Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2020"
TL;DR: Suwardi et al. as mentioned in this paper document local knowledge on the diversity, utilization and sustainable management of indigenous fruit yielding species in the South Aceh region of Indonesia, and identify a total of 56 indigenous edible fruit species belonging to 24 families.
Abstract: . Suwardi AB, Navia ZI, Harmawan T, Syamsuardi, Mukhtar E. 2020. Ethnobotany and conservation of indigenous edible fruit plants in South Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1850-1860. The traditional knowledge system is immensely important in the context of plant resource conservation, utilization, and environmental management. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to document local knowledge on the diversity, utilization and sustainable management of indigenous fruit yielding species in the South Aceh region of Indonesia. This research was based on extensive field surveys, plant collection, and interviews with the local people, and a total of 56 indigenous edible fruit species belonging to 24 families were identified. Furthermore, the recognized varieties have numerous applications and serve multiple use categories. For example, they have been adopted as food (56 species), by medicine (16 species), construction materials (14 species), furniture (13 species) and firewood (12 species). These indigenous edible fruits are mostly used in the treatment of cough, stomach ache, diarrhea, fever, and digestive problems, and the following species are commonly traded in traditional markets Durio zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana, Mangifera indica, Mangifera foetida, Mangifera odorata, Baccaurea macrophylla, and Baccaurea lanceolata. The agricultural expansion activities in South Aceh region are assumed to present significant threats to the sustainability of indigenous edible fruit species. Conservation of indigenous fruit plants can be performed through the preservation of traditional knowledge and the promotion and domestication of indigenous fruit plant species.
43 citations
TL;DR: Sutrisno et al. as mentioned in this paper used a field survey to document the ritual plants used by the Aceh tribe in the East Aceh district of Indonesia, where a total of 51 ritual plant species consisting of 47 genera and 34 families were used as ritual ceremonies in the study area.
Abstract: . Sutrisno IH, Akob B, Navia ZI, Nuraini, Suwardi AB. 2020. Documentation of ritual plants used among the Aceh tribe in Peureulak sub-district, East Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4990-4998. Traditional ceremonies as part of human cultural products at a practical level cannot be separated from the use of natural resources, mainly plants. Concerning the use of plants in traditional ceremonies, the knowledge and use of plants by the community are decreasing. This study aims to document the ritual plants used by the Aceh tribe in the East Aceh district of Indonesia. The study was conducted in Peureulak sub-districts, East Aceh district, Indonesia. A field survey was involved 125 respondents were selected using random sampling. The interview used a questionnaire including plant species, vernacular names, uses, parts use, and ritual tradition. A total of 51 ritual plant species consisting of 47 genera and 34 families was used as ritual ceremonies in the study area. Ninety-two percent were cultivated and 8% were found to be growing wild. Most of the plants used for wedding ceremonies (18 species), followed by birth ceremonies (8 species), funeral ceremonies (5 species), and pregnancy ceremony (3 species). Socio-cultural aspects can be considered as being used for the conservation of ritual plants in the East Aceh region.
25 citations
TL;DR: The morphological and morphometric characteristics of the seven species of stingless bees in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia are described and the PCA analysis is presented to figure out the grouping characters in order to determine its diagnostic characters.
Abstract: . Trianto M, Purwanto H. 2020. Morphological characteristics and morphometrics of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2619-2628. Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae) are eusocial insects living together in a colony with a highly organized system. Also, these bees have morphological and morphometric characters that vary among species, islands, and environmental types. This paper described morphological characteristics and morphometric study of stingless bees from the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. There were seven species of stingless bees found in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, namely Tetragonula laeviceps, T. iridipennis, T. biroi, T. sapiens, T. sarawakensis, Lepidotrigona terminata, and Heterotrigona itama. The morphometry of the stingless bees obtained in this study has varying sizes compared to the same species that have been reported elsewhere. In this study, we described the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the seven species of stingless bees in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, and presented the PCA analysis to figure out the grouping characters in order to determine its diagnostic characters.
24 citations
TL;DR: Navia ZI et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the ethnobotany and economic value of spices and condiment plants used by Tamiang tribe in Aceh, Indonesia, where a field survey was conducted in three sub-districts, namely Rantau, Seruwai, and Bendahara, Aceh TAMIANG District involved 150 respondents (50 individuals from each subdistrict).
Abstract: . Navia ZI, Audira D, Afifah N, Turnip K, Nuarini, Suwardi AB. 2020. Ethnobotanical investigation of spice and condiment plants used by the Taming tribe in Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4467-4473. Communities are inseparable from plants in meeting their daily food needs, especially plants as supplementary food. The aim of this study was to investigate of ethnobotany and economic value of spice and condiment plants used by Tamiang tribe in Aceh, Indonesia. A field survey was conducted in three sub-districts, namely Rantau, Seruwai, and Bendahara, Aceh Tamiang District involved 150 respondents (50 individuals from each sub-district) were randomly selected. A total of 31 spices and condiments plants consisting of 26 genera and 18 families was recorded in the study area. Fruits (36%) are the most commonly used parts of plants for spices and condiments, followed by leaves (16%), seeds (13%), rhizome and flower (10% respectively), bulb (6%), and stem and bark (3% respectively). These species were used for preserving traditional cuisines such as bubur pedas, ikan cang rebong, and anyang. Capsicum annuum L has high economic value. The Tamiang tribe has always preserved traditional knowledge of the use of various spices and condiment plants for traditional cuisine.
22 citations
TL;DR: It can be concluded that the Oxacillin disc test was the highest sensitivity for detecting MRSA strain isolate, however, mecA gene was the golden standard to detect MRSA on the dairy farms.
Abstract: Ramandinianto SC, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH. 2020. MecA gene and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from dairy farms in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3562-3568. Milk Borne Disease (MBD) can be caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus which has a large impact on aspects of public health. The therapy used to treat staphylococcal infection is Oxacillin preparations that can inhibit bacterial wall synthesis, but the adaptation of the mecA gene to staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) causes the emergence of strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study was to detect the level of MRSA strain contamination in dairy cows in East Java by comparing the mecA gene, Oxacillin, and Cefoxitin Disc Diffusion Methods and Oxacillin Resistance Screen Agar (ORSA) detection methods. A total of 150 cow's milk samples were taken at 3 village dairy farms in East Java, samples were added to the enrichment media Buffer Pepton Water (BPW) and then isolates were planted and purified using Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The detection of MRSA was carried out by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion preparation Cefoxitin 30 μg and Oxacillin 30 μg then confirmed by ORSA and the presence of mecA gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results showed that from a total of 92 S. aureus isolates using Oxacillin disc test, 24 resistant isolates were obtained, using Cefoxitin disc test, 17 isolates were obtained, and using the ORSA test 18 MRSA isolates were obtained. MRSA isolates tested by PCR obtained evidence of 2 isolates of mecA gene. It can be concluded that the Oxacillin disc test was the highest sensitivity for detecting MRSA strain isolate, however, mecA gene was the golden standard to detect MRSA on the dairy farms
Keywords: Cefoxitin disc, milk-borne disease, mecA gene, MRSA, Oxacillin disc, ORSA
21 citations
TL;DR: This study confirmed that the percentage of resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 5 antimicrobial agents of broiler chicken are higher than layer chicken, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a threat to public health and livestock.
Abstract: . Permatasari DA, Witaningrum AM, Wibisono FJ, Effendi MH. 2020. Detection and prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated from poultry farms in Blitar, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4642-4647. Antibiotics are commonly used as therapy and disease control in humans and animals. However, the widespread use of antibiotics may also trigger the rise of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) of Klebsiella pneumoniae from poultry farms in Blitar. Chicken cloacal swabs were collected from 63 poultry farms (32 broilers and 31 layers) were taken randomly, using total samples 160 broilers and 155 layers. The collected swab samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar medium for isolation and identification. Single colonies were isolated after primary positive cultures and identified by using the IMViC test and TSIA. 28 (8.88%) out of samples were positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial confirmation test showed that 53.57% of the K. pneumoniae isolates were Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) bacteria. The percentage of MDR bacteria against different antibiotics included ampicillin 75%, Erythromycin 42.86%, Tetracycline 35.72%, Sulfamethoxazole 32.14% and Streptomycin 21.4%. This study confirms that the percentage of resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 5 antimicrobial agents of broiler chicken is higher than layer chicken. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a threat to public health and livestock. The impact of these conditions leaves a limited treatment option as chicken farmers in Indonesia still using antibiotics without veterinarian supervision.
21 citations
TL;DR: Tanuwiria et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that increased hematological condition and antioxidants profile in dairy cow supplemented duckweed can improve physiological condition (hematologic and antioxidants) in the dairy cow.
Abstract: . Tanuwiria UH, Mushawwir A. 2020. Hematological and antioxidants responses of dairy cows fed with a combination of feed and duckweed (Lemna minor) as a mixture for improving performance. Biodiversitas 21: 4741-4746. A total of twenty-five, 5-7th-lactation-old or 7-8thyears-old dairy cows were used in the current study to study the effect of feed duckweed (Lemna minor) on the hematological status and parameters related antioxidant in the dairy cow. Each group of treatment involved 5 replicates with a dairy cow each (5 dairy cows per group). All of the group was provided ration following F0 = Uncultivated grass (UG) 60% and supplemented concentrated (C) 40%; F1 = UG 50%+fresh duckweed 10%+C 40%; F2 = UG 60%+fresh duckweed 3%+C 37%; F3 = UG 50%+fresh duckweed 10%+dried duckweed 3%+C 37%; F4 = UG 45%+fresh duckweed 15%+dried duckweed 2%+C 38%. Blood samples were collected from each dairy cow monthly beginning at the first month of this experiment, from the tail vein (vena coccygeal), using a sterilized syringe and vacuum tube containing K3EDTA. Hematological parameters were analyzed by a hematology analyzer. The blood samples collected were also centrifuged to separate the plasma. The plasma was used to determine of concentration of parameters related to antioxidant by an automatic biochemical analyzer, using a commercial kit. All procedure of the analysis was following based on the Biolabo kit (Franch) and Randox kit (UK). Based on in this current study showed that increased hematological condition and antioxidants profile in dairy cow supplemented duckweed . Supplemented duckweed can be improved physiological condition (hematologic and antioxidants) in the dairy cow.
18 citations
TL;DR: It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of P. niruri and O. stamineus obtain the highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method.
Abstract: . Sukweenadi J, Yunita O, Setiawan F, Kartini, Siagian MT, Danduru AP, Avanti C. 2020. Antioxidant Activity Screening of Seven Indonesian Herbal Extract. Biodiversitas 21: 2062-2067. Kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus), pegagan (Centella asiatica), seledri (Apium graveolens), kunyit (Curcuma domestica), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) are herbs that commonly used in the Indonesia folk medicine. The constituents that responsible for several important biological activities are phenolic and flavonoid compounds which also possess antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of those seven Indonesian herbal extracts was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. The extraction was done with the reflux method by using 80% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenol and total flavonoids from each herbal extract were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity results by DPPH method on O. stamineus, C. asiatica, A. graveolens, C. domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, S. arvensis, and P. niruri showed IC50 value at 132; ND; 2221; 361; 538; 1118; and 102 ppm, respectively. Results from ABTS method, showed IC50 value at 22; 1199; 169; 100; 82; 143; and 20 ppm respectively. While results from the FRAP method showed that the ethanolic extract of P. niruri at a concentration of 20 ppm possesses the strongest antioxidant activity (17.41 ppm AEAC/ppm extract). The content of total phenolic compounds are 22.50; 0.67; 2.16; 11.40; 7.80; 7.22; and 2.62% GAE, while the total flavonoid compounds were 19.88; 6.67; 4.06; 71.02; 34.62; 3.78; and 8.34% QE, respectively. It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of P. niruri and O. stamineus obtain the highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method.
18 citations
TL;DR: Murniati et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the impact of climate change on the household food security of upland rice farmers in Sidomulyo, Lampung Province, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Murniati K, Mutolib A. 2020. The impact of climate change on the household food security of upland rice farmers in Sidomulyo, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3487-3493. Climate change in the agricultural sector, particularly food crops, significantly decreases the production, causing the anomaly influences of El-Nino (drought) and La-Nina (flood). Climate change will have an impact on food availability and accessibility, thereby disrupting the food security and vulnerability of farmer households. This study aimed to: analyze the livelihood vulnerabilities, determine the food security level, and assess the livelihood vulnerability on the food security of upland rice farmer households against climate change. This study was conducted in Sidomulyo Sub-district, South Lampung District. The samples were randomly selected among farmers, resulting in 66 selected farmers. The analysis included: the livelihood vulnerability index– intergovernmental panel of climate change (LVI-IPCC), food security index based on the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, and the Ordinal Model Logit (Ologit). The results showed that the upland rice farmer’s household had a livelihood vulnerability of 0.071, belonged to the medium category. Most farmer households (77.27%) were categorized as food secure. The “secure” category in the food security index is obtained if the upland rice farmers fulfill three criteria includes food availability, food stability, and food sustainability. The strategy of climate change adaptation, rice price, and phonska fertilizer price affects the food security of farmers’ households. Climate change adaptation strategies are indispensable for sustainable food security.
18 citations
TL;DR: Panjaitan et al. as discussed by the authors studied butterflies along land-use gradients from lowland rainforest, via rubber agroforest system, to monocultures of rubber and oil palm in Jambi Province, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Panjaitan R, Drescher J, Buchori D, Peggie D, Harahap IS, Scheu S, Hidayat P. 2020. Diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) across rainforest transformation systems in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5119-5127. The high rate of land conversion has put pressure on biodiversity, especially in the tropics. The lowlands of Sumatra, for example, are dominated by increasingly extensive areas of oil palm and rubber monoculture plantations, while rainforests are continuously vanishing. The status of many rainforest animal populations, including iconic insect groups such as butterflies, is largely unclear. With a rapid assessment approach, we studied butterflies along land-use gradients from lowland rainforest, via jungle rubber plantations (rubber agroforest system), to monocultures of rubber and oil palm in Jambi Province, Sumatra. Butterflies were caught in a nested replication design at eight research plots at each of the forest, jungle rubber, and rubber and oil palm locations. Butterfly abundance was the highest in the rainforest (204.3±82.1), slightly lower in the jungle rubber and oil palm areas (164.9±61 and 169.3±94.9, respectively), and the lowest in the rubber plantation (108.8±38.5). Similarly, butterfly species richness was the highest in the forest and jungle rubber areas (47.1±7.7 and 38.8±7.6, respectively), followed by the oil palm area (33.3±9.8), and the lowest in the rubber plantation (26.1±9.1). Likewise, Shannon-Wiener diversity was the highest in the rainforest, at an intermediate level in the jungle rubber, and lowest in the oil palm and rubber plantations. Butterfly community composition in the rainforest was very different from that in the other three land-use systems, in which it was similar. Overall, the study demonstrates that rainforest butterfly communities cannot be sustained in agricultural systems, highlighting the importance of rainforests for conserving the diversity of arthropods.
17 citations
TL;DR: Results in this study indicated that layer chicken has potential as reservoir for spreading ESBL to public health and needs strict hygienic measures to prevent their transmission to humans.
Abstract: . Wibisono FJ, Sumiarto B, Untari T, Effendi MH, Permatasari DA, Witaningrum AM. 2020. Short Communication: The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli on layer chicken farms in Blitar Area, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2667-2671. This study was aimed to determine the incidence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli on layer chicken in Blitar area. This was a cross-sectional study with a total of 205 cloacal swabs of layer chicken taken randomly. The sample was in isolation identification on MacConkey media and ESBL confirmation test produced by Escherichia coli was then carried out by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method and the VITEK® 2 Compact Automated System method. This study showed that 185 (90.24%) isolates of positive Escherichia coli from a total of 205 samples of cloacal swabs of the layer chicken. The incidence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in cloacal swabs on layer chicken with the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method and the VITEK® 2 compact automatic method was 13 (7.03%). Results in this study indicated that layer chicken has potential as reservoir for spreading ESBL to public health and needs strict hygienic measures to prevent their transmission to humans.
TL;DR: All gastropods in this study found alive during the authors' surveys and predominantly mangrove associated, and it is suggested to the future researcher to survey through different sampling efforts and sampling methods such as quantitative or semi-quantitative methods.
Abstract: . Islamy RA, Hasan V. 2020. Checklist of mangrove snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in South Coast of Pamekasan, Madura Island, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3127-3134. Mangrove forests are crucial to gastropods providing breeding and nursery grounds, food sources, and shelter from predators. They are useful bioindicators of environmental pollution. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the species richness of gastropods mangrove environments. This study aims to provide information about the species composition of mangrove snails in the South Coast of Pamekasan (Madura Island), East Java, Indonesia. Samplings were performed at low tide from 4 stations in December 2019 using a transect (10m x 10m). All samples were identified using reference books and published journal. We found a total of 10 family consist of Assimineidae, Cerithiidae, Ellobiidae, Littorinidae, Muricidae, Neritidae, Olividae, Planaxidae, Potamididae, and Trochidae with consist of 15 Genus, i.e., Assiminea, Clypeomorus, Cerithium, Rhinoclavis, Laemodonta, Littorarina, Tenguella, Semiricinula, Nerita, Clithon, Oliva, Planaxis, Pirenella, Telescopium, and Monodonta. The most common substrate where mangrove snails were found was rocks, sandy, and around the tree and roots of mangrove. All gastropods in this study found alive during our surveys and predominantly mangrove associated. We assume that there are still many snails that have not been surveyed at the location. We suggest to the future researcher to survey through different sampling efforts and sampling methods such as quantitative or semi-quantitative methods.
TL;DR: It can be explained that broiler chicken from wet market should be considered as a source of transmission for MDR and ESBL of E. coli to the public health.
Abstract: Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Yurianti YA, Rahmahani J, Harijani N, Plumeriastuti H. 2021. Presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) of Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swab of broilers in several wet markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 304-310. The purpose of this research was to identify multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) of Escherichia coli from cloacal swab of broiler chicken in several wet markets in Surabaya. This study used 60 broiler chicken samples, with cloacal swab method. The samples were isolated and identified to find Escherichia coli with several procedures, MacConckey Agar (MCA), Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer (MR-VP), citrate, and Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA). Antibiotic sensitivity test was tested by using Kirby-Bauer (Disc Diffusion Method) with antibiotics: Aztreonam, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin. From research, it can be illustrated that the isolates resistant to antibiotic Ciprofloxacin were 67% and Tetracycline was 65%. Total 97% isolates were found sensitive for Aztreonam, 73% for Chloramphenicol, and 55% for Gentamicin. Twelve isolates identified for MDR and two were ESBL. It can be explained that broiler chicken from wet market should be considered as a source of transmission for MDR and ESBL of E. coli to the public health.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, MDR, ESBL, Broiler chicken, Wet markets, Public health
TL;DR: Elfrida et al. as mentioned in this paper assessed the diversity of fruit plant species in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Elfrida, Mubarak A, Suwardi AB. 2020. Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3670-3675. Home gardens have a significant potential to improve food security and offer a contribution to household income for communities in rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of fruit plant species in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Indonesia. The study was conducted in three villages of Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang District, namely Tenggulun, Selamat, and Simpang Kiri. Extensive field surveys, plant collections, and interviews with local communities were conducted, involving 350 households, using random sampling methods. A total of 39 fruit plant species consisting of 23 genera and 17 families were recorded at the three villages. Sixteen species, i.e., A. muricata, A. jiringa, Artocarpus integer, Averrhoa bilimbi, Baccaurea motleyana, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix, Garcinia mangostana, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Musa x paradisiaca, Nephelium lappaceum, Psidium guajava, Spondias pinnata, and Syzygium aqueum were the most frequently recorded in all of the villages. In addition to being used as food, the fruit plants in the study area were also used as medicines, fodder, fuelwood, and household items. The fruit plant species have a significant role in supporting household livelihoods to improve food security and potentially offer a household income for the rural community in the study area.
TL;DR: Inventory and categorize plant collections in Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG), West Java, Indonesia that has anticancer properties in a detailed and comprehensive manner and can serve as baseline information for further research in drug discovery and development for anticancer treatments using living plant specimens collected in CBG.
Abstract: . Pratiwi RA, Nurlaeni Y. 2020. Screening of plant collection of Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia with anticancer properties. Biodiversitas 21: 5186-5229. Cancer is a life-threatening disease worldwide. One approach to developing effective treatment in fighting cancerous cells is to obtain anticancer drug candidates from natural resources, such as plants. This study aimed to inventory and categorize plant collections in Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG), West Java, Indonesia that has anticancer properties in a detailed and comprehensive manner. Literature research was conducted in international scientific databases using several keywords expressing anticancer properties to produce list of plant species potential for anticancer. The results of this research were then cross-checked with the plant collection database of CBG. List of plants exhibits anticancer activities were then categorized based on the IC50 values (an indicator of cytotoxicity). Our result showed 291 species from 90 families of CBG plant collection harbor anticancer properties. Among them, 93, 100, 36, and 62 species have IC50 values under Class I (strong), Class II (moderate), Class III (inactive), and Class IV (insufficient IC50 data), respectively. The families with the highest number of potential anticancer plants are Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Cupressaceae, Asparagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Clusiaceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae, Adoxaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae. Species that have strong anticancer activities include Acacia farnesiana, Aglaia edulis, A. elliptica, A. silvestris, Artocarpus elasticus, Bauhinia strychnifolia, Buxus microphylla, Calophyllum soulattri, Cerbera manghas, Cocculus orbiculatus, Cryptocarya chinensis, C. konishii, C. laevigata, Dalbergia parviflora, Diospyros discolor, Erythrina abyssinica, Etlingera elatior, Ficus fistulosa, Garcinia x mangostana, Hemerocallis fulva, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Panax ginseng, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Psidium cattleianum, Sansevieria ehrenbergii, Tacca chantrieri, Toona sinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, and V. Sambucinum. Even Serenoa repens and Taxus sumatrana contain active compounds that have been commercialized as anticancer drugs. The data resulted from this study can serve as baseline information for further research in drug discovery and development for anticancer treatments using living plant specimens collected in CBG. CBG has a great prospect of medicinal plants that require further studies for formulating anticancer drug as an alternative natural resource.
TL;DR: Astriani et al. as mentioned in this paper identified Pseudomonas plecoglossicida as a novel bacterium for phosphate solubilizing and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing from soybean rhizospheric soils of East Java, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Astriani M, Zubaidah S, Abadi AL, Suarsini E. 2020. Pseudomonas plecoglossicida as a novel bacterium for phosphate solubilizing and indole-3-acetic acid-producing from soybean rhizospheric soils of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 578-586. The use of synthetic fertilizers to grow soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in a long time, can increase the risk of environmental damage. Therefore, the current study aimed to find phosphate solubilizing bacteria that can produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) hormone to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers. Superior isolates selected through characterization of phosphate solubilization activity on Pikovskaya medium, screening of IAA producing bacteria, quantitative estimation of phosphate solubilizing activity using a spectrophotometer, hypersensitivity assay, antagonist within isolate assay, and molecular identification of selected bacterial isolates using 16S rRNA sequencing with primer forward 63f and primer reverse 1387r. Among the isolated bacteria, isolate Arj8 showed the highest phosphate solubilizing activity and IAA production. Molecular identification indicated that isolate Arj8 shared 100% similarity with Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. The highest phosphate solubilizing activity (75.39 mg/L) and IAA production (38.89 ppm) recorded on day-3. Multiple potentialities of P. plecoglossicida as phosphate solubilizing and IAA producing bacterium are a novel finding in the development of bioinoculants as bio-fertilizers that can reduce dependency on synthetic chemical fertilizers.
TL;DR: The larvae which were sick due to the filtrate showed the symptoms of decreased appetite and were not actively moving, while the dead larvae were characterized by being wrinkled, dry, black integument, and odorless.
Abstract: The use of secondary fungal metabolites for the active ingredient of mycoinsecticide is more effective and
more easily integrated with other pest control techniques. This study aimed to measure the toxicity of the culture filtrate of entomopathogenic fungi originating from South Sumatra against the Spodoptera litura larvae. Beauveria bassiana (25 isolates) and Metarhizium anisopliae (20 isolates) of South Sumatra were cultured in liquid media and filtered to produce culture filtrate. The larvae
which were sick due to the filtrate showed the symptoms of decreased appetite and were not actively moving, while the dead larvae were characterized by being wrinkled, dry, black integument, and odorless. Mortality caused by B. bassiana filtrate was the highest 98% (BJgTs isolate) and not significantly different from the BSwTd2 isolate (94.67%). Yet, the LT50 BSwTd2 isolate was shorter (5.92 days) compared to the LT50 BJgTs isolate (6.35 days). The most toxic M. anisopliae filtrate produced the mortality of 96% (MKbTp2 isolate) and 85.33% (MPdB isolate) each of which had LT50 of 7.36 days and 8.09 days, respectively. So, the most toxic culture filtrate was BSwTd2 isolate of B. bassiana and MKbTp2 isolate of M. anisopliae. The entomopathogenic fungi producing filtrate which are toxic
have the potential to be active ingredients of mycoinsecticides.
TL;DR: The result of this research showed that the weight of harvested cob was an effective secondary character as a selection criterion along with productivity in selecting adaptive maize genotypes under drought stress.
Abstract: . Fadhli N, Farid M, Rafiuddin, Efendi R, Azrai M, Anshori MF. 2020. Multivariate analysis to determine secondary characters in selecting adaptive hybrid corn lines under drought stress. Biodiversitas 21: 3617-3624. The development of adaptive hybrid corn varieties under drought stress needs an effective selection. Multivariate analysis has been reported can increase the effectiveness of selection in plants by attaching the secondary characters in the selection. Therefore, this concept also can be applied to develop adaptive corn varieties under drought stress. The objectives of this study are to determine the main secondary characters and select the best hybrid lines adaptive to drought stress. The experiment was arranged by a nested design, where replications nested under two environmental conditions, namely normal and drought stress. The main factor was genotypes consisted of 30 genotypes and was repeated three times. Moreover, the observations of this research consisted of 20 variables. The result of this research showed that the weight of harvested cob was an effective secondary character as a selection criterion along with productivity in selecting adaptive maize genotypes under drought stress. The number of green leaves was the character outside of the yield component could be as an alternative secondary character besides the weight of harvested cob. The selection results based on the weight of the harvested cob and productivity resulted in 12 hybrid corn lines considered adaptive to drought stress.
TL;DR: Analuddin et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the trends of aboveground biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in Rhizophora stylosa mangrove forest of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Analuddin K, Kadidae LO, Haya LOMY, Septiana A, Sahidin I, Syahrir L, Rahim S, Fajar LOA, Nadaoka K. 2020. Aboveground biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in Rhizophora stylosa mangrove forest of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1316-1325. This study was aimed at analyzing the trends of aboveground biomass (AGB), productivity and carbon sequestration of Rhizophora stylosa Griff. forest in Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWNP), Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The DBH was the best predictor for partial and whole AGB of R. stylosa trees. The mean AGB was 562.76 ton ha-1. The yearly biomass increment of living trees, biomass increment of whole stands, standing dead biomass, and litterfall in R. stylosa forest were estimated as 52.87, 50.09, 2.78 and 12.00 ton ha-1, respectively, while its net primary production was about 64.88 ton ha-1 yr-1 indicating higher mangrove productivity. The total carbon stock in R. stylosa forest was 264.50 ton ha-1, while the annual net carbon budget, carbon gain and carbon input in R. stylosa forest was 23.54, 24.85 and 5.64 ton ha-1. However, the total CO2 stored in R. stylosa forest was 969.83 ton ha-1, while the annual of net CO2 uptake, CO2 gained and CO2 input was 86.33, 91.12 and 20.86 ton ha-1. The higher carbon sequestration and CO2 uptake in R. stylosa forest indicate its significant role in the global carbon accumulation and reducing atmospheric CO2.
TL;DR: The results indicated that poultry is a potential reservoir for ESBLproducing E. coli in poultry and strengthening antibiotic policy is needed because the regulation of antibiotic use in poultry is gaining momentum to increase animal productivity and food safety.
Abstract: . Wibisono FJ, Sumiarto B, Untari T, Effendi MH, Permatasari DA, Witaningrum AM. 2020. Short Communication: Pattern of antibiotic resistance on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases genes producing Escherichia coli on laying hens in Blitar, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4631-4635. The aims of this study were to determine the susceptibility pattern of phenotypic antibiotics on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes and genotype profiles of ESBL producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cloacal samples of laying hens in Blitar. A total of 165 cloacal swab samples were successfully isolated 145 E. coli strains during the study taken from 5 subdistricts in Blitar. All the strains were examined for antibiotic resistance patterns by disk diffusion method with double-disk synergy test (DDST), followed testing with VITEK® 2 methods, molecular identification of ESBL coding genes using PCR. The results of this study showed that the characterization of nucleotide analysis from PCR amplification of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria isolated from laying hens in Blitar showed that eight isolates were the dominant of CTX gene, followed by the TEM encoding gene of two isolates, and the SHV coding gene as much as one isolate. The presence of more than 1 encoding genes in the E. coli bacterial isolate was seen in 1 isolate, where the isolate carried the CTX gene and the SHV gene as well. All ESBL producing E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone, and these ESBL isolates were more than 70% resistant to gentamicin, aztreonam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. These results indicated that poultry is a potential reservoir for ESBL-producing E. coli. The presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry requires strengthening antibiotic policy. This is important because the regulation of antibiotic use in poultry is gaining momentum to increase animal productivity and food safety in Blitar, Indonesia.
TL;DR: A sampling plan can be developed based on spatial distribution parameters to monitor population density to implement a control threshold and control measures from the early stage of maize during adult pre-emergence.
Abstract: . Hutasoit RT, Kalqutny SH, Widiarta IN. 2020. Spatial distribution pattern, bionomic, and demographic parameters of a new invasive species of armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in maize of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3576-3582. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has reportedly been found in Indonesia since 2019. The main hosts of this new invading insect are food crops and several other crops. This study aimed to examine the spatial distribution pattern, bionomic, and demographic parameters for developing a sampling plan and strategy to control the pest. The study was conducted by observing the total population of S. frugiperda on nine plots of maize plants weekly. The development of S. frugiperda from egg to adult was also observed in plastic containers (diameter of 4 cm x height of 8 cm) fed with maize in controlled room conditions (temperature = 29 ± 2.1°C, 74 ± 10.1% RH). Observations were made on several bionomic and demographic parameters. The results of the study showed that the S. frugiperda distributes in groups, and each group spreads with a low grouping rate. The life cycle of S. frugiperda occurs for an average of 25.11 days with a range of 24-26 days. The net reproduction rate (Ro) of S. frugiperda was 422.46 individuals/parent/generation. S. frugiperda‘s intrinsic rate of increase was 0.22 individuals/parent/day. The length of generation (T) and S. frugiperda doubling time (DT) were 26.59 and 3.04 days, respectively. This species has survived well on the maize in the new habitat, so it will threaten the food crops, especially the maize. A sampling plan can be developed based on spatial distribution parameters to monitor population density to implement a control threshold and control measures from the early stage of maize during adult pre-emergence.
TL;DR: In this article, the traditional ecological knowledge of rural people of Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District of Cimanuk Watershed, West Java Province, Indonesia was investigated.
Abstract: . Mutaqin AZ, Kurniadie D, Iskandar J, Nurzaman M, Partasasmita R. 2020. Ethnobotany of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius): Folk classification, habitat, and traditional conservation in Cisoka Village, Majalengka District, Cimanuk Watershed Region, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 546-555. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson or suweg is commonly called in Sunadese of West Java as suweg that is a species of tuber growing in many regions of the world, including in the Cimanuk Watershed, West Java Province, Indonesia. A. paeoniifolius usually grows in rural areas of West Java in some agroecosystem types, including the homegarden, garden, and mixed garden system. This plant species, in contrast to other tuber species, such as taro, has not been intensively cultivated by rural community in West Java. Even though A. paeoniifolius has not been intensively cultivated, this plant species in the future have the potential to be used for various purposes for human being. Because A. paeoniifolius, one of plant tubers, has a high resistance to unpredictable environmental changes, such as climate change, pest disruption, and easy to maintain. This study aimed to elucidate the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of rural people of Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District of Cimanuk Watershed, West Java on folk classification, habitat, and traditional conservation of A. paeoniifolius. The method used in this study was qualitative. Field data collection was undertaken by observation and semi-structured interviews or deep interviews with competent informants. The results of study showed that the rural population of Cisoka Village, Majalengka District, has recognized two kinds of Amorphophallus. Firstly, Amorphophallus is a commonly consumed that is called suweg which has scientific name as Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Secondly, Amorphophallus is recognized as not commonly consumed which is called 'iles-iles' (Amorphophallus variabilis Blume). Both species can be traditionally classified based on morphology (tubers, leaf blade and petioles, and flowers), habitat, utilization, cultivation, and suitability of growing places. Specifically, A. paeoniifolius, grows in various conditions, growing at non-cultivated lands, such as forests and cultivated land, such as homegarden, garden, mixed-garden, and rice fields, or pond edges, but predominantly grows in homegardens and gardens. Some of these lands are hieum or shaded areas and negrak or open areas. A. paeoniifolius starts to grow and develop at the beginning of the rainy season until approaching the dry season, which is characterized by yellowing and falling of petiole. Conservation of A. paeoniifolius has been based on tradition is carried out by the rural community through storage/ preparation of seeds, which does not destroy A. paeoniifolius that grows in several types of agroecosystems, and is managed semi-intensively in several types of agroecosystems such as homegardens and gardens.
TL;DR: A total of 96 medicinal plant species, consisting of 50 families, have been documented to be used by the Aneuk Jamee tribe in the Kota Bahagia subdistrict, South Aceh District, Aceh Province.
Abstract: . Suwardi AB, Mardudi, Navia ZI, Baihaqi, Muntaha. 2021. Documentation of medicinal plants used by Aneuk Jamee tribe in Kota Bahagia sub-district, South Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 6-15. Aneuk Jamee is one of the ethnic communities living along the western-south coast of Aceh. Various plants are used by the Aneuk Jamee tribe as a traditional medicine in treating diseases and disorders. The aim of this study was therefore to document the medicinal plants used by the Aneuk Jamee tribe in the Kota Bahagia sub-district, South Aceh, Indonesia. This study was conducted in three villages, namely Jombo Keupok, Seuneubok Kuranji, and Alur Dua Mas, Kota Bahagia subdistrict, South Aceh District, Aceh Province. This study was based on field surveys, plant collection, and interviews with the local people. Interviews were performed with 60 informants selected by using the Snowball Sampling technique. A total of 96 medicinal plant species, consisting of 50 families, have been documented to be used by the Aneuk Jamee tribe in the Kota Bahagia subdistrict. Fifty-nine (61%) species are cultivated and 37 (39%) species are wild. Leaves are the most widely used plant part (28%), followed by the fruit (19%), flower and tuber (6% each), seed (3%), and sap (2%) and the main mode of preparations are decoction (60%), followed by raw consumption (14%), smeared (10%), pounded (7%), dropped (6%), and affixed and squeezed (1% each). The high informant consensus factor (ICF=0.98) was assigned to the diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism category.
TL;DR: The results showed that the mangrove effectively increased the quality of the water supply and wastewater in the intensive whiteleg shrimp pond-especially in terms of nutrient removal-as well as the biodiversity of its phytoplankton community.
Abstract: . Asyiah IN, Mudakir I, Hoesain M, Pradana AP, Djunaidy A, Sari RF. 2020. Consortium of endophytic bacteria and rhizobacteria effectively suppresses the population of Pratylenchus coffeae and promotes the growth of Robusta coffee. Biodiversitas 21: 4702-4708. Pratylenchus coffeae as the coffee-parasitic nematode can cause a yield loss from 28.7% to 78.4% on Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora A. Froehner). Environmentally friendly and sustainable efforts can be made to control this nematode by applying the antagonistic agents from the bacterial group. The application of antagonistic agents in a consortium has a better effectivity than a single application. This study was aimed to identify the effectivity of the consortium of endophytic bacteria and rhizobacteria formulated on a cost-effective molasse medium against the P. coffeae population and growth of Robusta coffee in a greenhouse. A total of nine bacterial isolates of genus Bacillus and Pseudomonas were used during experiment. The formulation was prepared by mixing the bacterial suspension and 2% molasses with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The greenhouse assay was performed following the completely randomized block design pattern with five treatments and five replications. Robusta coffee plant clone BP 936 was treated with a 10 mL (109 CFU mL-1) bacterial consortium mixture while control was treated with 10 mL sterilized water. Each plant was inoculated with P. coffeae 50 J2 after a week of bacterial consortium application. The result showed that all bacterial consortiums were effective in suppressing the population of P. coffeae in soil and root of Robusta coffee. All consortiums gave a better result than control in suppressing the population of P. coffeae. The best suppression of nematodes was shown by the Cst 02 consortium with the suppression value of 62.5% in the root and 76.1% in the coffee plant rhizosphere. The application of bacterial consortium increases the plant height (28.02-44.51%), number of leaves (127.27-168.18%), and leaf area (278.8-425.57%). In this study, suppression of P. coffeae population by bacterial consortium showed a positive correlation with plant growth. This study presents the information of endophytic bacteria and rhizobacteria consortium from Bacillus and Pseudomonas group that is effective in suppressing the population P. coffeae and improves the growth of Robusta coffee.
TL;DR: This research confirmed the presence of S. frugiperda in Lampung Province by collecting and identifying larvae of Spodoptera found in the field as well as investigation on the genetic diversity of the established populations and to observe the damage caused by this pest on cornfields in the Lampung province.
Abstract: . Lestari P, Budiarti A, Fitriana Y, Susilo FX, Swibawa IG, Sudarsono H, Suharjo R, Hariri AM, Purnomo, Nuryasin, Solikhin, Wibowo L, Jumari, Hartaman M. 2020. Identification and genetic diversity of Spodoptera frugiperda in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1670-1677. Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most recent invasive and destructive insect pest in Indonesia. Recently, it has been reported that this pest was found in some cornfield areas in Sumatera, including Lampung. This research was performed to confirm the presence of S. frugiperda in Lampung Province by collecting and identifying larvae of Spodoptera found in the field as well as investigation on the genetic diversity of the established populations and to observe the damage caused by this pest on cornfields in the Lampung Province. The observation was conducted from February-April 2019 at four locations (districts) representing corn-producing areas in Lampung, namely Lampung Selatan, Lampung Timur, Pesawaran and Pringsewu, each location comprising five plots. The plot is a cornfield with plants aged 14-40 days after planting. Twenty plants were randomly chosen in every plot as plant samples to collect the Spodoptera larvae and to calculate the absolute plant damage caused by the larvae. The absolute plant damage was analyzed by dividing the attacked plants with total plants observed and multiply by 100%. Identification of the Spodoptera larvae was performed based on morphological characters and molecular techniques using sequence analysis of Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The result confirmed that the larvae found in the cornfield in Lampung were S. frugiperda. There was no nucleotides variation in the sequence of COI gene among S. frugiperda found in Lampung Province (Lampung Selatan, Lampung Timur, Pesawaran and Pringsewu) as well as S. frugiperda that was found in corn from foreign countries. The absolute plant damage caused by this pest in the four districts of Lampung was in the range of 26.50-70%.
TL;DR: The results show that the presence of endemic species of Odonata indicates a healthy freshwater environment in the area; thus, studies on the sustainable use and conservation measures of the O Donata should be conducted.
Abstract: . Cudera RB, Razon BC, Millondaga KJI. 2020. Cultural and ecological significance of Odonata (Insecta) to the T'boli of Lake Sebu, Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 2536-2554. Lake Sebu in Mindanao, Philippines, covered by the Allah Valley Protected Landscape, is home to the T'boli ethnolinguistic group. This study focuses on the cultural and ecological significance of the Odonata (insect order of dragonflies and damselflies) to the T'boli people who are known to have a close connection to their natural environment. According to the T'boli who participated in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the Odonate larvae of Family Libellulidae and Aeshnidae known as Kmimi and Ogong El respectively are handpicked by the village members as a food source shared in the community when resources are scarce. The Odonata larvae are also used to cure illnesses and are locally believed to be important components for a love potion. In agriculture, T'boli farmers utilize the adult form of Odonata known as Klowong as natural biocontrol agents. Moreover, the Odonata larvae are prominent images in T'boli oral literature, specifically folklore and lullabies, teaching the children the importance of maintaining a harmonious relationship with nature. The results show that the presence of endemic species of Odonata indicates a healthy freshwater environment in the area; thus, studies on the sustainable use and conservation measures of the Odonata should be conducted.
TL;DR: A result of PCR and sequence analysis showed that Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei occurred in the polychaetes in the WFS infected ponds at low point prevalence.
Abstract: . Desrina, Prayitno S B, Haditomo A H C, Latritiani R, Sarjito S. 2020. Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) DNA in the polychaetes from shrimp ponds suffering white feces syndrome outbreaks. Biodiversitas 21: 369-374. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is the newly emerging pathogen of farmed shrimp in Asia. EHP was associated with white feces syndrome (WFS) in shrimp because the spores existed in the feces of shrimp with WFS. Polychaetes are benthic invertebrates and potential to contribute to EHP outbreaks in a pond by acquiring the pathogen and transfer it to shrimp upon feeding. The objective of this study was to determine (1) the occurrence of EHP in polychaetes with Giemsa staining of the coelomic fluid, 1-step PCR and histopathology and (2) to determine pathological changes of EHP infected tissues. Polychaetes were obtained from 20 shrimp ponds located in 9 districts along the North Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. There were no EHP spores detected in the stained coelomic fluid. The 1-step PCR analysis was able to detect the EHP DNA (prevalence was 10%). The Alignment of EHP DNA sequence found in polychaetes showed 100% identity with a published sequence. Histopathological examination showed hypertrophy cells and nuclei, however, no EHP mature spores were found in the epithelial cells on the mucosal layer of the stomach and intestines. Although methods used did not give the convergence results, however, a result of PCR and sequence analysis showed that EHP occurred in the polychaetes in the WFS infected ponds at low point prevalence.
TL;DR: Rizal et al. as mentioned in this paper used Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications to determine the effects of different types and concentrations of carbon sources on yeast growth, fungi growth, and β-glucan content in tempeh inoculated using Rhizopus oligosporus and S. cerevisiae.
Abstract: Rizal S, Murhadi, Kustyawati ME, Hasanudin U. 2020. Growth optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhizopus oligosporus during fermentation to produce tempeh with high β-glucan content. Biodiversitas 21: 2667-2673. Saccharomyces cerevisiae grows and produces β-glucan during fermentation in tempeh production. The content of β-glucan in tempeh is influenced by the growth of S. cerevisiae throughout fermentation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different types and concentrations of carbon sources on yeast growth, fungi growth, and β-glucan content in tempeh inoculated using Rhizopus oligosporus and S. cerevisiae. This study used a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the types of carbon sources, tapioca and wheat flour; the second factor was the concentrations of carbon source, 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% (w/w). Tempeh produced was investigated for yeast number, fungi number, β-glucan content, and pH value. The obtained data were tested using Tukey's Honestly Significance Difference (HSD) test. The results showed that the addition of various types and concentrations of carbon source significantly influenced the increase in yeast number, fungi number, β-glucan content, and pH in tempeh. The growth of yeast, fungi, and β-glucan content increased along with the increment of carbon source concentration. The amounts of yeast, fungi, and β-glucans in tempeh added with tapioca were higher compared to tempeh with wheat flour. The addition of 10% tapioca produced the highest amount of yeast with 9.505 Log CFU/g and the highest β-glucan content with 0.707% (w/w).
TL;DR: The object of this research is potential medicinal plants for healing and tengger indigenous people’s conservation model is to provide a platform to protect the interest of biological resources, including their use in the field of medicines belonging to indigenous peoples, to ascertain the existence of traditional medicine based on natural resources.
Abstract: . Kuspraningrum E, Luth T, Yuliati, Safa'at R, Kuspradini H. 2020. Review: The conservation of Tengger indigenous people's traditional knowledge of biological natural resource?based disease treatments. Biodiversitas 21: 5040-5053. The indigenous people of Tengger, a community living around Bromo Mountain in East Java, frequently use ethnic knowledge to process biological natural resources into medicines used to cure diseases. These include Foeniculum vulgare Mill. tree, Tithonia diversifolia/insulin tree, Mikania cordata L. and Bidens pilosa tree, Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn., and Acorus calamus L. This intelligence is acquired consciously to solve health problems. In addition, the bond between the community and nature is highly philosophical, hence the presence of respect and maintaining the harmony of Knowledge obtained from nature ensures life continuity. Therefore, the belief is passed on through the generations, and traditional knowledge is attained following the gain of existence. This phenomenon is proven by numerous modern researches with scientific methods that admit the plant healing properties. In addition, traditional knowledge is a significant topic of interest in the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity, and was thus ratified by Law Number 5 of 1994. The object of this research is potential medicinal plants for healing and tengger indigenous people’s conservation model is to provide a platform to protect the interest of biological resources, including their use in the field of medicines belonging to indigenous peoples. Therefore, the empirical interdisciplinary research involves the compilation of data from the collection of similar scientific journals, for use as evidence. This is important to ascertain the existence of traditional medicine based on natural resources, followed by integrations with other disciplines, including the laws to be developed concerning the best protection methods. Furthermore, this investigation is essential for identifying the philosophical values of Tengger people, the importance of knowledge conservation, and recognizing the laws and regulations-based efforts aimed at protecting information on plant-based medicine production from extinction and biopiracy. These considerations are important because the absence of government intervention, alongside the preservation of plant species and traditional knowledge on treatment predisposes the possibility of destruction.
TL;DR: The genetic distance analysis showed that the interspecific distance was 0.38% and intraspecific was 8.2%.
Abstract: . Yulianto D, Batubara IIAS, Nur FM, Rizal S, Siti-Azizah MN, Muchlisin ZA. 2020. Morphometrics and genetics variations of mullets (Pisces: Mugilidae) from Aceh waters, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3422-3430. Mullets are one of the commercial groups of coastal fish living in Aceh waters, in Indonesia. Presently, there is limited information on the bioecology, especially on the genetics and morphometrics of these fishes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the morphology and genetic variations of Liza macrolepis, Liza tade, and Moolgarda engeli mullets. This study was conducted from January 2018 to July 2019 in four locations along the northern and eastern coasts of Aceh. Data were obtained by measuring the morphometrics of a total of 180 samples of the species in equal ratios. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Discriminate function analysis (DFA). The ANOVA test showed that at least 75% of characters are not significantly different among the mullets. Meanwhile, the discriminant function analysis produces the two functions with Eigenvalue of 0.627 and 0.107 with 85.5% and 17.2% total variants, respectively. Function 1 discriminates the mullet samples into two groups; the first was L. tade, and the second belonged to L. macrolepis and M. engeli. In addition, a total of 18 samples of mullets consisting of 8 samples of the L. macrolepis, 2 samples of the L tade, and 8 samples of the M. engeli were successfully amplified from the 5' region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene using a pair of primers (Fish F1 and Fish R1). Furthermore, a total of 7 haplotype sequences were produced from the ingroup where L. tade has one haplotype, L. macrolepis and M. engeli had three haplotypes, respectively. The genetic distance analysis showed that the interspecific distance was 0.38% and intraspecific was 8.2%. Therefore, the COI gene successfully discriminated against the mullet into three valid species.