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Showing papers in "Biological Reviews in 1967"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this article...,.. ].. ).. ]... )...
Abstract: CONTENTS

1,543 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Morphogenesis of the mesenchyme, skeleton and archenteron, and the basis of its pattern, and changes in shape of the blastula and the gastrula ectoderm.
Abstract: V. Blastula formation . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Changes in shape of the blastula and the gastrula ectoderm . . . ( I ) Llorphopenetic models and their application. . . . . (2) Structural and biochemical basis for the differences in cell contact (3) Dynamic properties of the cell sheets . . . . , . VII. Arm formation . . . . . . . . . . . \-111. Morphogenesis of the mesenchyme, skeleton and archenteron . . ( I ) General features and morphogenetic models. . . . . (2) The primary mesenchyme and the basis of its pattern . . . (3) Development of the skeleton . . . . . . . (4) Gastrulation . . . . . . . . . . (j) The secondary mesenchyme. . . . . . . . (6) Pseudopodal activity, contact paralysis and contact inhibition . . , IX. Early morphogenesis of the archenteron after its invagination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . X. Further morphogenesis of the archenteron and mouth formation . ( I ) Subdivision of the coelom and mouth formation . . . (2) Development of the peristaltic network around the oesophagus

469 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although the relationship between the carotenoid and the remainder of the complex may in these cases not appear to be stoichiometric, it often shows some evidence of selectivity.
Abstract: SUMMARY True carotenoproteins are defined as complexes in which a carotenoid and a protein are in stoichiometric combination. Very few carotenoproteins have been purified, but their presence in extracts may often be presumed from spectroscopic evidence. Carotenoids have been found in stoichiometric association with simple proteins, lipoproteins and glycoproteins. Many lipoproteins also occur in which carotenoids form part of the lipid prosthetic group. Although the relationship between the carotenoid and the remainder of the complex may in these cases not appear to be stoichiometric, it often shows some evidence of selectivity. Carotenoproteins are widely distributed among the invertebrate phyla. They are found mainly in exoskeleton or ectoderm and in eggs and ovaries. Their isolation by standard techniques of protein chemistry is facilitated by their characteristic spectral properties. The ease with which carotenoid prosthetic groups are removed from apoproteins suggests that covalent linkages are not involved in the complex formation. The union of carotenoid with apoprotein has been shown, in at least two cases, to stabilize the carotenoid against photo-oxidation and the protein against denaturative changes of tertiary structure. In crustacyanin, the carapace pigment of the lobster, there is clear evidence that the carotenoid is responsible for establishing the very complex quaternary structure. Only astaxanthin, astaxanthin esters and canthaxanthin have been unequivocally identified as carotenoid prosthetic groups of true carotenoproteins. Experiments in the specificity of interaction of a series of carotenoids with the apoprotein of crustacyanin have indicated the requirement of one or both of the 4- and 4′-keto groups of the carotenoid for interaction with the protein. It is suggested that, at least in this case, the carotenoid-protein interaction might occur between carotenoid keto groups and basic residues of the protein in such a way as to provide a lock on the tertiary configuration. Carotenoproteins may participate in a variety of functions including protective coloration, photosensitivity, electron transport and enzymic activity. They appear, furthermore, to play some part in development.

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the renal histology of molluscan kidney, including the Renopericardial duct, pericards, and branchial heart appendage.
Abstract: kidney . . . . . . 2 (I) Monoplacophorans . . 2 (2) Polyplacophorans . . 2 (3) Aplacophorans . . . 3 (4) Gastropods . . . . 3 ( 5 ) Lamellibranchs . . . 5 (6) Scaphopods . . . 5 (7) Cephalopods . . . 5 IV. Renal histology . . . . 7 (I) Renopericardial duct . . 7 (2) Pericardial glands . . 8 (3) The kidney sac . . . 8 (4) Branchial heart appendage . 12 V. Urine formation . . . . 12 (I) Site of ultrafiltration . . 13 (2) Evidence for ultrafiltration . 14 (3) Rate of filtration . . . 14 (4) Composition of initial urine . 15 111. Morphology of the molluscan VI. Secretion and resorption . . (I) Resorption of inorganic ions. (2) Site of ion resorption in the kidney . . . . (3) Resorption of organic substances . . . . (4) Secretion: general . . ( 5 ) Inorganic ions . . . (6) Organic compounds . . VII. Excretion of dyes . . . . VIII. Excretionofnitrogenouscompounds (I) General remarks . . . (2) Ammonia . . . . (3) Urea . . . . . (4) Uric acid . . . . ( 5 ) Purines . . . . (6) Free amino acids . . (7) Other nitrogenous compounds . . . . IX. Discussion . . . . . X. Summary . . . . . XI. References . . . . . XII. Addendum . . . . . 17 '7

159 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
I.K. Vasil1
TL;DR: This article is restricted to a summary, discussion and evaluation of the knowledge of the physiology and cytology of anther development, particularly the role of tapetum and the development of pollen grains.
Abstract: An understanding of the morphology and physiology of the angiosperm flower and its component parts is of considerable importance in programmes for the development of new agricultural and horticultural varieties, in the elucidation of various hereditary processes and their control, and for an insight into various problems of cell biology, cell division and the physiology and control of reproduction. A great deal of work has been produced since the days of Amici (1824) and Hofmeister (I 848) regarding the developmental aspects of reproductive parts of the angiosperm flower, fertilization and the development of endosperm and embryo leading to the formation of a mature seed. Much of this work is summarized in the books by Schnarf (1929, 1931), and Maheshwari (1950, 1963). Unfortunately, very little effort, if any, has been made to understand the physiology of the reproductive organs of the angiosperm flower, particularly the chemical and cytochemical changes involved in the initiation and control of these processes (Vasil, 1965). The ultrastructural studies made by Rosen, Gawlik, Dashek & Siegesmung (1964) and by Sassen (1964) of the pollen tubes, by Heslop-Harrison (1962, 1963b, 1964) of the developing anther, and by Jensen (1963) of the embryo sac, fertilization and embryogenesis are, therefore, especially welcome. Some work has also been done recently on the histochemical and biochemical aspects of reproduction in higher plants (Linskens, 1 9 6 4 ~ ) . In order to limit the field of discussion and because of my own interest and familiarity with the angiosperm anther, this article is restricted to a summary, discussion and evaluation of our knowledge of the physiology and cytology of anther development, particularly the role of tapetum and the development of pollen grains." Discussion of the various aspects of the physiology of pollen grains after dehiscence is excluded as

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Biological significance of cartilage and bone and the structure and taxonomy of these tissues are discussed.
Abstract: Introduction . . . . . (I) General considerations . (2) Methodology . . . The tissues . . . . . Collagen . . . . . (I) Characterization . . . (2) Comparative biochemistry of collagen . . . . Glycoproteins . . . . Elastin . . . . . Acid mucopolysaccharide-proteins . ( I ) Characterization . . . (2) The linkage region . . (3) Amino acid composition . (4) Macromolecular structure and taxonomy . . . . (5) Immunology . . . Acid mucopolysaccharides of cartilage andnotochord . . . ( I ) Biological significance of cartilage and bone . . . (2) Notochord . . . . (3) Invertebrates . . . (4) Vertebrates . . . .

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The structure and innervation of the abdominal muscles and the structure of the MRO in Macrura and other Crustacea shows similarities to that of the Tournaisian model.
Abstract: 288 11. Occurrence and nomenclature of the muscle receptor organs . . 111. Structure of the muscle receptor organs . . . . . (I) Receptor muscles . . (2) h’erve cells . . . (3) Nerves . . . . (4) Comparison of the structure of the MRO in Macrura . . (5) Muscle receptor organs in other Crustacea . . . ( 6 ) Defective muscle receptor organs . . . . . IV. Structure and innervation of the abdominal muscles . . . 289

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this article...,.. ].. ).. ]... )...
Abstract: CONTENTS

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: SOMMAIRE et al. this paper proposed a method to solve the problem of homonymity in this paper, which works well for both genders.http://www.sommaire.org
Abstract: SOMMAIRE

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: S O M M A I I R E (S.M. A I N E) as discussed by the authors ) is an abbreviation for S O M A N A I E.
Abstract: S O M M A I R E

44 citations