Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 2021"

TL;DR: BACE1 concentrations and rates of activity are increased in AD brains and body fluids, thereby supporting the hypothesis that BACE1 plays a critical role in AD pathophysiology, and is a prime drug target for slowing down Aβ production in early AD.

TL;DR: How neuroimaging is being used to identify a more focal therapeutic target for depression is reviewed and recent studies showing that more effective TMS targets in the frontal cortex are functionally connected to deep limbic regions such as the subgenual cingulate cortex are highlighted.

TL;DR: A variety of preclinical and clinical studies have implicated impaired BDNF signaling through its receptor TrkB (neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2) in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, but many of the initial findings have not been fully supported by more recent meta-analyses as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: A theoretical model is proposed in which social processes (both social cognition and peer relations) are critical to understanding the way in which pubertal development drives neural and psychological changes that produce potential mental health vulnerabilities, particularly in adolescent girls.

TL;DR: It is suggested how interventions aimed at improving prosocial behavior and emotion regulation abilities hold promise in reducing the risk of poor mental health as adolescents navigate the changes in their social environment.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium.

TL;DR: These findings support a connection between metabolism, gastrointestinal physiology, and complex behavioral traits and may advance discovery and development of molecular biomarkers for ASD.

TL;DR: In this paper, the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium working groups for schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) bring together many independently collected case control cohorts, each used to calculate and evaluate PGS in the left-out (target) cohort.

TL;DR: A comprehensive review focusing on magnetic resonance imaging studies reporting structural and functional neural correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in youth is presented in this paper.

TL;DR: Clinical and preclinical findings of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia and relevant disease models are summarized and their putative origin is discussed, highlighting the intricate interaction between genetic and epigenetic control of neurodevelopmental trajectories.

TL;DR: Underlying mechanisms of observed pleiotropy are examined, including genetic effects on neurodevelopment, diverse actions of regulatory elements, mediated effects, and spurious associations of genomic variation with multiple phenotypes.

TL;DR: This study sheds further light on the genetic component of gene expression in depression by characterizing the identified associations, unraveling novel risk genes, and determining which associations are congruent with a causal model.

TL;DR: A review of the similarities and differences across targets, and the accuracy of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography to replicate those connections in nonhuman primates, shows that the four targets generally involve similar connections, all of which are part of the internal capsule.

TL;DR: A review of the evidence for TBI as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease, in clinical and neuropathological studies is presented in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, a review focuses on an emerging body of evidence that has begun to delineate the contribution of specific long-range amygdala circuits in mediating the effects of stress.

TL;DR: In this paper, RNA sequencing was conducted on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, regions heavily implicated in OUD, from postmortem brains in subjects with OUD.

TL;DR: An R tool is provided to calculate genetic parameters from epidemiological parameters and vice versa to discuss how the single nucleotide polymorphism-based estimates of heritability and genetic correlation relate to those estimated from family records.

TL;DR: These results establish that silent synapses are generated by an astrocyte-mediated synaptogenic mechanism in response to cocaine experience and embed critical cue-associated memory traces that promote cocaine relapse.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a unified network that when modulated by means of cortical or subcortical interventions-alleviates obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and integrated findings from connectomic studies and deep brain stimulation interventions to characterize a neural network presumably effective in reducing obsessions and compulsions.

TL;DR: The influence of pubertal hormones on brain network development and cognitive maturation in adolescents with ASD is another area requiring further exploration.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the shared genetic basis across Tourette syndrome (TS), ADHD, ASD, and OCD, and undertook an evaluation of cross-disorder genetic architecture and systematic meta-analysis, integrating summary statistics from the latest genome-wide association studies.

TL;DR: A sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease that support a current model of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis in which Aβ appears early, followed by deposition of abnormal tau aggregates and subsequent neurodegeneration is defined.

TL;DR: The ways in which gray and white matter develop throughout adolescence in typically developing youth as well as in those with psychosis spectrum disorders are explored, which highlights the importance of considering biological factors such as puberty and hormonal changes as areas of unique vulnerability for adolescents.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used two-photon glutamate uncaging/imaging to focally induce spinogenesis in the medial prefrontal cortex, directly interrogating baseline and ketamine-associated plasticity of deep layer pyramidal neurons in C57BL/6 mice.

TL;DR: It is found that reward processing abnormalities do not reach levels that would be useful for clinical prediction, yet the available evidence does not preclude a possible causal role in depression.

TL;DR: The study increases understanding of the genetic architectures underlying SCZ and PD, indicating that common molecular genetic mechanisms may contribute to overlapping pathophysiological and clinical features between the disorders.

TL;DR: The results characterize the electrophysiological and morphological features of social-associated neurons in the mPFC and indicate that these Fos-labeled, social-activated prefrontal neurons are necessary and sufficient for social memory.

TL;DR: The genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study identified several candidate genes interacting with the TDI, providing novel clues for understanding the biological mechanism of associations between the TDI and psychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: The results implicate a causal role for accumbal MFN2 on the regulation of anxiety and depression-like behaviors through actions on mitochondrial and MSN structure and function.

TL;DR: An overview of functional genomic resources and methods that can be used to interpret results from genome-wide association studies are provided, and current challenges for biological understanding are discussed and future requirements to overcome them are discussed.