Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 2015"

TL;DR: Understanding the mechanisms underlying the association of these genes with risk for disease will provide the most meaningful targets for therapeutic development to date.

TL;DR: Meta-analytic findings showing reliably increased functional connectivity between the DMN and subgenual prefrontal cortex (sgPFC)-connectivity that often predicts levels of depressive rumination and an integration of the self-referential processes supported by theDMN with the affectively laden, behavioral withdrawal processes associated with sgPFC are presented.

TL;DR: This study suggests ELS may shape the development of brain areas involved with emotion processing and regulation in similar ways, and differences in the amygdala and hippocampus may be a shared diathesis for later negative outcomes related to ELS.

TL;DR: These findings demonstrate that the brain changes are not explained by exposure to antipsychotic drugs but likely play a role in psychosis pathophysiology.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that obesity-associated changes in gut microbiota are intrinsically able to impair neurocognitive behavior in mice is tested and dietary and/or pharmacologic manipulation of gut microbiota could attenuate the neurologic complications of obesity.

TL;DR: Data from clinical studies suggesting that induction of frontal cortex gamma oscillations during tasks that engage cognitive or complex perceptual functions is attenuated in schizophrenia is reviewed.

TL;DR: The results of this first randomized controlled study of DBS for the treatment of TRD did not demonstrate a significant difference in response rates between the active and control groups at the end of the 16-week controlled phase.

TL;DR: The current findings and historical understanding of structural and functional connectomes in depression are summarized, focusing on graph analyses of depressive brain networks, and suggestions are made for future research directions on the emerging field of imaging connectomics in depression.

TL;DR: A theoretical framework for dynamic network communication is constructed, arguing that these networks reflect a balance between oscillatory coupling and local population spiking activity and that these two levels of activity interact.

TL;DR: Brain neurotransmission in the CeA is discussed as a potential integrative hub between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorder, which are commonly co-occurring in humans and animals.

TL;DR: These results provide unique evidence for the critical role of the vmPFC in regulating activity of the amygdala in humans and help elucidate the causal neural interactions that underlie mental illness.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence on behavioral and neural mechanisms of generalization of emotional learning in humans and nonhuman animals is reviewed and the factors that promote generalization on the one hand from discrimination on the other hand are discussed.

TL;DR: In addition to marked hallucinogenic effects, LSD exerts methylenedioxymethamphetamine-like empathogenic mood effects that may be useful in psychotherapy, supporting the use of LSD in translational psychiatric research.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the frequency of excitatory synaptic input is decreased in D1-MSNs and increased in D2-MSNS in mice displaying depression-like behaviors after CSDS, and bidirectional alteration of D 1-MSN activity promotes opposite behavioral outcomes to chronic social stress.

TL;DR: Alterations in NR3C1-1F promoter methylation may reflect enduring changes resulting from combat exposure that lead to functional neuroendocrine alterations and may be useful in distinguishing combat-exposed veterans who do or do not develop PTSD.

TL;DR: Schizophrenia patients found to have enriched de novo mutations in genes belonging to the postsynaptic density at glutamatergic synapses, particularly components of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling complex, provide a significant advance in understanding pathogenesis and points to new targets for biological investigation.

TL;DR: Evidence for aberrant cytokine levels in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and postmortem brain samples of patients with suicidality is found and these cytokines may help distinguish suicidal from nonsuicidal patients.

TL;DR: Findings are consistent with preclinical models suggesting that the dentate gyrus and mPFC are especially vulnerable to stress exposure and provide evidence for morphometric changes that are consistency with stress-sensitization models of recurrence in MDD.

TL;DR: Human participants low in trait anxiety matched updating of their outcome predictions to the volatility of the current environment, as predicted by a Bayesian model, and individuals with high trait anxiety showed less ability to adjust updating of outcome expectancies between stable and volatile environments.

TL;DR: It is found that greater levels of emotional neglect were associated with blunted development of reward-related VS activity between the first and second assessments and partially mediated the association between emotional neglect and subsequent depressive symptomatology.

TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of reward processing in addictive disorders from a widely used and validated task: the monetary incentive delay task is discussed and a focus on anticipatory processing and striatal regions activated during task performance as well as the relationship of these regions with individual difference and treatment outcome variables is reviewed.

TL;DR: Findings in this study add useful information to the controversial debate on the brain structural effects of antipsychotic medication and may have both clinical relevance and theoretical implications.

TL;DR: The role of rhythmic activity in neural dynamics and in the coordination of distributed neuronal activity into organized neural states is discussed and the distinction between fundamental symptoms, which are reflected in cognitive deficits, and psychotic, accessory symptoms is discussed, the latter likely constituting a compensatory response for aberrant neuronal dynamics.

TL;DR: The results show that, at cortical level, the sensory component of chronic pain remains functionally segregated from its affective and anxiodepressive components, and constitutes an important target for divulging the underlying mechanism.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that acute treatment with psilocybin decreased amygdala reactivity during emotion processing and that this was associated with an increase of positive mood in healthy volunteers.

TL;DR: The magnitude of the PTSD-related increase in risk for autoimmune disorders was similar in women and men, and military sexual trauma exposure was independently associated with increased risk in both men and men.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated GSH modulation in the brain with AD and assessed the diagnostic potential of GSH estimation in hippocampi and frontal cortices as a biomarker for AD and its prodromal stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

TL;DR: Clinically referred individuals with the 16p11.2 deletion have high rates of psychiatric and developmental disorders and provide a genetically well-defined group to study the emergence of developmental difficulties, particularly associated with the broader autism phenotype.

TL;DR: Use of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a paradigmatic neurodevelopmental disorder and how genetic epidemiology approaches including gene-environment interactions (G×E) can play a role in identifying factors associated with ASD etiology are reviewed.