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Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preclinical studies suggest that early life stress induces long-lived hyper(re)activity of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems as well as alterations in other neurotransmitter systems, resulting in increased stress responsiveness.

2,561 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Depressed patients have left amygdala hyperarousal, even when processing stimuli outside conscious awareness, and increased amygdala activation normalizes with antidepressant treatment.

1,157 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings are consistent with recent studies measuring CREB levels in this same subject sample, and support current animal and cellular models of antidepressant function.

1,138 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Developmental studies that include assessments of both hormonal changes and social changes through the pubertal transition are needed to investigate joint biological and environmental influences on the emergence of the gender difference in depression in puberty.

1,126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data support the hypothesis that the function of the GR is reduced in major depression in the absence of clear evidence of decreased GR expression and indicate that some antidepressants have direct effects on the GR, leading to enhanced GR function and increased GR expression.

1,089 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that criminal psychopaths showed significantly less affect-related activity in the amygdala/hippocampal formation, parahippocampa gyrus, ventral striatum, and anterior and posterior cingulate gyri compared with nonpsychopaths and noncriminal control participants.

720 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Family-based association studies and functional magnetic resonance imaging provide convergent evidence that the COMT val allele increases risk for schizophrenia by virtue of its effect on dopamine-mediated prefrontal information processing-the first plausible mechanism for a genetic effect on normal human cognition and risk for mental illness.

692 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The preferential sensitivity of the ventral Striatum to the DA releasing effects of AMPH previously demonstrated in experimental animals extends to humans and the magnitude of ventral striatal DA release correlates positively with the hedonic response to AMPH.

689 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest a diminished response in rostral anterior cingulate cortex in the presence of emotionally relevant stimuli in PTSD, speculate that diminished recruitment of this region in PTSD may, in part, mediate symptoms such as distress and arousal upon exposure to reminders of trauma.

573 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The morphologic signature of BPD, i.e., decreased neuronal and glial density in association with glial hypertrophy, is distinct from previously described elevations in neuronal density in SCHZ, instead resembling the reductions in cell density found in MDD.

565 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clinical and experimental animal studies provide mutually supporting information for the development of novel nicotinic therapies for cognitive dysfunction and the persistence of nicotine-induced working memory improvement with chronic exposure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Because the clinical deterioration that occurs in schizophrenia may actually begin in the prepsychotic phase, early identification and intervention may favorably alter the course and outcome of schizophrenia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In rats, chronic treatment with haloperidol did not cause an increase in kynurenate levels in the frontal cortex, indicating that the elevation observed in schizophrenia is not due to antipsychotic medication.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The finding of progressive ventricular enlargement in patients with poor outcome schizophrenia is consistent with the hypothesis that persistent positive and negative symptoms result in progressive brain changes in the form of ventricular enlargeement, possibly due to neurodegeneration rather than the confounding effects of treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The revised two-part definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) widened the variety of stressors (A1) and added a subjective component (A2) and might serve as an early screen for identifying a subset of recently exposed persons at virtually no risk for PTSD.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that schizophrenic patients may have a predilection for addictive behavior as a primary disease symptom in parallel to, and in many, cases independent from, their other symptoms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potency and selectivity of escitalopram, R -fluoxetine, and all of the other currently available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were compared for binding affinity at the human serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters and several select neurotransmitter receptors using radioligand binding assays.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first study to examine developmental differences in the amygdala response to facial expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging and observed predominantly left amygdala and substantia innominata activity during the presentation of nonmasked fearful faces relative to fixation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that BPD subjects but not control subjects were characterized by an elevated blood oxygenation level dependent fMRI signal in the amygdala on both sides and activation of the medial and inferolateral prefrontal cortex was seen in BPD patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that naltrexone is effective in reducing the symptoms of pathologic gambling.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These findings represent the first documented link between the restricted range of interests and stereotyped behaviors pathognomonic of autism and particular neuroanatomic sites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The broad, but sparse, cholinergic innervation throughout the brain ensures that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are important modulators of neuronal excitability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Frontal lobe abnormalities may occur as a result of PTSD in children or be a risk factor for the development of the syndrome in this age group, and their consistency with previous research is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work compared sham manipulations in their thresholds for eliciting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in human volunteers and in intracerebral measurements of voltage induced in the prefrontal cortex of a rhesus monkey to find the two-wing 45 degrees sham induced values just 24% below active TMS.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that children with autistic disorder show alterations in the endocrine OT system, and defects in OT peptide processing in children with autism may be important in the development of this syndrome.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provide a heuristic model linking pathophysiology and therapeutics and suggest that the ideal treatment for schizophrenia is unlikely to be single-drug with multireceptor blockade but will require several specific and targeted treatment strategies that are titrated to match the variable expression of different dimensions of schizophrenia in each patient.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A neuronavigational system was used to relate the final coil position after applying the standard procedure to the individual cortical anatomy, and in 7 of 22 subjects, the Brodman area 9 of the DLPFC was targeted correctly in this manner.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The administration of hydrocortisone during septic shock in a dosage similar to the endogenous maximal production rate was associated with a lower incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder in long-term survivors, which seems to be independent of the number of categories of traumatic memory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The finding that the alpha4 and alpha3 mRNA levels were not changed in AD brains suggests that the losses in high-affinity nicotinic-binding sites cannot be attributed to alterations at the transcriptional level of the alpha3 and alpha4 genes and that the causes have to be searched for at the translational and/or posttranslational level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings reported here suggest that local circuit cells in layer II of ACCx may be decreased in bipolar disorder, whereas projection neurons in deeper laminae are decreased in schizophrenia.