Showing papers in "Biological Reviews in 1966"
TL;DR: The end result of the coupling between the flows through the o/r and h/d pathways in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is that, for the equivalent of each pair of electrons traversing the respiratory chain, up to 3 anhydro-bond equivalents may normally traverse the h/D pathway from adenosine diphosphate plus inorganic phosphate (ADP +Pi) to water.
Abstract: 50 years ago Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978. His comprehensive review on chemiosmotic coupling known as the first "Grey Book", has been reprinted here with permission, to offer an electronic record and easy access to this important contribution to the biochemical literature. This remarkable account of Peter Mitchell's ideas originally published in 1966 is a landmark and must-read publication for any scientist in the field of bioenergetics. As far as was possible, the wording and format of the original publication have been retained. Some changes were required for consistency with BBA formats though these do not affect scientific meaning. A scanned version of the original publication is also provided as a downloadable file in Supplementary Information and can be found online at doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018. See also Editorial in this issue by Peter R. Rich. Original title: CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IN OXIDATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION, by Peter Mitchell, Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, Cornwall, England.
3,225 citations
2,096 citations
TL;DR: The capacity of some lizards to regulate their temperatures and speculations on the evolutionary and physiological significance of ‘broad-band’ control are discussed.
Abstract: 333 xx. XXI. 335 XXII. Electrical manifestations of activity in the anterior hypothalamus related to local temperature changes . . . . Control theory and physical models for mammalian temperature regulation . . . . Hypothalamic monoamine concentrations and body temperature Behavioural thermoregulation . Fever . . . . . A possible secondary level of thermoregulation . . . . Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in cold-blooded species . . The capacity of some lizards to regulate their temperatures . Speculations on the evolutionary and physiological significance of ‘broad-band’ control . . Summary . . . . . References . . . . . Addendum. . . . . 335
232 citations
223 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this paper...,.. ].. ).. ]... )...
Abstract: CONTENTS
187 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this paper...,.. ].. ).. ]... )...
Abstract: CONTENTS
183 citations
TL;DR: Keratinization involves two quite separate processes: the synthesis of keratin fibrous protein, resistant to proteolytic enzymes, and the enzymic cytolysis of most of the non-keratin components of the cell, which largely determines the type of horny cell formed.
Abstract: Keratinization involves two quite separate processes: the synthesis of keratin fibrous protein, resistant to proteolytic enzymes, and the enzymic cytolysis of most of the non-keratin components of the cell. The balance of these two factors largely determines the type of horny cell formed. Soluble substances in horny cells are probably mainly products of cytolysis. Keratin is a polymerized fibrous protein and it varies both in molecular and chemical composition in different keratinized structures. Various substances, including calcium compounds, phospholipids, nucleic acids and probably some enzymes, although synthesized independently, sometimese become bound to the keratin, probably through side chains of the keratin molecule. Bound phospholipid is importantin waterproofing the horny layer. (2) In amphibia the keratin is less resistant to denaturation than in higher vertebrates. The cells also show little cytolysis. (3) Reptilian horny scales resemble the amphibian horny layer but are more strongly keratinized. The cells are solid in structure but lose their nuclear staining. Similar horny scales occur on the legs of birds and the tails of mammals. (4) Epidermal growth and keratinization are intermittent in lizards and snakes, the horny layer being formed and shed as a whole. This process differs from the continuous growth and keratinization of other reptiles and mammals. In these groups the keratin is mostly lost in small flakes. (5) A more flexible horny layer is formed in the hinge regions separating the rigid reptilian scales, and also in bird epidermis. It is composed of separated thin layers of solid horny cells and is quite different from the flexible horny layer of mammals. (6) Feathers and hairs are analogous structures, but keratinization of these structures shows many differences. Thus, in the growing feather, protein synthesis shown by the distribution of ribosomal ribonucleic acid, continues to occur until shortly before keratinization is completed. In the hair a zone of protein synthesis is followed by a discrete keratogenous zone where the final stages of keratinization occur. (7) A true granular layer of the epidermis probably occurs only in mammals and was first developed in hair follicles. It contains keratohyalin, which, however, is probably not a precursor of keratin. A characteristic type of flexible horny layer occurs in mammals and is always formed over a granular layer. It is composed of hollow cells with only the peripheral cytoplasm keratinized. The interior of these cells is largely broken down to soluble constituents. Some other types of horny cell are formed from a granular layer, as in the soles of the feet. (8) A retrogressive change in epidermal keratinization has occurred in some marine mammals. The flexible horny layer is replaced by a nucleated (parakeratotic) horny layer. This shows close similarities to reptilian scales. Parakeratosis in these animals is associated with the loss of hairs.
147 citations
TL;DR: Permeability of the bladder to other solutes and the role of adenosine monophosphate and Adrenal cortical hormones are studied.
Abstract: IV. Anatomy of amphibian bladder . Preparations of the amphibian bladder in vitro .. . . . Permeability to water . . ( I ) In the absence of hormones (2) In the presence of neurohypophysial hormones . (3) In the presence of thyroid hormones . . . . (4) Role of adenosine monophosphate . . . . V. Permeability to sodium . . ( I ) Effects of ionic and osmotic changes . . . . (2) Electrical potential difference and resistance . . (3) Energy metabolism of sodium transport . . (4) Effects of neurohypophysial hormones . . . . (5) Effects of thyroid hormones (6) Adenosine monophosphate . (7) Adrenal cortical hormones . VI. Permeability of the bladder to other solutes . . . . ( I ) Effect of neurohypophysial hormones . . . . (2) Effects of thyroid hormone 276
103 citations
65 citations
60 citations
TL;DR: Echinoid skeleton is an endoskeleton, of mesodermal origin, and thus differs markedly from that of all other metazoa except the chordates, and is likewise very complexly organized, composed of a multiplicity of parts, many of them specialized for particular functions.
Abstract: Our understanding of the evolution of any group of organisms is based upon data from the fossil record and our knowledge of extant representatives. T h e echinoid skeleton is an endoskeleton, of mesodermal origin, and thus differs markedly from that of all other metazoa except the chordates. It is likewise very complexly organized, composed of a multiplicity of parts, many of them specialized for particular functions. There are probably few, if any, adult echinoids that have less than 1000 piecesincluding spines, spicules, plates, pedicellaria and lantern, as well as the test-in their skeleton. Many echinoids with numerous small spines probably have over
TL;DR: The physical environment of the English Channel during the 'twenties and 'thirties' and the long-term changes in Sea herring populations in the North Atlantic are described.
Abstract: CONTENTS Introduction. . . . . 221 IV. The indirect effect of physical changes upon animal populations (I) The changes in the western The physical environment (I) A brief description of the English Channel during the 'twenties and 'thirties . . 229 waters around the British Isles . 221 (2) The changes in the North (2) The long-term changes in Sea herring populations . . 234 the North Atlantic . . . 223
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this article...,.. ].. ).. ]... )...
Abstract: CONTENTS