landslides and illegal logging. As a consequence, biological diversity in this area is threatened by local extinctions, particularly of orchid species. This study was aimed to explore, document and analyze the diversity of epiphytic orchids at Gunung Manyutan Forest Reserve, a natural forest area in Wilis Mountain. Purposive sampling on 1 hectare (50 x 200 m2) eight subplots (25 x 50 m2) All data on orchid species were recorded including its number, host trees and zone of the host tree where the orchid attached. The results showed that there were 29 epiphytic orchid species recorded. Flickingeria angulata was the most abundant species (Relative Abundance of orchids/ %Fo = 38.74), continued by Appendicula sp. (%Fo = 10.91) and Eria hyacinthoides (%Fo=6.57). The three most important host trees were Pinus merkusii, Schima wallichii and Engelhardia spicata. Zone 3 (bottom part of the branches) was revealed as the most favorable part at the host tree (281 individuals), while Zone 1 (bottom part of the main stem) was the least preferable one.
TL;DR: Results showed that ecosystem function of dung beetles especially dung burial activity was remarkably disrupted by land use changes from natural forest to open agriculturalarea.
Abstract: Shahabuddin (2011) Effect of land use change on ecosystem function of dung beetles: experimental evidence from Wallacea Region in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 177-181. The deforestation of tropical forests and their subsequent conversion to humandominated land-use systems is one of the most significant causes of biodiversity loss. However clear understanding of the links between ecological functions and biodiversity is needed to evaluate and predict the true environmental consequences of human activities. Thisstudy provided experimental evidence comparing ecosystem function of dung beetles across a land use gradient ranging from natural tropical forest and agroforestry systems to open cultivated areas in Central Sulawesi. Therefore, standardized dung pats were exposed at each land-use type to assess dung removal and parasite suppression activity by dung beetles. The results showed that ecosystem function of dung beetles especially dung burial activity was remarkably disrupted by land use changes from natural forest to open agriculturalarea. Dung beetles presence enhanced about 53% of the total dung removed and reduced about 83% and 63% of fly population and species number respectively, indicating a pronounce contribution of dung beetles in our ecosystem.
TL;DR: There was evident inter-geographical spread of the strains and it tended to spread further into more remote areas in the District and there were several different centers of diversity within the 16S rRNA gene tree.
Abstract: Amarantini C. Sembiring L. Kushadiwijaya H. Asmara W (201I) Identification and characterization of Salmonella typhi isolatesfrom Southwest Sumba District. East Nusa Tenggara based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Biodiversitas 12: 1-6. The incidence rate of typhoid fever in the Southwest Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara was approximately about 725/100,000. In spite of such rate, there was not much known-yet about the molecular epidemiology of the disease. Thus, having accurate data and a strong discriminatory ability was crucial to scrutinize the molecular epidemiology of S. typhi with a molecular phylogenetic approach based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Sixteen isolates representative of S. typhi from different geographical regions in Southwest Sumba District along with the reference strain S. typhi NCTC 786 had been identified and characterised based on 16S rRNA gene sequences using PCR amplification and sequencing. The 16S rRNA sequences data were aligned with the corresponding ayailable S. typhi sequences retrieved from the NCBI database by using CLUSTAL X software. Phylogenetic trees were generated with PHYLIP software package. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the isolates belong to S. typhi species were suggested by their relativity with the type strain of S. typhi ATCC 19430T. It was also found that the isolates which belong to S. typhi species formed several different centers of diversity within the 16S rRNA gene tree. Each clade consisted of the strains from different geographical places in the District. Thus, to conclude the inquiry, there was evident inter-geographical spread of the strains and it tended to spread further into more remote areas in the District.
TL;DR: It was found that feeding pattern containing higher content of protein promoted significant increase in the body-weight of maleo birds, while the birds could be fed with feed containing high protein and energy in order to accelerate their growth after hatching.
Abstract: Rusiyantono Y, Tanari M, Mumu MI (2011) Conservation of maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) through egg hatching modification and ex situ management. Biodiversitas 12: 171-176. Over exploitation of maleo bird eggs has become the main problem. In addition, habitat demolition and fragmentation have also caused decrease in maleo bird population. This research aimed to know the effectiveness ofhatching pattern to produce maleo breeding, studying breeding pattern of maleo bird through hatching approaches of feed quality and temperature adjustment, and studying maleo bird respond towards caring pattern adjustment by measuring plasticity value. There were two phases in this research. The first phase was hatching by using modified incubator. The other one was the caring of the breeding from the result of hatching through feed pattern management using protein and energy balancing. The results of the research indicated that thehatching success was 65%; however, life endurance of the birds from birth to one month of age was only 40%. Their growth showed sufficiently high increase after passing critical period in their body-weight based on feeding pattern containing 21% of protein that was 64.93 g and 62.59 g for maleo in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) and Bangkiriang Wildlife Reserve (BWR), respectively. Their monthly body-weight increase was 33.06 g in average of feeding pattern containing 13% of protein for LLNP maleo birds and 36.99 g for the maleo in BWR. It was found that feeding pattern containing higher content of protein (21%) promoted significant increase in the body-weight of maleo birds. Feeding such birds with high protein content feed along with sufficient energy triggered their growth speed. Based on the findings, it was concluded that maleo birds could be preserved by way of hatching, while the birds could be fed with feedcontaining high protein and energy in order to accelerate their growth after hatching.
TL;DR: The present study deals with detailed characteristics, distribution and economically important products of some verbenaceous members of Melghat and Amravati regions.
Abstract: Ingole SN. 2011. Diversity and useful products in some Verbenaceous member of Melghat and Amravati regions, Maharashtra, India. Biodiversitas 12: 146-163. Verbenaceae is a large family of very diverse habit. The present study deals with detailed characteristics, distribution and economically important products of some verbenaceous members of Melghat and Amravati regions. During the survey twenty members belonging to fourteen genera of Verbenaceae were collected. Some members occur abundantly either in wild or cultivated state like Lantana camara L. var. aculeata Mold., Lantana flava Medik., L. nivea Vent., Glandularia bipinnatifida (Schauer)Nutt., Duranta erecta L., Vitex negundo L., Volkameria inermis L., Clerodendrum phlomidis L. f., Clerodendrum splendens G. Don, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. etc. while Petrea volubilis L., Gmelina arborea Roxb., G. philippensis Cham., Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl., S. mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl., Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb., Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. are not much common and occur in limited locations. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, a creeping much-branched herb is found typically in wet places. Tectona grandis L. f. occurs very variable in size according to its habitat and is common dominant tree in forest of Melghat and also planted in plains. Clerodendrum infortunatum L., a gregarious tomentose shrub is exclusively found in shades of forest at limited spots in higher elevations of Melghat. The various members are not only beautiful ornamentals but also the source of important medicinal products useful in a broad range of diseases including skin disorders and snake remedies; they contain alkaloids, sterols, saponin, glucosides, dyes etc. and are economically quite important e.g. as high quality timber. On basis of morphological diversity the generic key is provided.
TL;DR: The first record of Odontanthias unimaculatus (Tanaka 1917) (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Indonesia was collected from Bitung, North Sulawesi between 7 January and 18 August 2009 and would seem most closely related to O. grahami.
Abstract: Peristiwady T (2011) First record of Odontanthias unimaculatus (Tanaka 1917) (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Indonesia.Biodiversitas 12: 136-140. Seven specimens of O. unimaculatus were collected from Bitung, North Sulawesi between 7 January and 18 August 2009. They were caught from depths of about 100 m in association with other deep water fishes as Epinephelus, Pristipomoides and Etelis. O. unimaculatus was most similar to O. grahami, in sharing the following characters: dorsal fin soft rays 14, anal fin soft rays 7, scales on lateral line 36-37 and gill rakers on upper limb 13-14. If caudal fin shape and coloration were ignored, O. unimaculatus would seem most closely related to O. tapui and O. chrysostictus. Their body proportions were nearly the same. However the laterspecies had longer body width, third dorsal and second anal spine but had shorter longest dorsal ray length, longest anal rays, caudal-fin length and caudal concavity. Other little different characters of O. unimaculatus with other seven species were the proportion of upper jaws length and proportion of body depth. Initially this species was described as new species from Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Other specimens were reported from Suruga Bay, Japan, Keelung and Kaohsiun, Taiwan and Lubang Island, Philippines and now recorded also in Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.Key words: Odontanthias unimaculatus, Serranidae, Anthiinae, new record, taxonomy, Sulawesi, Indonesia