Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2016"
TL;DR: In Indonesia, there are several local cattle breeds of zebu that have adapted to the local condition, for example Ongole crossbred, Aceh cattle, Pesisir cattle, Sumba Ongole, and, the less commonly found, Galekan cattle of Trenggalek.
Abstract: Sutarno, Setyawan AD. 2016. The diversity of local cattle in Indonesia and the efforts to develop superior indigenous cattle breeds. Biodiversitas 16: 275-295. Cattle breeding are regarded indigenous to Indonesia. In the country, there are three types of cattle breeds: zebu (Bos indicus), Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), and taurine (Bos taurus). These breeds are farmed for their meat, milk, leather, and their power for agricultural work. Zebu was introduced by the Indians in the beginning of the first century. Bali cattle are indigenous breeds that have been domesticated from wild bantengs (Bos javanicus) in Java and Bali for hundreds of years. Several breeds of taurine were imported in early eighteenth century to be used as dairy cattle. Zebu and taurine are the major cattle breeds of the world; whereas in Indonesia, the major cattle breeds are Bali cattle, Ongole crossbred, and Madura cattle, which is a crossbred of the former two. Primary breeding between species in the genus Bos will result in sterile male and fertile female offspring. However, secondary breeding with a crossbred female will result in fertile offspring. In Indonesia, there are several local cattle breeds of zebu that have adapted to the local condition, for example Ongole crossbred, Aceh cattle, Pesisir cattle, Sumba Ongole, and, the less commonly found, Galekan cattle of Trenggalek. In addition, there are many hybrids between zebu and Bali cattle such as Madura cattle, Jabres cattle of Brebes, Rancah cattle of Ciamis, and Rambon cattle of Bondowoso, Banyuwangi, and the surrounding areas. A crossbreeding of zebu and taurine produces Grati dairy cattle. In 1970s, an Artificial Insemination program was conducted in a large scale using male cattle and semen from several breeds of zebu (Brahman, Brahman Cross) and taurine (particularly Simmental, Limousin, Holstein Friesians). The program resulted in more complex genetic mixes. Crossbreeding conducted directly in the field causes a concern since it may threaten the purity of the native species and decrease the cattle’s potential for adaptation, reproduction, and productivity. It is better to conduct crossbreeding programs privately in research centers or corporate/large farmers, of which the result can be distributed to smaller farms. “Ongolization†program that was introduced in the early twentieth century should be a lesson to learn, because it had led to the extinction of Javanese cattle, while the produced offspring, the Ongole Crossbred, are considered unsatisfactory so that they still have to be crossbred with other species of cattle, particularly taurine.
32 citations
TL;DR: Kawaroe et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the diversity of seagrass ecosystems through its distribution, coverage, and density, in three marine ecoregions of Indonesia, namely Sunda Shelf/SHS (Bintan Island/sHS-B and the Seribu Islands/SS-S), Sulawesi Sea/SS (Talaud Island), and Banda Sea/BS (Tanimbar Islands).
Abstract: Kawaroe M, Nugraha AD, Juraij, Tasabaramo IA. 2016. Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem. Biodiversitas 17: 585-591. Seagrass is one of the coastal ecosystems in marine ecoregions of Indonesia that has very important ecological and economical functions. This study aimed to illustrate the diversity of seagrass ecosystems through its distribution, coverage, and density, in three marine ecoregions of Indonesia, namely Sunda Shelf/SHS (Bintan Island/SHS-B and the Seribu Islands/SHS-S), Sulawesi Sea/SS (Talaud Island), and Banda Sea/BS (Tanimbar Islands). The study was conducted at 16 stations in SHS, 20 stations in SS, and 30 stations in BS. A line transect method was used. Three line transects (length 50m) were deployed ineach station perpendicular to the shoreline towards the sea with a distance of 20 meters between transect lines. In each line transect, quadrate transects were placed (0.5mx0.5m) along the line, alternating left and right line up to the edge. Species identification and seagrass density were calculated in each quadrate transect. Similarity indexes were calculated and analyzed between ecoregion on seagrass coverage and abundance through dendrogram graphic. Results showed that 10 species of seagrass were found in three marineecoregions. In SHS-B, 10 species with a coverage cover of 61% were found and Thalassia hemprichii was of the highest abundance. In ShS-S, 6 species with a coverage cover of 37% were found and Enhalus acoroides species was of the highest abundance. In SS, 5 species with a coverage cover of 43% were found and Cymodocea rotundata was of the highest abundance. Finally, in BS, 7 species with coverage of 60% were found and Thalassia hemprichii was of the highest abundance. These results indicated that seagrass biodiversity found in 3 Indonesia marine ecoregions were still in a healthy condition. One of the implications of this healthy condition of seagrass was that the very important functions of seagrass as a habitat for economically important organisms and a food source for herbivores, particularly Dugong dugong, living in seagrass was still secured.
32 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the growth pattern of T. sparverius and T. bruneus in all populations were negative allometric, which means that weight gain was slower than length, and the genetic structure and phylogenetic tree showed the closeness of genetic due to gene flow between both T.acerius andT.
Abstract: Length-weight relationship and population genetic of two marine gastropods species (Turbinidae: Turbo sparverius and Turbo bruneus) in the Bird Seascape Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 208-217. Turbo sparverius and Turbo bruneus are herbivorous grazers gastropod that lived on the rocky intertidal area, which have a role in maintaining algae on the intertidal ecosystem. Local people in Papua have exploited them for food and souvenirs. Even though this exploitation might affect their genetic diversity and population, a study of the genetic structure of these species has not been previously reported. This study aimed to analyze the morphometric, genetic diversity, population structure and connectivity of T. sparverius and T. bruneus in coastal water of West Papua, Indonesia. The results showed that the growth pattern of T. sparverius and T. bruneus in all populations were negative allometric, which means that weight gain was slower than length. Haplotype diversity value of all population T. sparverius and T. bruneus were 0.657-0.705 and 0.739-0.816, respectively. In addition, the haplotype diversity of each population showed a high level of diversity. The genetic structure was found in all population of T. sparverius and T. bruneus with F value-0.037-0.201 and 0.031, respectively. Population structure and phylogenetic tree showed the closeness of genetic due to gene flow between both T. sparverius and T. bruneus. Genetic distance value between populations T. sparverius and T. bruneus are very low were 0.002 and 0.003-0.004, respectively. High genetic similarity might occur due to condition and direction of current flow mediating of gene transport among population, and the similarity of habitats in each population.
31 citations
TL;DR: Partasasmita et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the local knowledge of Karangwangi villagers of Subdstrict of Cidaun, District of Cianjur, Province of West Java, Indonesia on various species, utilization, and the conservation of wildlife.
Abstract: Partasasmita R, Iskandar J. Malone N. 2015. Karangwangi people’s (South Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia) local knowledge of species, forest utilization and wildlife conservation. Biodiversitas 17: 154-161. In the past, many West Javan Villages had a high diversity of wildlife. Nowadays, however, the diversity of wildlife in these villages has tended to decrease rapidly. This is caused by many factors, including the loss or destruction of wildlife habitat destruction, intensive use of pesticides in the agricultural sector, and illegal hunting. Animal hunting is typically undertaken by villagers for various purposes, such as to fulfill household meet consumption, as well as for the capture and trading of pets. Traditionally, the use of wildlife by the Sundanese people of West Java is influenced by corpus (local knowledge) and cosmos (beliefs). As a result, the wild animals have been utilized within a sustainable system that enables wildlife conservation. Today, however, a lot of traditional knowledge or local knowledge of wildlife has eroded. This paper elucidates local knowledge of Karangwangi villagers of Subdstrict of Cidaun, District of Cianjur, Province of West Java, Indonesia on various species, utilization, and the conservation of wildlife. Methods used in this study are a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques based on an ethnozoological approach. The result of study shows that the respondents recognize at least 45 species of wildlife consisting of 15 mammalian species, 21 species of Aves, and 9 species of herpetofauna. Based on the perception of respondents, those wildlife species have various socio-economic and cultural saliences (eg. household meat consumption, pets, trading, and appearing in mythology), as well as various ecological functions (e.g., crop pests, pest controls, and seed dispersal). Some cultural myths related with wildlife have been recorded and partly determine the utilization of wildlife by village people.
28 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the people of Turgo Hamlet used 69 plant species from 36 families as medicinal plants, including the local knowledge of medicinal plants to support the family health, the parts of plants used as medicines and the processing of medicinal Plants.
Abstract: Nahdi MS, Martiwi INA, Arsyah DC. 2016. The ethnobotany of medicinal plants in supporting the family health in Turgo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 900-906. The knowledge of healing using medicinal plants among the people of Turgo Hamlet, Purwobinangun, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia has been inherited from generation to generation. This knowledge must be studied and preserved. This study was conducted from January to June 2014 with an objective of studying the ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Turgo Hamlet community, including the local knowledge of medicinal plants to support the family health, the parts of plants used as medicines and the processing of medicinal plants. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data, using in-depth interview with 40 respondents selected purposively. The results showed that the people of Turgo Hamlet used 69 plant species from 36 families as medicinal plants. The most used part of plant was leaf (51%), followed by fruit (15%), rhizome (11%), stem (5%), root (4%), sap (3%), flower (3%), all parts (3%), tubers (3%), and endosperm (2%). The medicinal plants were processed or directly used as medicines. Most of the medicinal plants were boiled (62%); others were smeared on skin (15%), directly consumed (12%), cooked (4%), used for bathing (3%), burned (3%), and crushed using a kitchen blender (1%). The medicinal plants were used for external (33%) and internal (67%) diseases.
28 citations
TL;DR: Establishing man-made dipterocarps forest in the tropic, especially in South East Asia can be as prospective as developing an exotic fast growing plantation and still have higher environmental value than using exotic tree species such as acacia.
Abstract: Subiakto A, Rachmat HH, Sakai C. 2016. Choosing native tree species for establishing man-made forest: A new perspective for sustainable forest management in changing world. Biodiversitas 17: 620-625. Establishment of tree plantation on degraded lands and forest clearly favored some exotic species such as Gmelina arborea, Acacia, and Eucalyptus. High productivity, less harvesting time, and deeper silvicultural knowledge are the beneficial factor for choosing those exotics species. However, the use of a wide variety of native tree species becomes more significantly important in reforestation projects due to the greater biodiversity benefits and widerenvironmental services. This research was carried out as a multiyear observation and continuous experiment to value how native tree species can be prospective alternatives in providing and supporting human need. The performances of two native Indonesian Shorea species, Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanica, were evaluated at a dipterocarp planting trial in two different sites in Indonesia. Growth data was obtained from 15 and 17 years old plots, twelve 100 m X 100 m square plots on mineral soils (Gunung Dahu Experimental Forest/GDEF, Bogor) and eight resembled plots on frequently flooded peat land (PT. Arara Abadi/PT. AA, Riau). Survival rates were varied, ranged from 36-77%, diameter at breast height from 13.7-24.9 cm, tree height from 10.8-16.9 m, mean volume from 0.119m3/tree-0.567 m3/tree, and total volume from 79.420 m3/ha-215.412 m3/ha. Growth rates of planted saplings were affected by species, site and spacing distance. The development of man-made dipterocarps forest in the tropic, especially in South East Asia can be as prospective as developing an exotic fast growing plantation. Eventhough in situ conservation would give the most benefit in conserving genetic resources of native tree species, establishing man-made dipterocarp forest still have higher environmental value than using exotic tree species such as acacia. Moreover, establishing man-made dipterocarp forest is considered more environmental friendly and possess lower to no risk of species invasion compare to those of developing exotic trees plantation.
27 citations
TL;DR: Iskandar et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the process of evolution of the swidden farming and innovatory cultural practice among the Karangwangi community, South Cianjur, West Java, in management of the traditional agroforestry systems which have been dynamically affected by ecological and socio-economic changes.
Abstract: Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2016. Responses to environmental and socio-economic changes in the Karangwangi traditional agroforestry system, South Cianjur, West Java. Biodiversitas 17: 332-341. In the past, the swidden agriculturesystem (huma) was dominant in village frontiers of West Java; including in the Karangwangi Village of Cidaun Sub-district, Cianjur District, West Java Province. Culturally, each Karangwangi household owned a right to cultivate upland rice (huma) by felling mature forest (leuweung). Moreover, the land was planted by upland rice and other annual crops, such as corn, cassava, cucumber, and various beans. After harvesting rice and other annual crops, the land was fallowed and transformed into secondary forest (reuma) through natural succession. Moreover, the mature secondary forest (reuma kolot) could be opened for rice planting again in the following year or fallowed for more than 3-5 years. People will shift to another piece of mature secondary forest for rice planting. Today, because of increasing population, decreasing forests, and increasing market economic penetration, the Karangwangi people have predominantly practiced the swidden farming in the non-forest instead of the forest. The forests had culturally been converted to traditional agroforestry systems, such as mixed-garden (kebon tatangkalan),  and homegarden (pekarangan). This paper discusses the process of evolution of the swidden farming and innovatory cultural practice among the Karangwangi community, South Cianjur, West Java, in management of the traditional agroforestry systems which have been dynamically affected by ecological and socio-economic changes. Four parts are presented in this paper. In part one, we account for the Karangwangi people used to practice the swidden farming in the forest when the forest area that was still abundant. In part two, we discuss a focus on process of the evolution of the swidden farming, transformed to the traditional agroforestry systems In part three, we elaborate on some changes of the traditional agroforestry system and responses to environmental changes. In part four, it is summarized and inferred of the paper. Based on this study, it can be inferred that by developing innovatory cultural practice, Karangwangi people of South Cianjur, West Java have tended to success to evolve their swidden farming to new condition of the traditional agroforestry systems in sustainable way, despite population growth, the depletion of the forests, and intensive market economic penetration.
25 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that in average the level of sustainability of private-forest management in the Bogor is not sustainable, and multiple stakeholders should be involved to development the most appropriate policy options.
Abstract: Sukwika T, Darusman D, Kusmana C, Nurrochmad DR. 2016. Evaluating the level of sustainability of privately managed forest in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 241-248. This study discusses the sustainability of small scale private forest in Bogor, Indonesia. It aims to determine the dimensions of sustainable private-forest and analyzing the sustainability index of privately managed forest. This study uses multidimensional scaling (MDS) o analyze the dimensions of sustainability, ranked from 0 (the lowest) to 10 (the highest), along with the support of Rap-Pforest, in order to assess the level of similarity and dissimilarity for each dimension. Using this scale from the sustainability index, this study estimates the level of sustainability of each dimension. After measuring each attribute’s level of ordination RMS change on the X axis, we estimate the error’s effect using Monte Carlo analysis. This study shows that the ecology as well as legal and institutional dimensions are moderately sustainable, with a sustainability index of 53.66% and 52.48%. However, the dimensions of economy, socio-culture, as well as accessibility and technology are less sustainable, with an index measurement of 41.62%, 47.02% and 47.56%, respectively. Based on those five sustainability dimensions, this study concludes that in average the level of sustainability of private-forest management in the Bogor is not sustainable (48.47%). We recommend that to improve the sustainability of small scale private forest management in Bogor, multiple stakeholders should be involved to development the most appropriate policy options.
24 citations
TL;DR: Evaluation of the resistance of soybean genotypes to whiteflies based on the intensity of leaf damage that occurs on fifth weeks after infestation and the results showed that Gema, IAC-100/Kaba-14, and Tanggamus/Pangrango- 78 demonstrated a tolerance towhiteflies.
Abstract: Sulistyo A, Inayati A. 2016. Mechanisms of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance of fourteen soybean genotypes in response to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). Biodiversitas 17: 447-453. The attack of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in soybean cultivation in Indonesia is one of the limiting factors in increasing the national soybean production. Planting resistant varieties could reduce yield losses due to the damage caused by these pests. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of 14 soybean genotypes to the whiteflies. A free- choice and no-choice test was conducted in a green house to study the antixenosis and antibiosis. Meanwhile, field evaluation was conducted to determine the tolerance of soybean genotypes to the whiteflies. Determination of the resistance of soybean genotypes to whiteflies based on the intensity of leaf damage that occurs on fifth weeks after infestation. The results showed that in free-choice test, Gema, IAC-100/Kaba-6, Malabar/IAC-100-85, Kaba/IAC-100//Burangrang-60, and Kaba/IAC-100//Burangrang-63 showed antixenosis mechanism which correlates with length and low density of leaf trichomes as well as leaf thickness. In the no-choice test, antibiosis mechanism can be seen from the small number of adults that develop from nymphs. IAC-100/Kaba-8 and IAC-100/Kaba-14 showed a high degree of antibiosis. In addition, the results of field experiment showed that Gema, IAC-100/Kaba-14, and Tanggamus/Pangrango- 78 demonstrated a tolerance to whiteflies. It is shown on a slightly decreasing in yield of these three genotypes (17.33, 19.31, and 19.85%, respectively).
23 citations
TL;DR: The distribution of phytoplankton seemingly follows the nutrient concentration ratio where phosphate acted as the limiting factor and nitrogen as the triggering factor, and the higher the N/P ratio, the more potentially uncontrolled growth of phYtoplANKton occurred.
Abstract: Sidabutar T, Bengen DG, Wouthuyzen S, Partono T. 2016. The abundance of phytoplankton and its relationship to the N/P ratio in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 673-678. The occurrence of phytoplankton blooms in Jakarta Bay has increased significantly, and resulted in, the mass mortality of fish and other organisms. Phytoplankton bloom events are indicated by a change in the color of the sea’s surface. Generally, phytoplankton growth is influenced by the levels of nutrients in the water, while spatial distribution is influenced by the pattern of the current. In connection with this phenomenon, research was conducted in 2010, 2011 and 2013, to determine the abundance and distribution of phytoplankton and their connection with the N/P ratio. The results showed that the abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 40x106 cells/m3 up to 1699.1x106 cells/m3, with the highest recorded data was during the east monsoon in 2010 and the lowest during the first transition period of 2011. The predominant phytoplanktons were frequently diatoms such as Skeletonema, Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira. The distribution of phytoplankton seemingly follows the nutrient concentration ratio where phosphate acted as the limiting factor and nitrogen as the triggering factor. The higher the N/P ratio, the more potentially uncontrolled growth of phytoplankton occurred. When the availability of nutrients increased an increase in total algal biomass occurred, however, the alteration in nutrient composition led to a change in composition of community.
23 citations
TL;DR: Putri et al. as discussed by the authors investigated and collected information from local people on the use of medicinal plants in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia focused in the surrounding area of Ranggawulung Urban Forest (RUF).
Abstract: Putri LSE, Dasumiati, Kristiyanto, Mardiansyah, Malik C, Leuvinadrie LP, Mulyono EA. Biodiversitas 17: 172-176. Ethnobotanical study is the first time study done in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia focused in the surrounding area of Ranggawulung Urban Forest (RUF). This study is related to plants diversity in Ranggawulung urban forest which is under the management of PT. Pertamina EP Field Subang, Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to investigate and collect information from local people on the use of medicinal plants in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia. The field study was conducted from OctoberNovember 2015 in Subang District through deep personal interview and questionnaire then all information were written and documented. Based on the diversity index of Shannon-Wiener, RUF was categorized in high diversity (H’=3.64). The total number of plant species in RUF was 1655 species belonging to 179 species from 101 families and only 32 species used for traditional medicines among local peoples. The highest frequency of plant parts used were leaves (47%) and fruit (17%) and followed with other parts of trunk, root, tuber, latex, bark and seed. The form of decoction was the most frequently prepared and administered orally. It indicates that Skeleton-Muscular System Disorder (SMSD) and Endocrinal Disorder (ED) had the highest use reports which came from 19 species of plants belonging to 3 families (Moraceae, Meliaceae, and Myrtaceae) to heal diseases including diabetes and back pain/rheumatism. It can be stated that higher index of diversity in RUF did not directly affect the use of plants for traditional medicine. Socialization of herbal medicine used among local people has to be improved as there are many species of plants are available to heal many diseases surrounding Subang District.
TL;DR: Across all growing conditions and developmental stage, the highest rubber yields per plant were found in plants with large roots combined with a large rosette, and an above average rubber concentration, and rubber concentration was heritable.
Abstract: Cornish K, Kopicky SL, McNulty SK, Amstutz N, Chanon AM, Walker S, Kleinhenz MD, Miller AR, Streeter JG. 2016. Temporal diversity of Taraxacum kok-saghyz plants reveals high rubber yield phenotypes. Biodiversitas 17: 847-856. Taraxacum koksaghyz is a diploid, out-crossing, rubber-producing species under development as an alternative natural rubber crop. About 17,650 seed were obtained from progeny of 20 wild collected plants. New populations of plants were developed in Ohio from a random subsample of these seed, which were then open pollinated. In November 2011, these seed were direct seeded in outdoor shallow raised beds and in high tunnel deep raised beds. Plants were harvested from the outdoor beds from July 2012 to July 2013 to provide temporal phenotypic data as plants developed and overwintered. The high tunnel beds were harvested July 2013, and provided data on 11 individual accessions, and their progeny, and on the effect of winter bed heating. Plants were highly variable. Rubber concentration in root tissue was not directly correlated with root, shoot or plant size. Across all growing conditions and developmental stage, the highest rubber yields per plant were found in plants with large roots combined with a large rosette, and an above average rubber concentration. These parameters appeared to segregate independently, and rubber concentration was heritable. Interbreeding plants selected for large root, large rosette and then high rubber concentration, should rapidly move Taraxacum kok-saghyz towards domestication and commercialization.
TL;DR: Iskandar et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the local knowledge of the rural people on species, role, and hunting of birds in Karangwangi village, Cidaun, West Java, Indonesia.
Abstract: Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2016.The Local knowledge of the rural people on species, role, and hunting of birds: case study in Karangwangi village, Cidaun, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 435-446. Based on the ecological history, in the past many villages of in Indonesia including in West Java had a high diversity of birds. Nowadays, however, the diversity of birds in some villages of West Java has tended to decrease due to many factors, namely habitat loss, the use of pesticides, and intensive illegal bird hunting. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the local knowledge of Karangwangi village, West Java on species, role, and hunting of birds. Method used in this study is the qualitative and ethnoornithological approach with descriptive analysis. Results of study show that the Karangwangi people have a very good knowledge on bird species, particularly on level species/specific. Various bird species are traditionally classified into nine local categories (folk classification), namely based on distinctive voice/vocalization, morphological characteristic, special color, distinctive behavior, time activity, special common habitat, migrant, nest characteristics, and role in the ecosystem. Based on the rural people perception, the role of birds can be divided into two categories, namely notorious and beneficial birds. The diversity of rural birds has tended decrease over time due to various factors, including illegal bird hunting for various purposes of the village people, such as keep a bird in cages and bird trading. The study suggests the perception of rural people on birds have changed caused of socio-economic and cultural changes. Nowadays the bird hunting in the rural area has tended to shift from a purely subsistence form towards a more commercial form and, thus, to conserve bird species the study on ethnoornithology considered as a very important, and socio-economic and cultural rural people aspects might be integrated to national as well as international bird conservation programs.
TL;DR: Yetti et al. as mentioned in this paper collected 132 isolates of marine bacteria isolated from several Indonesia marine areas, i.e. Pari Island, Jakarta, Kamal Port, East Java and Cilacap Bay, Central Java.
Abstract: Yetti E, Thontowi A, Yopi. 2016. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from the Indonesian Marine Environment.Biodiversitas 17: 857-864. Oil spills are one of the main causes of pollution in marine environments. Oil degrading bacteria play an important role for bioremediation of oil spill in environment. We collected 132 isolates of marine bacteria isolated from several Indonesia marine areas, i.e. Pari Island, Jakarta, Kamal Port, East Java and Cilacap Bay, Central Java. These isolates were screened for capability to degrade polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Selection test were carried out qualitatively using sublimation method and growth assay of the isolates on several PAHs i.e. phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, fluorene, naphtalene, phenotiazine, and pyrene. The fifty-eight isolates indicated in having capability to degrade PAHs, consisted of 25 isolates were positive on naphthalene (nap) and 20 isolates showed ability to grow in phenanthrene (phen) containing media. Further, 38 isolates were selected for dibenzothiophene (dbt) degradation and 25 isolates were positive on fluorene (flr). On the other hand, 23 isolates presented capability to degrade in phenothiazine (ptz) and 15 isolates could grow in media with pyrene (pyr). Based on homology analysis of partial 16S rDNA gene, we obtained six taxonomy classes of PAH degrading bacteria, namely I±-Proteobacteria (31%), I³-Proteobacteria (43%), Firmicutes Bacilli (12%), Actinobacteria; Micrococcales (9%), Actinobacteria; Propionibacteriales (2%), and Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia (3%). In this research, we obtained diverse PAH degrading bacteria from marine areas.
TL;DR: Ruslim et al. as mentioned in this paper compared the impacts of bulldozer yarding with mono-cable winch with a sled-mounted mono cablewinches equipped with 20 and 26 horsepower engines and 100 m of wire in a natural forest timber concession in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Abstract: Ruslim Y, Sihombing R, Liah Y. 2016. Stand damage due to mono-cable winch and bulldozer yarding in a selectively logged tropical forest. Biodiversitas 17: 222-228. Timber yarding with bulldozers has substantial unwanted environmental impacts and degrades the quality residual stands. We contrasted the impacts of bulldozer yarding with yarding with a sled-mounted mono-cablewinches equipped with 20 and 26 horsepower engines and 100 m of wire in a natural forest timber concession in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We compared the two systems on the basis of productivity and stand damage in forests that were selectively logged at the same intensity on slopes ≤ 40% for bulldozer and for mono-cable yarding on slopes ≤55%. On slopes ≤40%, bulldozers yarded anaverage of 10.3 m 3 hm -1 hour -1 to roadside log landings whereas monoable winch productivity was 7.8 m 3 In these areas, mono-cable winching caused 1.2%, 2.0%, 0.6%, and 27.0% less damage to seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees than bulldozer yarding. Our study demonstrates that conventional methods such as bulldozer skidding created damage at seedling, sapling, pole and tree levels of vegetation around 15.3%, 9.9%, 10.8% and 34.5% at slope ≤40%. Winch-yarding is rare in tropical forestry, but the low cost of the mono-cable system we tested 3 day-1 for yarding distances that averaged 70.5 m, employment opportunities, and reduced environmental impacts indicate that such systems could make a major contribution to reduced-impact logging and promote local development.
TL;DR: A high diversity of shade tree species was found in CFP coffee farms at age ≥20 years and Shade trees with high dominance index had a positive effect on productivity of coffee and the percentage of MPTS had a negative effect, whereas, the types of land tenure and the abundance of shade trees did not affect the productivity of Coffee.
Abstract: . Evizal R, Sugiatno, Prasmatiwi FE, Nurmayasari I. 2016. Shade tree species diversity and coffee productivity in Sumberjaya, West Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 234-240. Shade tree is an important variable that determines the productivity and sustainability of coffee plantation. In West Lampung, Indonesia coffee is grown on private land and on state land of Community Forest Program (CFP) using various types of shade trees. The research objectives were to explore the diversity of shade trees and its influence on the productivity of coffee farms.The study area was one purposively sampled coffee farmer group in Sumberjaya District, West Lampung. The members’ farms which were located in private land and in CFP land were sampled randomly, each consists of 18 farms. From each farm, a plot of 2500 m2 was observed and the farmers who managed the farms were interviewed. Data collected were on the species and the number of the trees, farm age, coffee tree densities, and productivity of coffee in the last 3 years. Data analyses of important value, tree species diversity, correlation, and regression were performed. Shade trees found in coffee farms of Sumberjaya were 36 species, 10 species (28%) of them were legume trees. Technical shade trees that have high importance value was Gliricidia sepium and Erythrina sububrams. Multi Purpose Trees Species (MPTS) widely planted were Durio zibethinus and Parkia speciosa. The wood trees with a high importance value in the CFP coffee farms were Shorea javanica and Michelia champaca while in private coffee farms were Maesopsis eminii and Litsea sp. Based on Shannon’s index (H’) and Simpson’s dominance index (λ), a high diversity of shade tree species was found in CFP coffee farms at age ≥20 years. Shade trees with high dominance index had a positive effect on productivity of coffee and the percentage of MPTS had a negative effect. Whereas, the types of land tenure (private or CFP) and the abundance of shade trees did not affect the productivity of coffee.
Keywords: coffee, community forest, productivity, shade tree diversity
TL;DR: Wiryono et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the diversity of plant species, the types of plant uses and the estimate of carbon stock in agroforestry system in Harapan Makmur Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia.
Abstract: Wiryono, Puteri VNU, Senoaji G. 2016. The diversity of plant species, the types of plant uses and the estimate of carbon stock in agroforestry system in Harapan Makmur Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia . Biodiversitas 17: 249-255. Homegardens are a traditional form of agroforestry commonly found in rural areas in Indonesia, where a variety of agricultural crops and forest trees are grown in a mixed system. To some extent, the traditional homegardens resemble natural forest in vegetation structure and composition. The objective of this study was to know the diversit y of plant species, the types of plant uses and the estimate of carbon stock in homegardens in, Harapan Makmur Village, Central Bengkulu District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The field work was conducted in 2013. The data of uses were collected through i nterview, while data on vegetation were gathered from measurement. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that 101 species of plants were found in the homegardens, with a Shannon - Wiener diversity index of 0.99 for trees . The most dominant species of trees was Hevea brasiliensis Willd (rubber tree) with an importance value index of 127 %. For saplings and shrubs, rubber was also the most dominant with 169 individuals, while for herbs, Agrostis sp. was the most dominant species with an average coverage of 25.8 %. The community used plants for several purposes: 41 species for food, 21 for fire wood, 13 for ornamental plants, 11 for medicines, 7 for construction wood, 6 for shade trees, 2 for handy craft, 4 for hedge, 3 for forage, and 2 for coloring. Twenty three species were not used. The estimate of carbon stock in trees was 95.2 ton ha -1 .
TL;DR: The anatomical structure of red bulb showed that the P2 (12 week after planting (WAP)) bulb is thicker in the upper and lower epidermis, parenchyma, and vascular bundles than P1 (6 WAP) bulb, which is weaker than vitamin C and BHT as a control.
Abstract: Kuntorini EM, Dewi M, Misrina. 2016. Anatomical structure and antioxidant activity of red b ulb plant (Eleutherine americana) on different plant age. Biodiversitas 17: 229-233. Eleutherine americana Merr is an medicinal herb named "red bulb" or "bawang dayak". Red bulb plant is commonly used as anti-breast cancer in Kalimantan, which may be linke d to their bioactive naphtoquinone-derivatives properties. The aim of this study was to characterize the anatomical structure and antioxidant activity in red bulb of different ages. The anatomical structure of bulb was fixed and prepared following paraffin embedding techniques. Measurement of antioxidant activity carried out using the DDPH method. The anatomical structure of red bulb showed that the P2 (12 week after planting (WAP)) bulb is thicker in the upper and lower epidermis, parenchyma, and vascular bundles than P1 (6 WAP) bulb. The result of antioxidant activity of P2 (12 WAP) with IC50 = 50.42 ppm have stronger antioxidant activity than the P1 (6 WAP) with IC50 = 93 ppm, but weaker than vitamin C (IC50 = 3.03 ppm) and BHT (IC50 = 5.52 ppm) as a control.
TL;DR: In the revegetated degraded forest lands wildlife were found feeding and alsopermanently living in ecosystem regeneration following gradual habitat improvement, and the ecosystem status was identified as a progression towards degraded forest ecosystem recovery.
Abstract: Sudarmadji T, Hartati W. 2016. The process of rehabilitation of mined forest lands toward degraded forest ecosystem recovery in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 185-191. An overview of mined forest lands at East and Central Kalimantan Indonesia was conducted to determine most important influencing factors supporting degraded forest ecosystem recovery. Consecutivestages of rehabilitation processes consist of reclamation-backfilling, re-contouring, re-shaping, topsoils spreading, and revegetationland preparation, planting, maintenance covering minimum topsoils spreading, soil acidity, plant hole size, soil improvement application (dolomite, organic-inorganic fertilizers), vegetation planting vegetation planting (plant species selection-quality and site matching-verified plantmaterial sources, hardening-off, planting techniques), and land management implementation. The potential degraded forest ecosystem recovery was shown by cover crops and fast growing species plant and undergrowths, survive primary species, decreasing surface runoff/overland flows following increasing soil infiltration capacities, decreasing soil erosion rate and it’s erosion hazard, and an improved environments as habitat for invading wildlifes. The general characteristics of potential degraded forest ecosystem recovery after rehabilitation processes are: spread soil materials thickness > 70 cm, bulk density + 1,2 g.ml-1, soil acidity > 5,5, macro nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg)-low to moderate, decreasing overland water flow following increasing soil infiltration capacity-moderate to high, decreasing soil erosion rate-very low to moderate, decreasing erosion hazard level-very slight to moderate, growing plants of fast growing species with significant layers and land cover, and growing interline planted primary species. Viewed from the ecological aspect, in the revegetated degraded forest lands wildlife such as insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians and small mammals were found feeding and alsopermanently living in ecosystem regeneration following gradual habitat improvement. The ecosystem status was identified as a progression towards degraded forest ecosystem recovery.
TL;DR: Roesma et al. as mentioned in this paper conducted a rapid survey on fish diversity in the Batang Toru river system and found that Nolissochilus sumatranus and Puntius binotatus were the most frequently found in all of sampling sites.
Abstract: Roesma DI, Chornelia A, Mursyd A, Kamsi M. 2016. Short Communication: Fish diversity of the Batang Toru River System, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Biodiversitas 17: 628-634. A rapid survey on fish diversity was carried in the Batang Toru river system. The survey was carried out in the wet season between 8-14 February 2015 and 15-21 of March 2015 along various tributaries on the east (10) and west (1) side of the main Batang Toru river system. We obtained 427 individuals fish samples consisting of 24 species, from 10 families. These consist of Cyprinidae (11 species), Balitoridae (2), Channidae (2), Gobiidae (2), Nemacheilidae (2), Aplocheilidae (1), Bagridae (1), Cichlidae (1), Mastacembelidae (1), and Sisoridae (1). Four Sumatra fish species were encountered during the surveys, namely Neolissochilus sumatranus, Nemacheilus pfeifferae, Homaloptera gymnogaster and H. heterolepis. N. sumatranus and Puntius binotatus were the most frequently found in all of sampling sites.
TL;DR: Results show that, beside its multiple role for people community, tembawang provide other benefits to the nature in maintaining forest structure, diversity, and stocking large carbon in standing biomass.
Abstract: Astiani D, Ripin. 2016. The roles of community fruit garden (tembawang) on maintaining forest structure, diversity and standing biomass allocation: an alternative effort on reducing carbon emission. Biodiversitas 17: 359-365. Fruit garden (tembawang) Cempedak Village in Sanggau West Kalimantan has been established by local community for their family mixed garden ~ >100 years. The families of 3rd generation were utilizing the tembawang for their needs of building materials, fire woods, rattan, vegetables, fruits, and traditionals medicine. It is important to study how this tembawang play their roles in maintaing forest structure, species diversity and stocking biomass. In 2014, we studied this area for exploring the vegetation composition and their ability to stock biomass of the tembawang. Stratified Random Sampling was applied to the 6.69 ha tembawang area, which devided into three major land cover patches (Mixed fruit garden, mixed rubber plants, and fruit garden mixed with apik-Arenga undulatifolia Becc palm). We surveyed and sampled vegetation using transect methods purposively chosen on each landcover patch, with sampling area consecutively for mixed fruit garden, mixed rubber plants, and mixed of fruit garden and apik were 1.52, 0.6, and 0.72 hectars. Results demonstrated that mixed fruit garden carried out higher tree diversity, density, basal area, and maintained the largest above ground biomass per hectar compared to the two other patches. From 97 vegetation spesies registered, it maintained 49 tree species of diameter >20cm and 51 tree species in the lower strature in the forest structure. Interestingly, Durio zibethinus Murr. was a dominant species on all landcover patches types and sinked the largest above ground living biomass. The choice of fruit species on tembawang determined the capability of the embawang land to sequester and stock carbon in trees, because the trees were standing in tembawang for longer time compared to the one in production forest. This results show that, beside its multiple role for people community, tembawang provide other benefits to the nature in maintaining forest structure, diversity, and stocking large carbon in standing biomass.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the management system of forest land use in Dayak Desa in West Kalimantan, Indonesia and found that the role and the rule in managing, utilizing and protecting forest land using social capital are the role of the people in the community to acquire their rights to manage the forest.
Abstract: Roslinda E. 2016. Dayak Desa forest land use system as social capital to acquire forest management rights in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 177-184. People communities have an important role to play in biodiversity conservation. The ownership of land has often become a constraint on sustainable management of forest. The aim of this study was to explore the management system of forest land use in Dayak Desa in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection was undertaken through field observation, focus group discussion (FGD, and interviews with the community members. Dayak Desa has a several forest land use systems including tawang semilas, tawang sebesai, tawang mersibung, tawang sepayan, tawang serimbak and bukit rentap protection forest, which each system has its own function and utilization. Regardless of the system’s differences, the forest land use systems have been supporting species diversity such as flora, fauna, and environmental services in Dayak Desa. This species diversity can support Dayak Desa community daily needs, regarding food, clothing, housing and other secondary needs. Forest utilization by Dayak Desa community is suitably paired to what can be produced by the land, which is equipped with their own rules. The role and the rule in managing, utilizing and protecting forest land use are Dayak Desa social capital. These are capital to acquire their rights to manage the forest.
TL;DR: Deb et al. as discussed by the authors conducted an investigation for less known ethno-medicinal plants used for herbal medication of jaundice by the indigenous community of Tripura, India.
Abstract: Deb D, Datta BK, Debbarma J, Deb S. 2016. Ethno-medicinal plants used for herbal medication of jaundice by the indigenous community of Tripura, India. Biodiversitas 17: 256-269. The immemorial association of medicinal plants is highlighted in various utilization pattern by different indigenous community. An investigation was done for less known ethno-medicinal plants used for jaundice as well as some other ailments by the indigenous community of Tripura, Northeast India. The traditional utilization of plants for treatment of jaundice by the indigenous communities is not so well studied in the land locked hilly part of the country. Timely ethnobotanical survey was undertaken with the knowledge of the species mainly used for curing jaundice. Necessary specimens were collected and cross-checked with the existing literatures. A total of 50 ethno-medicinal plant species belonging to 37 families were documented used for the treatment of jaundice (5 plant species with an additional ingredient of 5 species) and other diseases. Mainly leaves and roots were preferred to prepare decoction, pills and paste etc. Most of the plant species are sources of different chemical constituents which further contribute in formulating drug for common use. The active biochemical compounds are investigated by thorough literature survey. There is need for further critical phytochemical analysis and investigation of new valid drugs. Immediate documentation of such valuable knowledge is necessary as we are gradually missing many precious traditional herbal formulations with increasing impacts of modernization.
TL;DR: Iskandar et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the way in which cultural practices of Baduy swidden farming based on traditional calendar was discussed and found that the Baduy rice farming cycle is fixed annually with reference to an agricultural calendar.
Abstract: Iskandar J, Iskandar BS 2016. Ethnoastronomy-The Baduy agricultural calendar and prediction of environmental perturbations. Biodiversitas 17: 694-703. In the past, the village farmers of Java and other islands owned extensive the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on climate or pranata mangsa. It had culturally practiced as guidance to various agricultural activities, such as planting rice which is considered and fixed with dynamic climate conditions. Nowadays, however, the pranata mangsa has eroded and neglected by the majority irrigated rice (sawah) farmers. Unlike the sawah farmers, the Baduy people have culturally maintained the pranata mangsa (called by Baduy as pananggalan) for annual practicing the swidden farming (ngahuma). This paper discusses the way in which cultural practices of Baduy swidden farming based on traditional calendar. Method used in this study qualitative which is based on ethnoecology or ethnoastronomy approach. The result of study shows that the Baduy rice farming cycle isfixed annually with reference to an agricultural calendar. It has slightly affected by the various environmental perturbations, because the Baduy people have developed some strategies, such as by organizing the traditional calendar and applying the traditional agroforestry that productions can be used for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
TL;DR: Partasasmita et al. as discussed by the authors investigated local knowledge of the Girimukti Village on morphological variation of leopard; conflict between leopard and the people of GirimUKti Village based on local knowledge; local knowledge on the hunting of leopards; and utilization of the leopard resulting from human-leopard conflict in Girimuka Village, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia.
Abstract: Partasasmita R, Shanida SS, Iskandar J, Megantara EN, Husodo T, Malone N. 2016. Human-Leopard Conflict in Girimukti Village, Sukabumi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 783-790. Populations of leopards continue to decrease over time. This decline is caused by many factors, such as decreasing animal prey and habitat loss. Due to a lack of animal prey, leopards frequently enter villages to find food, including livestock. Therefore, some conflicts between human-leopard have frequently occurred, and in many cases the leopard has been hunted by the villager. Consequently, the abundance of leopard in some areas of West Java have decreased. The aim of this research is to investigate: (i) local knowledge of the Girimukti Village on morphological variation of leopard; (ii) conflict between leopard and the people of Girimukti Village based on local knowledge; (iii) local knowledge on the hunting of leopard; and (iv) utilization of leopard resulting from human-leopard conflict in Girimukti Village, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Mixed methods andfield observation were applied in this study. The result of this study shows that the village people of Girimukti recognize variations of leopard and their behavior; conflict between humans and leopard has increased; hunting leopard is been undertaken by both traps and shotgun; and leopard are used for various purposes, such as trading skin and other body parts, food, traditional medicines, and as amulets. Based on this study, it can be inferred that many drivers of environmental changes that impact faunal and floral communities are social in origin and strongly related with peoples’ activities. As a result, in addition to biological properties, the social, economic and political systems must be considered and integrated into the conservation program of Javan leopards.
Keywords: Girimukti Village, human-leopard conflict, leopard
TL;DR: The results of exploration and characterization of known species show that there are six species of Syzygium known to grow in this region namely S. pycnanthum, S. polyanthum and S. samarangense are the only species that are known to be cultivated.
Abstract: Mudiana D. 2016. Syzygium diversity in Gunung Baung, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 733-740. Syzygium (Myrtaceae) consists of a lot of species which are widely distributed. One of the distribution areas is the Natural Park of Gunung Baung (TWA Gunung Baung) in Pasuruan, East Java. The results of exploration and characterization of known species show that there are six species of Syzygium known to grow in this region namely S. cumini, S. littorale, S. pycnanthum, S. polyanthum, S. racemosum, and S. samarangense. S. pycnanthum is the most frequently found in Gunung Baung. S. polyanthum and S. samarangense are the only species that are known to be cultivated. Four other species are wild and have not been explored for their potential utilization.
TL;DR: Nugraha et al. as discussed by the authors identified the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) markers associated with iron toxicity tolerance characters in selected Indonesian rice varieties using Golden Gate Illumina assay.
Abstract: Nugraha Y, Utami DW, Rosdianti I, Ardie SW, Ghulammahdi M, Suwarno, Aswidinnoor H. 2016. Markers-traits association for iron toxicity tolerance in selected Indonesian rice varieties. Biodiversitas 17: 753-763. Ferrous iron toxicity is a mineral disorder frequently occurring under flooded soils condition where rice is cultivated. Here we study identification the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) markers associated with iron toxicity tolerance characters. The phenotypical data was collected from exploiting of twenty-four rice genotypes that were grown under Yoshida + 0.2% agar solution with treatment of 400 mg. L-1 Fe2+ and control conditions. The same genotypes were grown in iron toxicity acute and control sites at Taman Bogo, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of the phenotypic data showed that 18 rice genotypes were selected representing grouping of related characters to iron toxicity condition. The genotyping of selected genotypes was carried out using multiplexes of 384 SNPs Golden Gate Illumina© assay. We identified, TBGI380435 which located on 14.45 Mbp of chromosome 9 was associated to leaf bronzing and relative shoot weight characters in the greenhouse experiment. The marker was associated with heavy metal transport detoxification (HTDT). The results are expected to assist in locating the potential candidate genes or Fe toxicity tolerance and to allow for precise marker-assisted selection. This research will serve for rice improvement through marker-assisted breeding and genomic selection in Indonesia. Keywords: Golden gate assay, grain yield, leaf bronzing scores, principle component analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism Abbreviations: SNPs = Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, AM = Association Mapping, LD= Linkage Disequilibrium, GG= Golden Gate Assay, NGS= Next Generation sequencing ,QTL = Quantitative Trait Loci, LBS = Leaf Bronzing Score, PCA = Principle Component Analysis, SES = Standard Evaluation System For Rice, GLM = General Linear Model, PC = Principle Component, HTDT = Heavy Metal Transport Detoxification
TL;DR: Trimanto et al. as discussed by the authors reported the results of inventory study of plant bioresources in 13 montane forests of Bawean Island, discussed their conservation status, bioprospecting on some wild plant species and potential development subjected to some conservation areas.
Abstract: Trimanto, Hapsari L. 2016. Botanical survey in thirteen montane forests of Bawean Island Nature Reserve, East JavaIndonesia: Conservation status, bioprospecting and potential tourism. Biodiversitas 17: 832-846. Bawean Island which located between Borneo and Java islands possessed unique and distinctive abiotic and biotic resources. Botanical survey has been conducted in Bawean Island Nature Reserve. This paper reported the results of inventory study of plant bioresources in 13 montane forests of Bawean Island, discussed their conservation status, bioprospecting on some wild plant species and potential development subjected to some conservation areas. Inventory results in montane forests showed that it was registered about 432 plant species under 286 genera and 103families; comprised of 14 growth habits in which tree plants were the most dominant with about 237 species. Conservation status evaluation showed that there are at least 33 species of plants included in IUCN list comprised of 30 species categorized as least concern and 3 species considered at higher risk of extinction i.e. Podocarpus rumphii (Near Threatened); Pterocarpus indicus and Memecylon myrtilloides (Vulnerable). Bioprospecting results showed that 10 tuberous plants prospected as food sources; 19 woody plants prospected as timber sources, and 28 plants prospected as ornamental plants. There are at least 7 invasive alien plant species identifiedincluding Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Eupatorium inulifolium, Lantana camara, Imperata cylindrica, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and Themeda arguens. If well managed, the development of Bawean Island as nature-based and eco-tourism may contribute both to biodiversity conservation and alleviating prosperity of the local residents.
TL;DR: The finding on copper resistance present in the plasmid may open a wider application of bacteria as copper bioremediation agent.
Abstract: Irawati W, Yuwono T, Rusli A. 2016. Detection of plasmids and curing analysis in copper resistant bacteria Acinetobacter sp. IrC1, Acinetobacter sp. IrC2, and Cupriavidus sp. IrC4. Biodiversitas 17: 296-300. Acinetobacter sp. IrC1, Acinetobacter sp. IrC2, and Cupriavidus sp. IrC4 were copper resistant bacteria. The aims of the study were to establish correlation between bacterial resistance anthe presence of plasmid and to prove the presence of gene that encodes resistance to copper in plasmid. Plasmid curing was carried out by the addition of ethidium bromide, acridine orange, and SDS in Salt Base Solution broth medium. Detection of copper resistance gene in plasmid was carried out by PCR method using CopA primer. The study showed that plasmid isolation has been successfully performed in Acinetobacter sp. IrC1, Acinetobacter sp. IrC2, and Cupriavidus sp. IrC4. The size of plasmid was approximately more than 21 kb. The most effective curing treatment in Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 was 600-700 µg/ml ethidium bromide that reduced up to three times of copper resistance after curing treatment. Meanwhile, copper resistance in Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 and Cupriadus sp. IrC4 decreased four times after curing treatment using 150-200 µg/mL acridine orange and 3000-3500 µg/mL SDS, respectively. The decrease of copper resistance following plasmid curing treatment suggested that copper resistance gene was encoded by the plasmid. The amplification of CopA gene in the plasmid showed the presence of single band DNA with approximately 1.8 kb. The finding on copper resistance present in the plasmid may open a wider application of bacteria as copper bioremediation agent.
TL;DR: Investigation of the morphology, anatomy, and mycorrhizal status in roots of orchids of Sempu Island, Indonesia (Ascochilus emarginatus, Taeniophyllum biocellatum, and Thrixspermum subulatum) showed that all orchid have small number of velamen layers (1-2 layers) asan adaptation to the relatively humid condition.
Abstract: Nurfadilah S, Yulia ND, Ariyanti EE. 2016. Morphology, anatomy, and mycorrhizal fungi colonisation in roots of epiphytic orchids of Sempu Island, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 592-603. Roots of orchids have important role for survival, adaptation, water and nutrient absorption, and as a place of symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. The present study aimed to investigate the morphology, anatomy, and mycorrhizal status in roots of orchids of Sempu Island, Indonesia (Ascochilus emarginatus, Taeniophyllum biocellatum, and Thrixspermum subulatum), in relation to their adaptation to their habitat of coastal forests of Sempu Island. These orchids have different morphological characters; Ascochilus emarginatus and Thrixspermum subulatum are leafy orchids, while Taeniophyllum biocellatum is a leafless orchid. The results showed that all orchids have small number of velamen layers (1-2 layers) as an adaptation to the relatively humid condition. Cell wall thickenings of velamen, exodermis, and endodermis are structural adaptation of all orchids to the relatively high intensity of illumination, to reduce water loss because of transpiration. Mycorrhizal fungi colonization which is important for nutrient acquisition occurs in cortical cells. All orchids have differences in their cell shape, size, and specific characters, such as chloroplasts. The leafless Taeniophyllum biocellatum has many chloroplasts in the cortical root cells that support the photosynthesis process, while A. emarginatus and T. subulatum are lack of chloroplasts in their cortical root cells.