Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 1995"

TL;DR: It is suggested that schizophrenic patients have fewer nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus, a condition which may lead to failure of cholinergic activation of inhibitory interneurons, manifest clinically as decreased gating of response to sensory stimulation.

TL;DR: Preliminary evidence supporting the clinical and prognostic significance of extensive white matter hyperintensities in patients with severe depression is provided.

TL;DR: Male rats housed in mixed-sex groups quickly established dominance hierarchies in which subordinates appeared severely stressed, leading to the classification of subordinates as either stress-responsive or nonresponsive, and the results are discussed in the context of regulation of the serotonergic system by stress and glucocorticoids.

TL;DR: Preliminary data suggest that subtle cortical atrophy may be occurring over time after the onset of illness.

TL;DR: The higher levels of startle in the PTSD group probably resulted from a greater conditioned emotional response in this group, triggered by anticipation of electric shocks that generalized to the unfamiliar experimental context in which testing occurred, which may be especially informative in distinguishing PTSD patients from other psychiatric diagnostic groups.

TL;DR: Oral estrogen may stem the rapid rate of change in estrogen following delivery, thereby preventing the potential impact on dopaminergic and serotonergic neuroreceptors in women with histories of puerperal psychosis and major depression.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the sensitivity of rats at various ages to the neurotoxic effects of the powerful NMDA antagonist, MK-801, and found that vulnerability was age dependent, having onset at approximately puberty (45 days of age) and becoming maximal in early adulthood.

TL;DR: The data support a relationship of nondiminished central noradrenergic activity at night, and sleep disturbance, in chronic, combat-related PTSD.

TL;DR: The results suggest that a chronic buildup of cannabinoids produces both short- and long-term cognitive impairments, as well as two ERP measures known to reflect distinct components of attention affected differentially by duration and frequency of cannabis use.

TL;DR: The changes that occurred in smoking among a group of treatment-refractory patients with schizophrenia when they were switched from haloperidol to clozapine in an ongoing double-blind trial examining treatment response at three distinct clozAPine plasma level ranges are reported.

TL;DR: Although most patients were receiving one or more medications, some of which can affect eye movements, medication state in this study did not account for differences the authors report in dependent variables.

TL;DR: Sleep continuity is improved acutely following administration of antidepressants with sedating properties such as certain TCAs, trazodone, and mianserin, and some nonsedating drugs (ritanserin and nefazodone) also improve sleep continuity measures, possibly through 5-HT2A/2C receptor blockade.

TL;DR: A reduction in Na,K-ATPase activity can lead to both mania and depression by increasing membrane excitability and decreasing neurotransmitter release, respectively.

TL;DR: It is suggested that decreased serotonergic activity in postmenopausal women might contribute to their vulnerability to affective disorders and estrogen replacement therapy might decrease this vulnerability and might add to the efficacy ofserotonergic antidepressants when warranted.

TL;DR: The results of this study show that sertraline 50 mg once daily is as effective as higher dosages for the treatment of major depression with fewer side effects and therapy discontinuations.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that acute and remitted manic episodes are associated with a profoundly dysregulated HPA-system activity.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured initial seizure threshold by means of a structured stimulus dosage titration procedure in a clinical sample of 111 depressed patients undergoing brief-pulse, constantcurrent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

TL;DR: There was an unexpected effect of the task manipulation on the amplitude of the P3: in autistics, the occipital P3 to deviant stimuli was significantly larger in the active than in the passive condition, a finding, like the replication of the smaller A/Pcz/300, specific to the autistic group.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that schizophrenic patients have a dysregulation of the HPA system as assessed with the DEX/CRH test, however, the degree of HPA-system dysfunction in schizophrenic Patients seems to be of a lesser magnitude than in patients with affective disorders.

TL;DR: Cortisol hyporesponsivity was associated with the dysregulated behaviors prevalent among high-risk boys and could be a "marker" for later antisociality and PSUD.

TL;DR: Performance on all measures by "psychosis-prone" individuals suggested reduced sensorimotor gating and/or increased cognitive or visual interference in central inhibition, which was most impaired in individuals scoring highest on the MMPI Goldberg Index.

TL;DR: The appearance of an exaggerated startle response after stressor cessation appears to be related to the number of stress session exposures, and these animal models, the 3DS and 1DS rats, may be useful to gain insight into the neurobehavioral changes associated with PTSD.

TL;DR: It was concluded that unmedicated children with ADHD show an asymmetrical performance deficit on the covert orienting of attention procedure characterized by a disruption of right hemispheric attentional mechanisms.

TL;DR: The auditory P300 event-related potential (ERP) and performance on neuropsychological tests were evaluated in 26 subjects with schizophrenia, 19 with bipolar affective disorder, and 27 controls and a significant correlation was found between the latency of P300 and verbal fluency test scores.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the activities of both forms of the MAO are reduced in heavy dependent smokers.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that decreased heart rate variability may be a characteristic of PD and the importance of this finding as a diagnostic marker and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms need to be further explored.

TL;DR: The anticonvulsant effect of ECT is confirmed but it is suggested that such effects are not tightly coupled to the therapeutic efficacy of moderately suprathreshold ECT.

TL;DR: Findings suggest that computer analysis of the sleep EEG may differentiate depressed patients from normal controls and from other clinical populations.

TL;DR: Alprazolam, the best studied of the benzodiazepines, may be a useful treatment option for patients in whom standard antidepressant medications are contraindicated, poorly tolerated, or possibly ineffective.