Showing papers in "Biological Reviews in 1980"

Intraspecific nest parasitism in birds

Abstract: Summary (1) The incidence of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds is reviewed. This phenomenon can be identified by various methods, ranging from biochemical examination of protein and enzyme polymorphisms to observations on the sequence of appearance of eggs in the nest as well as on the shape and colour of the eggs. The phenomenon has been reported for at least 53 species (Table I), mostly among precocial birds. (2) The evidence suggests that the parasites are (a) young, unmated birds, (b) females which have lost their nests and (c) mated females which also lay in the nests of other females. High proportions of such females, and scarcity of suitable nest sites increase the rate of parasitism. (3) Breeding success in parasitized nests is reduced by factors such as egg loss, desertion, inefficient incubation, reduced clutch size and late layings. The upper limit of the rate of intraspecific parasitism is discussed. It is argued that its incidence will be higher in the tropics than in extreme zones, for example, high latitudes and deserts, because there is higher synchronization of breeding in the latter, and increased predation in the former zones. Also, it will be more common in species which lay large clutches, such as precocial species.

Phylogeny and ontogeny of hormone receptors: the selection theory of receptor formation and hormonal imprinting

Abstract: CONTENTS I. The membrane receptors . . . . . . . . . . (I) Phylogenetic aspects of membrane receptors . . . . . (2) Selection or reinforcement of receptors in the course of phylogenesis . (3) Ontogenetic aspects of membrane receptors . . . . (4) Selection or amplification of receptors during ontogenesis . . (a ) The invertebrate model . . . . . . . (6) The vertebrate model . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) The critical period . . . . . . . . (b) Duration of the critical period . . . . . . 11. The cytosol receptors . . . . . . . . .

Mycorrhizas of autotrophic higher plants

Abstract: Summary (1) The range of mycorrhizal types is briefly compared, with respect to structure and nutritional mode of the symbionts. Ectotrophic, vesicular-arbuscular and erica-ceous mycorrhizas of autotrophic plants are selected for further consideration, both because the symbionts have nutritional similarities, and because recent experimental work provides a basis for useful comparisons. (2) A generalized, qualitative model of interactions between the symbionts is presented, with the aim of providing a framework for discussion of the similarities and differences between the mycorrhizas of autotrophic plants. The model describes the distribution of biomass and the flow of carbon and mineral nutrients, together with the effects of distribution of fungal inoculum and environmental conditions. (3) Experimental work pertaining to the model is discussed with emphasis on experimental problems, growth depressions, changes in root: shoot ratio and nitrogen nutrition, as well as the more frequently discussed increases in growth and improved phosphorus nutrition. (4) Nitrogen is considered with respect not only to its uptake, but also in relation to the possible involvement of mycorrhizas in pH regulation and the absorption of cations by plants. (5) The importance of mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture is briefly discussed. (6) It is concluded that more research into the physiology and ecology of mycor-rhizal associations is required, in order to provide a basis for effective management of the symbioses in agricultural and natural ecosystems.

Contractile vacuoles and associated structures: their organization and function

Abstract: s of papers read at the Fifth International Congress on Protozoology, p. 309. PATTERSON, D. J. & SLEIGH, M. A. (1976). Behavior of the contractile vacuole of Tetrahymena pyriformis W : A redescription with comments on the terminology. Journal of Protozoology 23, 410-417. PEARSE, B. M . F. (1976). Clathrin: A unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America PRITCHARD, A. (1861). A History of Infusoria, Including the Desmidiaceae and Diatomaceae, British and Foreign. Whittaker, London. PRUSCH, R. D. (1977). Protozoan osmotic and ionic regulation. In Transport of Ions and Water in Animals (ed. B. L. Gupta, R. B. Moreton, J . L. Oschman andB. J . Wall), pp. 363-377. Academicpress, London. PRUSCH, R. D. & DUNHAM, P. B. (1970). Contraction of isolated contractile vacuoles from Amoeba proteus. Journal of Cell Biology 46, 43 1-434. PRUSCH, R. D. & DUNHAM, P. B. (1972). Ionic distribution in Amoeba proteus. Journal of Experimental Biology 56, 551-563. PUSSARD, M. ( I 964). Acanthamoeba commandoni n.sp. Comparaison avec A. terricola Pussard. Revue d’Ecologie et de Siologie du Sol I, 587-610. PUSSARD, M., SENAUD, J. & PONS, R. (1977). Observations ultrastructurales sur Gocevia fonbrunei Pussard 1965 (Protozoa, Rhizopodea). Protistologica 13, 265-285. PUYTORAC, P. DE, ANDRIVON, C. & SERKE, F. (1963). Sur l’action cytonarcotique des sels de nickel chez Paramecium caudatum Ehrb. Journal of ProtozooloRy 10, 10-19. RAZE, C. & SCHOFFENIELS, E. (1965). R6le de la vacuole contractile chez Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg. Bulletin de I’Academie Royale de Belgique (Classe des Sciences) 5th Series 51, 1057-1073. 73, 1255-1259. Contractile vacuoles 43 REUTER, J. (1963). The internal concentration in some hypotrichous ciliates and its dependence on the external concentration. Acta Zoologica Fennica 104, 1-94. RIDDICK, D. H. (1968). Contractile vacuole in the amoeba Pelomyxa carolinensis. American Journal of Physiology 215, 736740. RIEDER, N. (1971). Elektronenoptische Untersuchungen an Didinium nasutum 0. F. Muller (Ciliata, Gymnostomata) in Interphase und Teilung. Forma et Functio 4, 46-86. RIFKIN, J. L. (1968). Coupling of a measuring eyepiece to a voltage divider to allow the continuous display of measured microscopic dimensions. Analytical Biochemistry 24, 192-196. RIFKIN, J. L. (1969). Osmoregulation in Tetrahymena pyriformis, kinetics and relation to sodium. Ph.D. thesis, John Hopkins University. RIFKIN, J. L. (1973). The role of the contractile vacuole in the osmoregulation of T e t r a h y m m p p i formis. Journal of Protozoology 20, 108-1 14. RIFKIN, J. L. & BALLENTINE, R. (1976). Magnetic fettering of the ciliated protozoon Tetrahymena pyriformis. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 95, 189-197. ROSSBACH, M. J. (1872). Die rhythmischen Bewegungserscheinungen der einfachsten Organismen und ihr Verhalten gegen physikalische Agentien und Arzneimittel. Arbeiten aus dem zoologisch-zootemischen Institut in Wurzburg I, 9 7 2 . RUDZINSKA, M. A. (1958). An electron microscope study of the contractile vacuole in Tokophrya infm'onum. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 4, 195-201. RUDZINSKA, M. A. & CHAMBERS, R. (1951). The activity of the contractile vacuole in a suctorian (Tokophrya infusionum). Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. 100, 49-58. SAEDELEER, H. DE & WOLFF, E. ( 1 9 3 1 ~ ) . La gengse de la vhsicule contractile chez m e amibe d'eau douce. Dhmonstration d'un complexe vacuolaire. Comptes Rendus des Siances de la Sociiti de Biologie 106, 612-613. SAEDELEER, H. DE & WOLFF, E. (1931 b). Disparition du complexe vacuolaire d'une amibe d'eau douce au cours de la division. Comptes Rendus des Se'ances de la Sociite' de Biologie 106, 614-616. SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, B. & SCHRAUGER, C. R. (1963). Amoeba proteus: studying the contractile vacuole by micropuncture. Science 139, 606-607. SCHNEIDER, L. (1960). Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen iiber das Nephridialsystem von Paramecium. Journal of Protozoology 7, 75-90. SCHNEPF, E. & KOCH, W. (1966). uber die Entstehung der pulsierenden Vacuolen von Vacuolariu virescens (Chloromonadophyceae) aus dem Golgi-Apparat. Archiv fu r Mikrobiobgie 54, 229-236. SCHORR, C. G. & BOGGS, N. (1975). The effects of phentolamine on the nephridial apparatus of Paramecium multimicronucleatum. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 94, 21 1-21 5 . SCHUSTER, F. (1963). An electron microscope study of the amoebo-flagellate, Naegleria gruberi (Schardinger). I . The ameoboid and flagellate stages. Journal of Protozoology 10, 297-313. (SERAVIN, L. N. 1958) apaBUH JI. H. 1958. Ms~eeeene aesTenbHOCTE COKpaTUTejlbHO~ BaKyOJIU Paramecium caudatum B J~BBHCHMOCTU OT YCJIOB& cpene. Becmnuu Renunzpakuozo ynusepcurnema 3, 77-95. (Relationships of the activity of the contractile vacuole of Paramecium caudahrm and environmental conditions. Vestnik Leningradskova Universiteta 3, 77-95.) (SERAVIN, L. N. 1959). CepaBnH JI. H. 1959. B3amoc~s3b pasrrwwnt $JYHK~HB Paramecium caudatum B npoqecce IIpHBbIKaHAR K pacTxopaM conen. ~ u m o ~ o z u r r I, 120-1 26. (Changes indifferent functions of Paramecium caudatum in processes of adaptation to salt solutions. Tsitologiya I, 120-126.) SHIRLEY, E. S. & FINLEY, H. E. (1949). The effects of ultraviolet radiations on Spirostomum ambiguum. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 68, 136-153. SPALLANZANI, L. (1776). Opuscoli di Jisica animale e vegetubile. Societa Tipografica, Modena. SPOON, D. M. (1978). A new rotary microcompressor. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society SPOON, D. M., FEISE, C. 0. & YOUN, R. S. (1977). Poly (ethylene oxide), a new slowing agent for protozoa. Journal of Protozoology 24, 471-474. SPOON, D. M., CHAPMAN, G. B., CHENG, R. S. & ZANE, S. F. (1976). Observations on the behavior and feeding mechanisms of the suctorian Heliophrya erhardi (Rieder) Matthes preying on Paramecium. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 95, 443-462. STEMPELL, W. (1924). Weitere Beitrage zur Physiologie der pulsierenden Vakuole von Paramecium. I. Lyotrope und cytotrope Reihen. Archiv fu r Protistenkunde 48, 342-364. 97,412-416.

Solute movement in submerged angiosperms

Abstract: CONTENTS

Island populations of rodents: their organization and functioning

Abstract: Summary 1. Data from 14 confined populations living under natural conditions (mainly on small islands) and from a few laboratory populations have been used. 2. Several differences between a typical, confined rodent population (i.e. living under natural conditions in a well isolated, homogeneous and relatively small area) and an open one have been determined. 3. Island populations are characterized by: (a) Attainment and maintenance of high densities not observed at all, or recorded only periodically, in open populations of comparable species. (b) Stability of population numbers, expressed either by very slight fluctuations or by a very regular cycle with only small differences between peaks of consecutive years. (c) Lack of emigration resulting from any or all of the barriers surrounding the confined population, from homogeneity of the habitat enclosed by these barriers, or from a lower tendency to dispersal of individuals forming such populations. (d) Decreased reproduction. (e) Low losses of independent individuals. (f) Mortality of sucklings changing with the population density. (g) An age structure that is probably more differentiated and more regularly changing in an annual and long-term cycle. (h) Different spatial organization based on smaller home ranges, that are differently arranged in relation to one another from those in open populations; the arrangement of home ranges allows the population to squeeze in a greater number of individuals with possibly the lowest number of interactions between individuals. 4. In confined populations there must be different mechanisms for the regulation of numbers from those in open populations: (I) in the latter the regulation occurs by the outflow of the surplus of independent individuals, i.e. through the dispersal and high mortality of migrants; (2) in confined populations the inflow of independent individuals is regulated by controlled reproduction and early mortality of offspring. Both mechanisms are induced by social pressure but in the second case (regulation of inflow) a much stronger social organization is indispensable Only those species that are capable of the formation of such an organization can survive as confined populations. 5. Knowledge of phenomena occurring in confined populations is useful for predicting the fate of populations of different species which become isolated as a result of human activity in transforming and subdividing the natural environment.

Symbiosis between ants and epiphytes

Abstract: (I) Rubiaceous ant-epiphytes * 32s . . . . . . . . . (2) Dischidia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 (3) Fern ant-epiphytes . . . . . . . . . . . 328 (4) TiUandsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 IV. Benefit to the plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 (I) Rubiaceous ant-epiphytes . . . . . . . . . . 331 . . . . . . . . . . (2) Dischidia * 333 (3) Fern ant-epiphytes . . . . . . . . . . . 333 (4) Tiuandsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 V. Benefit to the ants . . . . . . (I) Iridomyrmex cordatus (Fr. Smith) . . (2) lridomymex cf. scrutator (det. R. Taylor)

Social control over sex and caste in bees, wasps and ants

Abstract: (3) Wasps (Vespinae) . . . . IV. The honey-bee . . . . . v. Ants . . . . . . . (I) Myrmeciinae and Ponerinae . . (2) Formicinae . . . . . (3) Myrmicinae . . . . . (4) Other subfamilies . . . . ( 5 ) Queens laying eggs of both sexes . VI. Discussion . . . . . . VII. Summary . . . . . . VIII. Acknowledgements . . . . IX. References . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 9 . . . . . . 3 8 0 . . . . . . 3 8 4 . . . . . . 3 8 4 . . . . . . 3 8 6 . . . . . . 3 8 9

The mitochondrial membrane potential.

Abstract: 111. Estimates from the distribution of cations in the presence of ionophores (I) The membrane potentials calculated from the K+ distribution. . (2) The basis for the distribution of ions . . . . . . . V. Measurements with microelectrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . VIII. summary . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . X. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . XI. References . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Estimates from the distribution of permeant lipid-soluble ions .

Physiology of invertebrate salivary glands.

Abstract: V . Cockroaches . . . . . . . (I) Morphology . . . . . . (a) Acinar cells . . . . . . (b) Duct cells . . . . . . (c) Innervation . . . . . . (2) Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -AMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The evolution of modes of nutrition in fungi parasitic on terrestrial plants

Abstract: V. Eco-nutritional evolution in ascomycetous fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (I) Development of obligate biotrophy from facultative biotrophy . . . . . (2) Development of facultative necrotrophy, obligate necrotrophy and obligate saprotrophy from facultative biotrophy . . . . . . . . . . . VI. summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 342

Haemocytes in haemolymph coagulation of arthropods

Abstract: I1 . Haemocytes in haemolymph coagulation . . . . . . . (a) Cystocytes . . . . . . . . . . . (i) Light microscopic features . . . . . . . (ii) Ultrastructure . . . . . . . . . (iii) Histochemistry . . . . . . . . . (iv) Terminology . . . . . . . . . (b) Granular haemocytes . . . . . . . . . (i) Light microscopic features . . . . . . . (iii) Histochemistry . . . . . . . . . (2) Cystocytes in coagulation . . . . . . . . .

The action of growth and developmental hormones.

Abstract: Virtually every growth and developmental process in higher organisms is at some stage regulated by hormones. The terms “hormones,” “growth,” and “development” are often interpreted in different ways and it is best to define them very briefly in the context of this article. We shall consider hormones in their broadest sense, namely, as chemical messengers that help coordinate the activities of one group of cells with those of another, and are synthesized, released, or activated in response to environmental signals. Growth can be accomplished by increasing the number of cells or the mass of each cell in a tissue or organism. Since, in most instances, the control of cell proliferation constitutes a relatively late response to hormones or a special system in itself, as, for example, the various growth factors (Gospodarowicz and Moran, 1976; Sato and Ross, 1979) or mitogenic lectins (O’Brien, et al., 1978), growth will be considered here largely as an increase in cellular mass or a selective increase in specific cellular components. With respect to development, we shall consider only relatively late processes, since early postfertilization differentiation is generally autonomously regulated. These will include predominantly the expression of major phenotypic functions in cells that have already undergone partial or terminal differentiation.

Respiration and production of sounds by birds

Abstract: CONTENTS

Biochemical aspects of dna replication with particular reference to plants

Abstract: CONTENTS I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 I1 . Precursors for DNA synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . 239 (i) Requirementfordeoxyribonucleosidetriphosphates . . . . . . 239 (ii) Ribonucleotide reduction . . . . . . . . . . . 239 (G) Synthesis of thymidine triphosphate (dTTp) . . . . . . . 243 (iv) Scavengingorsalvagepathwaysforthymidmeutilization . . . . . 244 I11 . Biospthesis of DNA: general features . . . (i) (ii) DNA replication in plant chromosomes . (i) Enddmxyribonuclease . . . . (ii) Gyrase . . . . . . . (iii) DNA-unwindingenzyme . . . . (v) RNApolymerase . . . . . . (a) Universal existence of multiple forms . (6) DNA polyrnerases of vertebrates . . (c) DNA polymerases in lower eukaryotes . (a) DNA polyme.rases of higher plants . . (viii) DNA ligase . . . . . . . (ix) DNAmethylase . . . . . . V . DNA replication and chromatin structure . . Biosynthesis of DNA in prokaryotic organisms

Regulation of the contact behaviour of cells

Abstract: CONTENTS