Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 2005"

TL;DR: Difficulties with EF appear to be one important component of the complex neuropsychology of ADHD, and moderate effect sizes and lack of universality of EF deficits among individuals with ADHD suggest that EF weaknesses are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause all cases of ADHD.

TL;DR: Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence that genes play a strong role in mediating susceptibility to ADHD, and seven genes for which the same variant has been studied in three or more case-control or family-based studies show statistically significant evidence of association with ADHD.

TL;DR: Findings provide evidence of a gene x environment interaction and suggest that a role of some susceptibility genes is to influence vulnerability to environmental pathogens.

TL;DR: Structural and functional imaging studies suggest that dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical pathways, as well as imbalances in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD.

TL;DR: A growing body of evidence suggests that biological mechanisms underlie a bidirectional link between mood disorders and many medical illnesses and there is evidence to suggest that mood disorders affect the course of medical illnesses.

TL;DR: Two theoretical models built around the idea of multiple neurodevelopmental pathways of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are elaborated, reviewing their relationship to one another in the light of recent data suggesting that delay aversion and executive functions might each make distinctive contributions to the development of the disorder.

TL;DR: A functional dissociation of corticolimbic brain responses, involving enhanced activation of prefrontal cortex and attenuation of limbic areas, during volitional suppression of negative emotion is highlighted.

TL;DR: Conclusions are explored and it is recommended that future theory and research give more consideration to the probability that only a subset of behaviorally defined children will have a deficit in a given neurocognitive mechanism believed to contribute to the disorder.

TL;DR: Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of young adults with reading difficulties followed prospectively and longitudinally from age 5 through their mid twenties suggests that there may be two types of reading difficulties, one primarily on a genetic basis, the other, and far more common, reflecting environmental influences.

TL;DR: The finding of increased activation of limbic regions and decreased LFBF correlations between ACC and limbic areas is consistent with the hypothesis that decreased cortical regulation of limbics activation in response to negative stimuli may be present in depression.

TL;DR: Although at present there are no accepted uses for functional imaging in diagnosing ADHD, this article mentions possible future clinical uses of imaging in ADHD.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the brain is altered in a more widespread manner than has been previously hypothesized, and developmental studies are needed to address the evolution of this brain disorder into adulthood.

TL;DR: A retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, childhood risk factors, and a screen for adult ADHD were included in a sample of 3197 18-44 year old respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

TL;DR: The findings suggest that anhedonia and state anxiety are associated with dysfunction within neural systems underlying the response to, and assessment of, the rewarding potential of emotive stimuli in MDD, and highlight the importance of employing a symptom-dimension-based approach in the examination of the neurobiology of depression.

TL;DR: Preference increases in neural response to sad but not happy facial expressions in neural regions involved in the processing of emotional stimuli in depressed individuals are indicated.

TL;DR: Evidence in favor of response inhibition as an endophenotype for ADHD research is reviewed, showing that response inhibition--operationalized by Go/NoGo or Stop-signal tasks--requires the prefrontal cortex, in particular the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC); that patients with ADHD have significant response inhibition deficits and show altered functional activation and gray matter volumes in right IFC.

TL;DR: Objective assessments of participants' propensity to modulate behavior as a function of reward might provide a powerful tool for improving the phenotypic definition of depression and thus offer a reliable behavioral screening approach for neuroscience studies of depression.

TL;DR: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is associated with transient exacerbation in core psychotic and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and this data do not provide a reason to explain why schizophrenia patients use or misuse cannabis.

TL;DR: Brain size in autism was slightly reduced at birth, dramatically increased within the first year of life, but then plateaued so that by adulthood the majority of cases were within normal range, and study of the older autistic brain reflects the outcome rather than the process of pathology.

TL;DR: The results suggest that an alteration of serum or plasma BDNF is probably related to mechanisms of BDNF release and seems to be independent of platelet reactivity; other mechanisms are therefore probably involved and need to be elucidated.

TL;DR: Data suggest an involvement of OXTR in the susceptibility to autism, and replication is important.

TL;DR: This study did not yield definitive evidence of short-term efficacy for adjunctive VNS in treatment-resistant depression.

TL;DR: The field has witnessed notable progress as it converges on an understanding of ADHD in relation to disruption of a multicomponent self-regulatory system, and the next era must articulate multipathway, multilevel developmental accounts of ADHD that incorporate neuropsychologic effects.

TL;DR: A temporal map of key processes that occur during decision making is presented, which consists of three stages: formation of preferences among options, selection and execution of an action, and experience or evaluation of an outcome.

TL;DR: Secondary data analyses support the speculative hypothesis that the increased power of multisecond oscillations in ADHD RT data, and by inference, in attentional performance, represents a catecholaminergic deficit in the ability to appropriately modulate such oscillation in neuronal activity.

TL;DR: Children from families in which both parents manifest subthreshold autistic traits exhibit a substantial shift in the distribution of their scores for impairment in reciprocal social behavior, toward the pathological end.

TL;DR: It appears that DBS has potential value for treating refractory psychiatric disorders, but additional development work is needed before the procedure is utilized outside of carefully controlled research protocols.

TL;DR: Prenatal anxiety is provided the first human evidence that prenatal anxiety might have lasting effects on HPA axis functioning in the child and that prenatalxiety might constitute a mechanism for an increased vulnerability to psychopathology in children and adolescents.

TL;DR: Confirming other studies, the GABA and developmental/synaptic neurochemical systems are promising areas for research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

TL;DR: Alcohol dependence was associated with a decrease in D2 receptors in each striatal subdivision, whereas amphetamine-induced dopamine release was reduced in the limbic striatum only.