Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 2011"

TL;DR: Similar effect sizes in AR and FEP suggest that the association between cytokine abnormalities and acute exacerbations of schizophrenia is independent of antipsychotic medications.

TL;DR: Evidence from a series of studies with experimental animals, healthy humans, and patients with Parkinson's disease suggests the existence of an optimum DA level for cognitive function implicates the need to take into account baseline levels of DA when isolating the effects of DA.

TL;DR: This article reviews recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience of stopping responses and argues that proactive inhibitory control may have wider validity than reactive control as an experimental model for stopping inappropriate responses.

TL;DR: The results indicate that the structural and functional deficits resulting from long-term stress exposure, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of depression, are rapidly reversed by NMDA receptor antagonists in a mammalian target of rapamycin dependent manner.

TL;DR: The results suggest that depressive disorder is associated with disruptions in the topological organization of functional brain networks and that this disruption may contribute to disturbances in mood and cognition in MDD patients.

TL;DR: Findings support a formulation in which the DMN undergirds representation of negative, self-referential information in depression, and the RFIC, when prompted by increased levels of DMN activity, initiates an adaptive engagement of the TPN.

TL;DR: This is the first study demonstrating that neurocognitive training on working memory decreases delay discounting, and offers further evidence of a functional relationship betweendelay discounting and working memory.

TL;DR: It is anticipated that the application of refined and novel positron emission tomography methodology will help to disentangle the overlapping and dissociable contributions of DA and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex, thereby aiding the understanding of ADHD and facilitating new treatments.

TL;DR: It is suggested that schizophrenia is associated with progressive structural brain abnormalities, affecting both gray and white matter, and this may be partly explained by heterogeneity between studies in patient age and illness duration.

TL;DR: Evidence of widespread dysconnectivity in white-matter connectional architecture in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia is presented, pointing to a multifaceted pathophysiology in schizophrenia encompassing axonal as well as putative synaptic mechanisms.

TL;DR: Examination of FC of striatal networks in children with ASD revealed abnormalities in circuits involving early developing areas, such as the brainstem and insula, with a pattern of increased FC in ectopic circuits that likely reflects developmental derangement rather than immaturity of functional circuits.

TL;DR: The anatomic and histologic attributes of the SCG and the morphologic and imaging changes observed in depression are reviewed and particular attention is given to the regional and downstream structures that could be influenced by the application of deep brain stimulation in this region.

TL;DR: The stimulant medications and atomoxetine appear to enhance PFC function by indirectly increasing these catecholamine actions through blockade of norepinephrine and/or dopamine transporters, and guanfacine mimics the enhancing effects of norpinephrine at postsynaptic α(2A)-receptors in the PFC, strengthening network connectivity.

TL;DR: There is evidence for dissociated underlying pathophysiologies for these two disorders that may have implications for future anatomy-based differential diagnosis and prevention and intervention.

TL;DR: It is postulate that hypervigilance, mediated by hyperactivity in corticolimbic structures, may be the common denominator in the anxiety-related traits and (social) cognitive superiority of s-allele carriers and that environmental conditions determine whether a response will turn out to be negative (emotional) or positive (cognitive, in conformity with the social group).

TL;DR: The fact that most health disutility associated with insomnia is missed by ICD criteria, while RDC/ICSD-only cases do not have significant decrements in perceived health, supports use of the broader DSM criteria.

TL;DR: It is shown that autistic-like symptoms are rescued on administration of AVP and OT to young Oxtr(-/-) adult animals and that intracerebral administration of both OT and AVP lowers aggression and fully reverts social and learning defects by acting on V1a receptors and that seizure susceptibility is antagonized by peripherally administered OT.

TL;DR: The results suggest that PTSD is associated with enhanced fear learning and a greater "fear load" to extinguish after conditioned fear is acquired.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that oxytocin promotes responsiveness to infant crying by reducing activation in the neural circuitry for anxiety and aversion and increasing activation in regions involved in empathy.

TL;DR: Progressive brain change occurs in schizophrenia, affects both gray matter and white matter, is most severe during the early stages of the illness, and occurs only in a subset of patients.

TL;DR: Although behavioral adaptations that occur after chronic social defeat stress can be transmitted from the father to his male and female F1 progeny, only very subtle changes might be transmitted epigenetically under the conditions tested.

TL;DR: Findings show that chronic low-grade inflammation in aging is associated with alterations in enzymatic pathways involved in monoamine metabolism and suggest that these alterations might participate in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly persons.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide translational evidence that demonstrates the influence of endogenous and exogenous estradiol on the fear extinction network, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala.

TL;DR: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that impairments of executive function and cognitive control result from disruption in the coordination of activity across brain networks and suggest that these might reflect impairments in normal pattern of brain connectivity development.

TL;DR: These results substantiate the key neural substrates underlying reactivity to drug cues and drug craving and identify brain regions that are consistently activated by presentation of drug cues.

TL;DR: An international collaborative mega-analysis of regional volumetric measurements of individual patient and healthy subject data identified lithium use and illness duration as substantial and consistent sources of heterogeneity, with lithium use associated with regionally specific increased brain volume.

TL;DR: This first functional imaging study to investigate explicitly reward circuitry in OCD shows attenuated reward anticipation activity in the nucleus accumbens compared with healthy control subjects, and supports the conceptualization of OCD as a disorder of reward processing and behavioral addiction.

TL;DR: The findings demonstrate the duration MMN is significantly reduced in at-risk subjects converting to first-episode psychosis compared with nonconverters and may contribute not only to the prediction of conversion but also to a more individualized risk estimation and thus risk-adapted prevention.

TL;DR: The first episode of schizophrenia is associated with a generalized connectivity impairment affecting most brain regions but that is particularly pronounced for frontal cortex, and patients show more specific cognitive-control-related functional connectivity reductions in frontoparietal regions.

TL;DR: It is suggested that modest underexpression of several miRNAs might be involved in the complex pathogenesis of major psychosis.