Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 2016"

TL;DR: Global evidence linking sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation in adult humans is assessed and sleep disturbance and long sleep duration are associated with increases in markers of systemic inflammation.

TL;DR: There is a shift in the production of illicit cannabis plant material from regular marijuana to sinsemilla, and this increase in potency poses higher risk of cannabis use, particularly among adolescents.

TL;DR: An introduction to the endocannabinoid system is provided with an emphasis on its role in synaptic plasticity and how the ECS is perturbed in schizophrenia.

TL;DR: A theoretical framework is suggested that focuses on the overarching role of oxytocin in regulating the salience of social cues through its interaction with the dopaminergic system and is dependent on baseline individual differences such as gender, personality traits, and degree of psychopathology.

TL;DR: Great consistency was found among studies investigating early-life adversity and the effect of parental stress, even if the precise phenotype and measures of social environment adversity varied among studies.

TL;DR: This is the first demonstration of an association of preconception parental trauma with epigenetic alterations that is evident in both exposed parent and offspring, providing potential insight into how severe psychophysiological trauma can have intergenerational effects.

TL;DR: Effects of intranasal oxytocin also need proper dose-response studies, and such studies need to include control subjects for peripheral effects, by administering Oxytocin peripherally and by blocking peripheral actions with antagonists.

TL;DR: This systematic review of empirical research published in the past decade on acute and chronic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids and on persistence or recovery after abstinence concludes that verbal memory, attention, and some executive functions may persist after prolonged abstinence, but persistence or Recovery across all cognitive domains remains underresearched.

TL;DR: It is argued that early-life adversity amplifies crosstalk between peripheral inflammation and neural circuitries subserving threat-related, reward- related, and executive control-related processes that results in chronic low-grade inflammation, thereby contributing to adiposity, insulin resistance, and other predisease states.

TL;DR: The available evidence substantiates the hypothesis of an imbalance of the endogenous brain OXT system in the etiology of anxiety disorders, particularly those with a social component such as social anxiety disorder.

TL;DR: Normative modeling provides a natural framework to study disorders at the individual participant level without dichotomizing the cohort, and enables inferences over the degree to which behavioral variables, including diagnostic labels, map onto biology.

TL;DR: A rapid onset of robust antidepressant effects was observed in patients with TRD after a 40-minute IV infusion of either .20mg/kg or .40 mg/kg of esketamine, suggesting the lower dose may allow for better tolerability while maintaining efficacy.

TL;DR: Evidence from epidemiologic studies provides strong enough evidence to warrant a public health message that cannabis use can increase the risk of psychotic disorders, but further studies are required to determine the magnitude of this effect.

TL;DR: Overall, studies provide evidence for the involvement of OT-pathway genes in human social functions but also suggest that factors such as gender, culture, and early environment often confound attempts to replicate first findings.

TL;DR: MMN impairment likely reflects a vulnerability to disease progression in clinical high-risk populations rather than a genetic risk for the condition, and is not modulated by experimental parameters such as magnitude of change between standard and deviant tones or frequency of devian tones but may be modulatedBy attentional demands.

TL;DR: It is concluded that intranasal OT studies are generally underpowered and that there is a high probability that most of the published intran asal OT findings do not represent true effects.

TL;DR: These findings demonstrate that psychological "stress" is sensed by the innate immune system in the brain via the ATP/P2X7R-NLRP3 inflammasome cascade, and they identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of stress-related mood disorders and comorbid illnesses.

TL;DR: A meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in major depression and bipolar disorder found abnormalities in white matter tracts of the genu of the corpus callosum that connect the two hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex implicated in mood regulation are characterized.

TL;DR: Based on connectivity with the EPN, and consistent with prior literature, the infralimbic cortex and area 25 are likely homologues and also see evidence of OFC homologies.

TL;DR: TVNS can significantly modulate the default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity (FC) in mild or moderate major depressive disorder (MDD) patients; the results provide insights to elucidate the brain mechanism of tVNS treatment for MDD patients.

TL;DR: Results strengthen the assumption that dysfunctional dorsolateral prefrontal and limbic brain regions are a hallmark feature of BPD and therefore are consistent with the conceptualization of B PD as an emotion dysregulation disorder.

TL;DR: ECT-induced neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala relates to improved clinical response and is pronounced in regions with prominent connections to ventromedial prefrontal cortex and other limbic structures.

TL;DR: Enhanced visual preference for geometric repetition may be an early developmental biomarker of an ASD subtype with more severe symptoms.

TL;DR: The evolutionarily and ontogenetically determined pathways of OT delivery and OT signaling, which orchestrate activity of the mesolimbic social decision-making network, are discussed.

TL;DR: A heuristic framework for the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment that incorporates key functional domains derived from the neurocircuitry of addiction is proposed and it is shown that it is practical to implement such a deep neuroclinical assessment using a combination of neuroimaging and performance measures.

TL;DR: It appears that oxytocin motivates and enables humans to like and empathize with others in their groups, comply with group norms and cultural practices, and extend and reciprocate trust and cooperation, which may give rise to intergroup discrimination and sometimes defensive aggression against threatening out-groups.

TL;DR: Suvorexant improved sleep onset and maintenance over 3 weeks of nightly treatment and was generally safe and well tolerated, with <5% of patients discontinuing due to adverse events over 3 months.

TL;DR: Significantly higher mtDNA copy numbers and shorter telomeres were seen in individuals with major depression, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as those with parental loss and childhood maltreatment, and early life stress and psychopathology are each associated with these markers of cellular aging.

TL;DR: Findings provide the first evidence that mindfulness meditation training functionally couples the DMN with a region known to be important in top-down executive control at rest, which, in turn, is associated with improvements in a marker of inflammatory disease risk.

TL;DR: Thalamocortical dysconnectivity is present in both chronic and early stages of psychosis, includes reduced thalamic connectivity with the executive control network, and is related to cognitive impairment.