Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 1999"

TL;DR: In this article, computer assisted cell counting was used to reveal abnormal cytoarchitecture in left rostral and caudal orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortical regions in subjects with major depression as compared to psychiatrically normal controls.

TL;DR: It is proposed that a reduction in interneuronal neuropil in the prefrontal cortex is a prominent feature of cortical pathology in schizophrenia and growing evidence for this view is reviewed from reports of altered neuronal density and immunohistochemical markers in various cortical regions.

TL;DR: The overwhelming stress of maltreatment experiences in childhood is associated with adverse brain development, and brain volume robustly and positively correlated with age of onset of PTSD trauma and negatively correlated with duration of abuse.

TL;DR: The data support a hypothesized dysfunction of the ACcd in ADHD, which might contribute to producing core features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely inattention and impulsivity.

TL;DR: Recent work examining activity of LC neurons in monkeys performing a visual discrimination task that requires focused attention indicates that LC cells exhibit phasic or tonic modes of activity, that closely correspond to good or poor performance on this task, respectively.

TL;DR: Chronic stress results in persistent inhibition of granule cell production and changes in the structure of the dentate gyrus, raising the possibility that stress alters hippocampal function through this mechanism.

TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between trauma, psychiatric symptoms and urinary free cortisol (UFC) and catecholamine (epinephrine [EPI], norepinephrine [NE], dopamine [DA]) excretion in prepubertal children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) secondary to past child maltreatment experiences was examined.

TL;DR: A hyperdopaminergic state is present in schizophrenia during the initial episode and subsequent relapses, but not in periods of remission, which has important consequences for the development of new treatment strategies for the remission phase.

TL;DR: Most data were consistent with a developmental model, but growing evidence was compatible also with progressive, neurodegenerative features, suggesting a "two-hit" model of schizophrenia.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that functional alternations in specific cortical and subcortical brain areas involved in memory, visuospatial processing, and emotion underlie the symptoms of patients with PTSD.

TL;DR: Serotonin-1A receptor BP is abnormally decreased in the depressed phase of familial mood disorders in multiple brain regions and may be associated with histopathological changes involving the raphe, convergence evidence from postmortem studies of mood disorders suggests.

TL;DR: Adaptations at the cellular and molecular levels in response to stress and antidepressant treatment could represent a form of neural plasticity that contributes to the pathophysiology and treatment of depression.

TL;DR: The results suggest that endogenous CRF systems in the brain may have a role in mediating behavioral responses to stressors, and such a feed-forward mechanism in a fundamental brain-activating system may be the key to a variety of pathophysiologic conditions involving abnormal responses to Stressors.

TL;DR: These findings implicate regions of the "limbic" brain, which may mediate the response to aversive stimuli in healthy individuals and in patients suffering from PTSD.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the role of norepinephrine in traumatic stress by focusing on a series of yohimbine studies in subjects with PTSD because data from these studies allow for a discussion that brings together preclinical and clinical findings relevant to trauma-related alterations in arousal and memory.

TL;DR: It is proposed that schizophrenia may be a single disorder linked by a common pathophysiology (a neurodevelopmental mechanism), which leads to a misconnection syndrome of neural circuitry.

TL;DR: Findings support a parallel distributed processing model for word-color interference in which portions of the anterior cingulate cortex modify the strengths of multiple neural pathways used to read and name colors.

TL;DR: This theory provides a potential point of contact between research on the neurobiological and psychological aspects of schizophrenia, by illustrating how a particular physiological disturbance might lead to precise and quantifiable consequences for behavior.

TL;DR: Evidence mainly from preclinical studies suggests that stress early in life results in persistent central CRF hyperactivity and increased stress reactivity in adulthood, and this pathophysiologic model may provide novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of psychopathology associated with stressEarly in life.

TL;DR: Brain imaging studies fit well with the idea that dysfunction in fronto-subcortical pathways occurs in ADHD with its underlying dysregulation of noradrenergic function, and neurobiological and pharmacological data provide compelling support for a nor adrenergic hypothesis of ADHD and suggest that drugs with noradRenergic activity may play an important role in the therapeutics of this disorder.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the rejection of a role for neurodegeneration in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is unproven and may be premature, and a wholly neurodevelopmental perspective of the illness imbues the illness with a pessimistic inevitability and therapeutic nihilism that may be unwarranted.

TL;DR: Changes in human HFV associated with sustained hypercortisolemia are reversible, at least in part, once cortisol levels decrease, and the human hippocampus exhibits increased sensitivity to cortisol, affecting both volume loss and recovery.

TL;DR: A developmental psychopathology model suggests different avenues by which dangerous circumstances, childhood traumatic experiences, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can intersect with other anxiety disorders over the life span.

TL;DR: The therapeutic effect of SD is postulated to be linked to changes in disturbed circadian- and sleep-wake-dependent phase relationships and concomitant increase of slow-wave-sleep pressure; additionally, SD-induced sleepiness may counteract the hyperarousal state in depression.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the mediating effects of organizational strategies used when copying a figure on subsequent nonverbal memory for that figure and found that OCD subjects differed significantly from healthy control subjects in the organizational strategy used to copy the RCFT figure, and they recalled significantly less information on both immediate and delayed testing.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that the performance and activation differences observed are also manifestations of prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and reflect inefficient functioning of the neural circuitry involved in WM.

TL;DR: The method of single-cell recording in awake behaving monkeys as they perform behavioral tasks is perhaps the most powerful approach to understanding the neural basis of behavior and fundamental issues about normal brain function and dementia are examined.

TL;DR: This is the first global survey of the COMT*L andCOMT*H allele frequencies, confirming and extending earlier studies to show significant world-wide variation and establishing the COMt*L allele as the derived allele unique to humans.

TL;DR: The results suggest that PTSD is associated with increased IL-6 signaling, and it is hypothesized that stress-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is involved in the catecholaminergic modulation of anxiety reactions.

TL;DR: Findings provide a neurobiologic basis for the observed relationship between early life events and health in adulthood as well as vulnerability to stress-induced illness, across generations.