Showing papers in "Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education in 2018"

Problem-Based Learning Module of Environmental Changes to Enhance Students’ Creative Thinking Skill

Abstract: Creative thinking skills are important for long-term success. Empowering creative thinking skills which can be trained through problem-solving activities in learning, thereby promoting high cognitive engagement. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of the research and development product of Problem-Based Learning module of environmental changes in empowering students’ creative thinking skills. The research method used was the Quasi-experiment with nonequivalent control group design. The sample of the research was the tenth-graders of a Senior High School in Karanganyar district, Central Java. The sampling was cluster sampling by involving two classes, namely the Grade X-MIA 1 with 28 students and the X-MIA 4 with 28 students. The qualitative and quantitative-descriptive approaches were used to analyze the data. The result shows the mean of creative thinking skills score of experiment group is higher than the control group. This developed module could empower students’ creative thinking skills by problem-solving activities as needed for Indonesian educational goal . The study concludes that development module was constructed based on Problem-based Learning activities in the module could stimulate students solved and identified the problems with their ideas and developed their creative thinking.

Ethnomycology of Bracket Fungi in Baduy Tribe Indonesia

Abstract: Inhabitants of the Kendeng mountain region depend on the biodiversity of the forest resources for their livelihood. Mushrooms are important resource that provide benefits to mankind. The aim on this research was to document traditional knowledge in bracket fungi utilization to treat health problems in Baduy tribe community. The results described in this paper were obtained through the exploration and identification of bracket fungi as well as the interview to determine their cultural significance for Baduy people. Quantitative approaches were used to determine the Use Values (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity level (FL) values. A total of 6 species that were identified as bracket fungi were included to Basidiomycota. The Baduy community considers the main use of bracket fungi as a medicine for several ailments. The highest UV, ICF and FL value were obtained by Ganoderma lucidum. This study provides the information regarding bracket fungi species with the high use values that could be employed in pharmacological research and further biotechnological approaches in order to achieve an adequate revenue.

The structural resistance's anatomy of sweet potato leaves to fungal pathogen Sphaceloma batatas.

Abstract: Anatomical characters can be used as instructions to the structural resistance of plants to pathogen attack. Various pathogens attack sweet potato plants, such as the Sphaceloma batatas fungus that causes scurvy disease (scab). The aims of this research t test the structural resistance of sweet potato plants based on leaf anatomical character and intensity of disease attack due to the inoculated of S. batatas. The research was conducted from June to November 2016, using the Completely Randomized Design Experimental (RAL) method with a factorial pattern. The first factor was ten sweet potato cultivars and the second factor was the inoculum of S. batatas fungus each treatment with five replications. The character of leaf anatomy observed was thick of cuticle, thick of mesophyll, size and number of stomata and number of trichomes per 1 mm2 leaf area. Based on the research result, it was concluded that the inoculation of the fungus of S. batatas caused the decrease of stomata length and width on ten sweet potato cultivars. The highest intensity of disease attack was 14.33% and correlated with stomata length (r = 0.49). The anatomical structural resistance to scurvy can be used as a basis for determining crosses for obtaining superior sweet potato cultivars. The benefit of the research is to advise the community to cultivate sweet potatoes that have structural resistance to scurvy, such as cuticle and thick mesophyll, high trichomata density.

Antidiabetic Potentials of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract: Button mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus ) is an edible mushroom that is most widely cultivated in the world. It contains bioactive compounds that might provide beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus patient. The study aimed to determine the effects of A . bisporus administration on the blood glucose, and malondyaldehyd (MDA) levels as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This study was also conducted to determine the secondary metabolites produced by A. bisporus . The method used was experimental methods with Completely Randomized Design. A. bisporus extract at the doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight (BW) per day were orally applied to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for a period of 14 days after the rats became diabetes. The results showed that the extract of A. bisporus could decrease blood glucose, and MDA levels as well as increase SOD activity (p < 0.05). A. bisporus extract 500 mg/kg BW is the most effective dose to be used. Based on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) test, it was known that secondary metabolites produced by A. bisporus are flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins. A. bisporus has potential as an antidiabetic through the ability to decrease blood glucose, and MDA levels, as well as increase SOD activity in diabetic rats. This research is able to provide information about the antidiabetic potential of A. bisporus extract so that it can be used as an alternative natural antidiabetic agent and can be applied in the community with ease and in a more controlled industrial scale.

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Extract on Diabetic Rats

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome which occurs when insulin is insufficiently produced or insulin cannot well serve its function. Diabetes is marked with increase in blood glucose level followed by increase in glycosylated hemoglobin level and decrease in insulin level. This research aims to examining the effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on the blood glucose, insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of diabetic white rat and determining the most effective dose of extract to be a diabetic agent. This research was experimentally conducted by employing Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions. The treatment groups consisted of healthy rats group (K1), rats with diabetes as negative control (K2), diabetic rats with the administration of metformin 45 mg/kg BW as the comparison (K3) and diabetic rats with the administration of G. lucidum extract with dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg /kg BW (K4, K5 and K6 respectively). Blood glucose level examination was conducted after the alloxan induction with single dose of 125 mg/kg BW by intraperitoneal injection. The results show that mushroom G. lucidum extract administration with dose of 1000 mg/kg BW (K6) is the best dose to be an anti-diabetic agent. The benefit of the research is developing anti-diabetic agent from herbal resources.

Genetic Variability, Heritability, and Correlation of Some Agronomical Characters of Soybean Varieties

Abstract: Genetic diversity and inheritance of the traits determine the success of the breeding program. Analysis of genetic variability and heritability assist breeders to decide a strategy and appropriate selection criteria that will be used to repair the desired character. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic diversity, heritability and correlation of nine agronomic characters of soybean varieties. The materials were 16 soybean varieties that arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that days to flowering, number of branches per plant, number of reproductive nodes, number of unfilled pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and grain yield revealed broad CVG (Genetic Coeffiecient of Variance), whereas the days to maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant had a narrow CVG. CVP (Phenotypic Coeffiecient of Variance) value higher than the value of CVG on all the observed characters with a slight difference, except for grain yield. The broad sense heritability varied from low (seed yield), medium (the number of branches, number of reproductive nodes, number of pods and the number of unfilled pods), and high (days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and weight of 100 seeds). Characters of days to flowering and weight of 100 seeds are effectively used as selection criteria because they had a broad CVG and high heritability. Correlation of all yield components to the seed yield was not significant, and negatively correlated to weight of 100 seeds. Variety with higher plant height tended to have a higher number of branches, reproductive nodes and filled pod per plant.

The Lipid Content of The Culture Microalgae Using Media of Tapioca Liquid Waste

Abstract: Microalga Navicula sp., Spirulina platensis , and Chlorella vulgaris have the prospect of being a source of biofuel producers. Rapid cell growth, coupled with the ability to produce large lipids and less pollution, can be used as an alternative to biofuel development. Microalgae cultivation can utilize tapioca liquid waste. Addition of NaCl to regulate salinity, so optimum for microalgae growth. In addition it can reduce toxins by binding to dissolved cyanide acid present in the waste. This study aims to determine the effect of NaCl concentration on tapioca liquid waste on growth and lipid microalgae content. This study used an experimental method with a complete random factorial design. The first factor tested three species of microalgae. The second factor tested seven NaCl concentrations on tapioca liquid waste media. The results showed that the concentration of NaCl 35% in tapioca liquid waste culture media capable of producing biomass of C. vulgaris cells with the highest lipid content. The NaCl concentration capable of producing the highest microalgae biomass from the study can be developed to design more effective and efficient tapioca industrial waste treatment without damaging the environment but more productive, as a biofuel producer.

Development of Science Learning Tool Based on Problem Based Learning with Google Classroom to Improve Argumentation Skill

Abstract: Using science learning tools will optimize the learning process Good learning process will train the skill needed in the 21st century, including the skills of argumentation From this point of view, an science learning tool based on problem based learning with google classroom has developed in this study This study aimeds to test the appropriateness of science learning tool and the effectiveness of science learning tool developed in improving argumentation skill This study was an research and development (R&D) research using 4D method from Thiagarajan with four stages including define, design, develop, and disseminate The product trials have been conducted in 7th grade students of State Junior High School 2 Magelang at second semester of year 2017/2018 The data collection was done by non-test and test technique Based on the results of the research note that learning tools developed theoretically declared valid based on expert assessment with very good category and effective in improving students’ argumentation skill Learning tool based on problem based learning with google classroom is a new approach to learning with the capability to the transform education in a better quality Implementation of learning tool based on problem based learning with google classroom provide new alternatives in improving the quality of science education achievement

Biodiversity of Termites and Damage Building in Semarang, Indonesia

Abstract: Termites cause a lot of damage and big losses for building components, especially those made of wood. High population growth and rapid infrastructure development in Semarang city affect the natural habitats of termites. This phenomenon changes the termites' behavior of foraging in buildings. Semarang city has humidity, temperature, and altitude that allows termites to live and breed well. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of termites living in housing in Semarang city as well as the level of attacks on housing. This research was conducted in nine housing in Semarang City. The research was carried out with two methods: building inspection and wood-feeding method by using Pinus mercusii wood measures 2 cm x 2 cm x 46 cm. The results found four types of termites that attack wood feeds namely Macrotermes gilvus, Microtermes inspiratus, Odontotermes javanicus , Coptotermes curvignathus and Cryptotermes sp.. Based on interviews and building inspection, it was known that the condition of the building in the category of "moderate" was occupying the most position (74.44%), good (17.78%) and lightly damaged (7.78%). From the causes of damage to building components, it can be concluded that the level of termite attack against damage to recidential buildings in Semarang city 44.58%. Cross-tabulation analysis of Chi-Square shows that there is a correlation between age and treatment with damage to the building. Futher, the finding can be used as baseline information for further scientific investigation for effective termites control on residential building components.

Effect of Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Vegetative, Generative Characteristics, Nutrient, and Secondary Metabolite Contents of Mungbean

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in the upland of Muneng Probolinggo during early dry season (April – June 2015) to study the effect of manure and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative, generative growth, nutrient, and secondary metabolite contents of mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.). The treatments consisted of (1) no fertilizer, (2) 10.4, 18, 60 kg of N, P, K ha -1 , (3) 22.5: 22.5: 22.5 kg of NPK ha -1 , (4) 5000 kg ha -1 manure, and (5) 11.25:11.25:11.25 kg of NPK ha -1 + 2500 kg ha -1 manure. These treatments were arranged in a randomized completely block design with three replications. Application of manure, inorganic fertilizer, and its combination significantly stimulated several vegetative characters especially number of nodes, number of clusters, fresh weight of biomass, and number of nodules. At the generative characters, application of manure and inorganic fertilizers also significantly increased pod dry weight and grain dry weight. Among all treatments, NPK inorganic fertilizer (T2) gave the highest vegetative and generative growth which was shown on biomass fresh weight, pod dry weight and grain dry weight per plant. NPK fertilizer and manure applications increased total flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity. This combination treatment therefore, could be suggested in mungbean cultivation to increase seed quality.

Profile of SGPT and SGOT on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Hyperglycemic After Giving Insulin Leaf Extract (Tithonia diversifolia)

Abstract: The leaves of insulin ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) are native bush plants from Central America. This plant in Indonesia is often called paitan or kembang bulan . The aim of this research was to know the profile of SGPT and SGOT of male white rat ( Rattus norvegicus L.) hyperglycemic after giving insulin leaf extract ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray). This study used 20 male Wistar rats which were divided randomly into 5 groups of treatment. Those were P0 as a group of rats which was not given alloxan and insulin leaf extract, P1 as a group of rats which was given alloxan without insulin leaf extract, P2 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and glibenclamide 2 mg/Body Weight (BW)/day, P3 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and insulin leaf extract 30 mg/BW/day, P4 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and insulin leaf extract 60 mg/BW/day. Each treatment was repeated as many as 4 replications. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant differences in all variables, namely levels of SGPT, SGOT, liver weight, body weight and Hepatosomatic index (HSI), so it can be concluded that giving insulin leaf extract ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) of 30 mg/BW/day and 60 mg/BW/day could improve liver function of hyperglycemic male white rats ( R. norvegicus L.).

High Connectivity Among Synedrella nodiflora Populations in Java Island Based on Intergenic Spacer atpB-rbcL

Abstract: Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn has taxonomically been the only species of genus Synedrella , which spreads over many tropical countries. In spite of its wide range of distribution, the genus remains monospecific. This leads to assumption of the very low genetic diversity among S. nodiflora populations worldwide. It may also be the case in Java Island, though rapid changes in ecosystem condition occurs. Here we report our study on S. nodiflora population genetics in Java Island using intergenic spacer (IGS) atp B – rbc L as a molecular marker, since it has been well known as one of the most variable chloroplast genome regions in a wide range of plant species so far. As many as 58 individuals were collected randomly from ten different locations in the island. Based on IGS atp B – rbc L sequences of 860 bp length, only two haplotypes were observed. Both show only one polymorphic site (0.12%) and one transversion, where T is substituted by G at position 790, indicating that high connectivity among populations of S. nodiflora in Java Island is observed. This results in a low genetic differences among the populations, which at the same time provides a fact of nearly no variation among the IGS atp B – rbc L sequences.

Isolation of Thermophilic Bacteria from Bora Hot Springs in Central Sulawesi

Abstract: Thermophilic bacteria can survive at high temperature, in which hot spring is one of its habitats. Indonesia has many hot springs with potential as a habitat for thermophilic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to obtain isolates thermophilic bacteria from Bora hotspring located in Central Sulawesi. This study applied a descriptive-observational study design, characteristics of bacterial properties identified using conventional methods according to the Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The study was conducted in 3 stages. The first stage was bacteria cultivation on the appropriate media, followed by stage of isolated and the last stage by identified characteristics of thermophilic bacteria which included microscopic and macroscopic morphology, Physiological and biochemistry test. The results of the isolates indicted 4 representative isolated of thermophilic bacteria from Bora Hot Spring namely TM022, TM023, TM024, TM026. The bacteria isolates obtained were bacillus, coccus and Gram negative and positive, while the physiological test of all isolates were able to grow and showed changes in the medium. This study is useful in providing characteristic of indigenous thermophilic bacteria isolates that produces thermostable enzymes.

The Effectiveness of Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning to Improve Students’ Analytical Thinking Skills on Excretory System Topic

Abstract: Analytical thinking is a fundamental skill in education and which needs to be developed. This research would describe the effectiveness of process-oriented guided A±nquiry learning (POGIL) to improve students’ analytical thinking skills on the topic of excretory system. This study used Research and Development (R&D) design. It was conducted on the 11 th grade students of senior high school in Ngawi, East Java in 2017/2018 academic year with one group pre-test and post-test design. The data collection techniques used were validation, observation, and test. The data were analyzed descriptively, whereby the analysis result was tested with the Gain test. The result showed that the students’ analytical thinking skills was significantly increased as stated by the N-gain score. In control class, there were 2 students (6.7%) whose N-gain score was in the low category, 25 students (83.3%) whose N-gain score was in the medium category, and 3 students (10%) whose N-gain score was in the high category. In the experimental class, there were 21 students (70%) who got N-gain score in the medium category, and 9 students (30%) who got N-gain score in the high category. The results of this research showed that the students analytical thinking skills were different after the implementation of POGIL method. Therefore, it could be concluded that the POGIL was effective to improve students’ analytical thinking skills on the excretory system in senior high school. The information obtained from this research can be used as a tool to improve students’ analytical thinking skills.

Neurogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal-Like Stem Cell Induced by Delonix regia Flowers Extract

Abstract: Stem cell technology has great potential in the effort to cure degenerative diseases This study was done to determine optimum dose of flamboyant ( Delonix r egia ) flower extract to induce proliferation and differentiation of mice ( Mus musculus ) bone marrow mesenchymal-like stem cell Bone marrow cells were collected from mice by aspiration Cells suspension (1 x 10 6 ) were poured into petri dishes containing 2 ml of modified Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media (mDMEM) and incubated overnight at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator and microscopically observed In quadriplicate, MSC were cultured in mDMEM containing D regia flower extract of 00 (control), 04, 06, 08, and 10 mg/ml and incubated at 37 °C for 9 days Population doubling time (PDT) and differentiated cell type were microscopically observed using HE staining on day 1 and 10 Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test The results showed that the addition of D regia flowers extracts 08 and 10 mg/ml significantly reduced PDT compared to that of 04, 06 and control The extract, at 04 and 06 mg/ml, were able to induce MSC differentiation into fibroblast-like and nerve-like cells In conclusion, D regia flower extracts of 06, 08 and 10 mg/ml were able to stimulate MSC proliferation, but optimum dose for neurogenic differentiation was 06 mg/ml This is the first to show potential of D regia flower extract as neurogenic differentiatian inducer on mice MSC These findings can be used as preliminary information for using the extract as cellular differentian inducer in basic and applicative reseach using stem cells

Growth and Survival Evaluation of Oreochromis Sp fed Hermetia illucens Larva and Manihot esculenta leaves Meal

Abstract: This study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary substitution of fish meal (FM) with black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae meal (BSFM) and Manihot esculenta leaves meal (MEM) on the growth and feed efficiency of Oreochromis sp. Four concentrations viz : P1 (25%): 50g BSFM and 25g MEM, P2 (50%): 100g BSFM and 50g MEM, P3 (75%): 150g BSFM and 75g MEM, P4 (100%): 200g BSFM and 100g MEM were prepared and tested against control without FM replacement. Each diet was fed to three replicates groups of fish at a rate of 5% of body weight two times per day for 30 days. At the end of the trial, growth parameters, Feed conversion rate (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) were evaluated. The results showed that fish fed dietary substitution of FM with combination ratio of BSFM and MEM higher than 50% significantly improved all growth parameters, FCR and FE. It is therefore suggested that the partial (higher than 50%) or total replacement of fish meal with combination of BSFM and MEM in the diet of Oreochromis sp can be used as fish meal substitution to obtain better growth and feed efficiency.

Development of Natural Sciences Module with Reflective Learning Journal to Enhance Student’s Reporting-Interpretative Skills

Abstract: One of the successful factors of the curriculum 2013 implementation is the availability of appropriate and relevant teaching materials Teaching materials can be textbooks, interactive videos , virtual labs, maket and so on Unfortunately, there are still found many materials that are less in accordance with the curriculum of 2013 Therefore it should be developed a more appropriate teaching materials, one of them is a natural sciences module with reflective learning journal The development of natural sciences modulewas done with research that aims to develop and analyze the effectiveness of natural sciences modulewith reflective learning journals This research was an R&D research using development research procedure according to Thiagarajanthat known as 4D (define, design, develop and dessiminate) The data collection was done by test and non-test technique Instrument that used in non test technique are interview guides, product validation sheet, students’ response sheet to the readability of science nature modul with reflective learning journal, meanwhile the instrumen that used in test technique is essay question with reporting-interpretative skills’s indicators The results showed that the leligibility of the natural sciences module with reflective learning journal was categorized as approriate and effective to improve student’s reporting-interpretative skills

Application of arbuscular Mycorrhiza from Senaru forest rhizosphere for Gyrinops versteegii germination and growth.

Abstract: The aims of this research are to apply Senaru forest  rhizosphere on Kabupaten Lombok Barat West Nusa Tenggara as Mycorrhiza inoculants for Gyrinops versteegii germination and growth. Rhizosphere sample was taken from ten sampling spot on Senaru forest between Latitude: 08 o 18.808’ S – 08 o 19.174’ S and Longitude: 116 o 24.138’ E – 116 o 24.181’E. This study employed Factorial Experiment Design with 2 Factor including: Medium Composition (M) and Mychorizza Inoculant (I). There were 5 media composition: M1 (sand), M2 (soil:sand = 1:2), M3 (soil:sand = 1:1), M4 (soil:sand = 2:1), M5 (soil). There were 2 types of Inoculation: I1 (without inoculant) and I2 (innoculant from senaru Rhizosphere). Growth parameters observed in this study were: germination percentage, stem length, stem diameter and root colonization. Germination percentage of G. versteegii seeds in all growth media are below 60 % which could be classified as low germination rate. Also germination from media without rhizosphere is higher than germination from media with rhizosphere. On the other hand, G. versteegii growth on rhizosphere media is slightly higher than growth of G. versteegii on media without rhizosphere based on stem diameter and length measurement. It tends that medium composition with higher sand proportion tended to gives better germination and growth rate of G. verteegii . Myorrhiza colonization on G. versteegii root was higher in media with rhizosphere addition. It could be concluded that Application of Senaru rhizosphere containing Mycorrhiza increases G. versteegii growth but not its germination percentage . This research enrich knowledge in biological science about asociation of mycorrhiza with G. versteegii especially on its growth and germination

The Correlation between heavy metal and nutrient content in Plecostomus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) from Ciliwung River in Jakarta

Abstract: Most of the rivers’ quality in Indonesia is in highly-polluted status including Ciliwung River in Jakarta. The pollution can affect river ecosystem especially the rivers biota such as plecostomus species that is mostly found in Ciliwung River. The information about correlation between heavy metal and nutrition content in Plecostomus flesh still limited, so the result from this research can give the new information about that. The aims of this research is identifying the effect of the heavy metals towards the contents of protein and fat of plecostomus flesh from Ciliwung River. The analyses methods use X-Ray Fluoresence (XRF) Spectrometer, the analysis of protein using kjeldahl method, and fat analysis using extraction method. The result of this research showed that small-sized plecostomus contained the highest fat and protein compared to medium-sized and big-sized plecostomus. The assumption was the contents of heavy metal which can impede protein and fat absorption. Meanwhile, the content of carbohydrate in small-sized plecostomus was the lowest. The identified type of heavy metal using XRF method was Pb, Hg and Cd with the concentration was higher than the maximum standard (SNI) so that the flesh of plecostomus from Ciliwung River in Jakarta is categorized unsuitable to consumption

Diversity in Tuber Characteristics of Local Cultivars of Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) in Indonesia

Abstract: Yam bean is legume with tuberous root originated from the semiarid tropics of Central America, and has been widely spread in several regions in Indonesia Research on characterization of tuber yam bean was conducted in Kendalpayak Research Station (Malang, Indonesia) from May to October 2016 A total of 73 local yam bean cultivars originated from eight provinces were characterized based on their tuber characteristics The sensory evaluation was also conducted to evaluate the tuber sweetness, fiber intensity, and texture crunchiness The average tuber weight was 4552 g/plant, with the average tuber length and width were 1078 cm and 817 cm, respectively The ratio of tuber length and width was 142, indicates that yam bean tuber in Indonesia tend to be in spherical shape The average tuber water content was 8387% (wet basis), showed that the water content was quite high Based on cluster analysis, 74 local cultivars of yam bean were grouped into five clusters The tuber weight varied among cultivars and become the distinguishing factor between local cultivars Local variety of yam beans in Indonesia tend to have sweet taste and crunchy texture So far, the study on characterization of tuber diversity in Indonesian local cultivar of yam bean is still limited Thus, these results provide important information to optimize the tuber yam utilization as industrial raw materials

Effect of IBA and BAP on shoot growth of Tawangmangu tangerine (Citrus reticulate) by in-vitro.

Abstract: Tawangmangu tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco subsp tawangmangu) is one of prime local fruit from Tawangmangu region, Karanganyar, Central Java This tangerine have good appearance, easy to peeled, sweet flavored fruit, and high production rate However at 1984 Tawangmangu tangerine run into depreciation of population caused by CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration) As a result, this variety listed as endangeredThe effort of consevation by culture tissue technique can order to obtain prime seeds that free from virus or disease This study was aimed to understand the effect of IBA and BAP in culture medium on growth of apical and lateral shoot of Tawangmangu tangerine The treatment provided were IBA (0 ppm, 05 ppm, and 1 ppm) and BAP (0 ppm, 1 ppm and 2 ppm) The treatment in this research was using complete randomized factorial design in 9 different treatment This research resulted that added combination of IBA and BAP affecting growth of Tawangmangu tangerine but the interaction of IBA and BAP did not happen The highest shoot length occurs on treatment IBA 1 ppm+BAP 2 ppm while when the fastest shoot appears occurs on treatment IBA 0 ppm+ BAP 2 ppm and the highest shoot formed on treatment IBA 05 ppm+BAP 2 ppm Benefit of the research Efforts to conserve Tawangmangu orange plants need to be done to maintain the diversity of germplasm and support the cultivation in a manner One technique that can support the conservation of plants is by tissue culture techniques

Barcoding of Fin Clip Samples Revealed High Exploitation of Plectropomus leopardus in Spermonde Archipelago

Abstract: Spermonde Archipelago in South Sulawesi is among groupers sources in Indonesia for International Marine Live Trade. It was not much known which species are mostly exploited in those areas during the study because only fin clip samples could be obtained. Here we performed DNA forensic analysis to groupers fin clips collected from Spermonde Archipelago using barcode marker to know what species were exploited and which ones was the most exploited species. A total of 110 fin clip samples were obtained during the field trips. Sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene was successful for only 36 samples. Species determination was based on sequences similarity to conspecific sequence available in barcoding of life database (BOLD). BOLD similarity test placed the 36 fin clip samples into four different species, namely Cromileptes altivelis , Epinephelus ongus , Plectropomus leopardus , and Plectropomus maculatus . The K-2P taxonomic tree showed clear separation among species which was supported by high K2P genetic distances among species. Most of fin clips were identified as Plectropomus leopardus indicates that this species was the most exploited in Spermonde Archipelago. This proved that molecular identification not only can be used to biodiversity study in certain area but also in forensic analysis of a threatened wildlife. This study has important contribution for conservation effort of those groupers species, especially P. leopradus and provides new approach for taxonomist and conservation managers to identify samples, especially when only incomplete specimens are available.

Effect of BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentration on Growth Micro Cutting of Nepenthes ampullaria

Abstract: Conventionally, cultivations of Nepenthes are conducted by using seeds, cutting, and filial separation. However, there are many obstacles come both from time and technical aspect. In vitro culture is an alternative way for cultivating  N. ampullaria (Jack,). One of a technique of in vitro culture is micro cutting. BAP (6-benzyl amino purine) growth regulator could be added to optimize the growth of  N. ampullaria microcutting. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of  BAP on the growth of Nepenthes microcutting. This research was done experimentally using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). BAP treatment consisted of 5 concentrations: 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 (ppm), each treatment were multiplied 4 times. The parameters observed were: a time of bud initiation, time of root initiation, total of leaves, total of new buds, total of roots, length of leave, length of root, and height of bud. The data obtained were analyzed with ANOVA (Analisis of Variance) and continued with 5% and 1% LSD (Least Significant Different)  test. The result showed that addition of BAP affected the growth of N. ampullaria microcutting in total leaves, length of leave, and total of buds. LSD test proved that 0.57 ppm of BAP was optimal concentration to increase total buds, whit the value reached of 3.86. Here, we found that BAP can be utilized to enhanche N. ampullaria growth on in vitro culture. The benefit of this study is to conserve N. ampullaria in vitro using BAP at 0.57 ppm.

Diversity of The Ornate Lorikeet (Trichoglossus ornatus) Birds Based on Mitochondrial DNA Protein Coding Gene

Abstract: Ornate lorikeet (Trichoglossus ornatus) is an endemic bird in Sulawesi. Endemism is one of the factors in declining bird’s population. In the case of the birds conservation programme, information about gene diversity is important for basic strategy. Mitochondrial DNA of animals consists of protein coding genes including ND2 gene. This study informs diversity of the Ornate Lorikeet ( Trichoglossus ornatus ) birds based on DNA sequences of ND2 gene. DNA total was extracted from blood samples of 21 birds. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was performed and successfully amplified a single DNA fragment of ND2 gene for all birds. DNA fragments were sequenced and totally 997 base pairs were analyzed. NJ tree was constructed using MEGA5. All DNA sequence data showed that between the birds there were 20 polymorphic (segregating) sites with mean genetic distance was 0.004 ± 0.002 (ranged from 0,000 – 0,008), and had 17 sequence haplotypes (HTor1- HTo17). Haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.967 ± 0.30387 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.00439 ± 0.0012. Genetic diversity information could be potential relevance to the breeding management for conservation of the birds.

Antibacterial activity of Streptomyces SAE4034 isolated from Segara Anakan mangrove rhizosphere against antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Abstract: Actinomycetes SAE4034 isolates was isolated from Rhizophora apiculata rhizosphere mud showed some antibacterial properties. The antibacterial ability of this isolate has not been tested on antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens. However, there was no research has been reported regarding actinomycetes from Segara Anakan mangrove area resulting compounds inhibit the growth of antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is important to investigate its capability against antibiotics resistant bacteria or multi drug resistant bacteria (MDR bacteria). The research aimed to know the ability of actinomycetes SAE4034 in inhibit MDR bacteria and to identify the species profiles. The research methods included isolate characterization involving morphology, physiology/enzymatic and molecular properties. MDR bacterial inhibition assay, antibacterial compound extraction and antibacterial compound test using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method, observation of morphological and biochemical properties, DNA isolation, amplification and analysis of 16SrRNA sequence, and phylogeny tree analysis. The methods of this study included MDR anti-bacterial assay and antibacterial compound test. Subsequent step was isolate characterization including observation of morphological and physiological / enzymatic properties, and 16S rRNA gene sequence. The results showed that culture extract was able to inhibit the growth of MDR bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp., but no inhibition to Enterobacter cloacae . The bioactive compound showed 4 spots with Rf values of 0.36; 0.45; 0.54; and 0.6. Based on morphology, physiology / enzymatic and 16S rRNA gene sequences characteristics, actinomycetes SAE4034 isolate is Streptomyces sp. This research showed new Streptomyces strain that serves as a source of MDR antibacterial compounds and useful in development of antibiotic for combating infectious diseases caused by MDR bacteria

Identification and cluster analysis of pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.) from South Sumatera Indonesia.

Abstract: Nepenthes spp is a typical plant of Southeast Asia especially Indonesia which has a special leaf modification called a pitcher The largest number of Nepenthes spp species in Indonesia is on the island of Sumatra The purpose of this reseach was to identify and analyze cluster Nepenthes spp from South Sumatra based on morphological characteristics The specimens were collected from the forest of Tekorejo Village, Air Itam Village and cultivation location in Palembang city of South Sumatra Identification of morphological characters performed on the characteristics of root, stem, leaves, and pitcher The morphological data is used for cluster analysis using NTSYS software version 202 The identification results showed 9 variants of Nepenthes spp which belong to the species N mirabilis, N gracilis, and N sumatrana Dendogram analysis results form two main clusters with a similarity value of 22% The first cluster consists of N mirabilis and N sumatrana The second cluster consists of N gracilis Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the species Nepenthes spp South Sumatra is N mirabilis, N gracilis, and N sumatrana The results of this study will be dedicated to updating information about the existence of Nepenthes spp from South Sumatra and his cluster

Nutrient Limiting Factor for Enabling Algae Growth of Rawapening Lake, Indonesia

Abstract: Two important issues for establishment of nutrient criteria are identifying which nutrient limits algal growth and determining the concentration of that nutrient enabling nuisance growths. The purposes of this research were: 1) to examine the nutrient (TN, TP, ratio of TN/TP) dynamic in Rawapening Lake spatially and temporally, 2) to identify Nutrient Limiting of Algal Growth in Rawapening Lake, and 2) to determine the nutrient criteria for enabling algae growth in Rawapening Lake. The research was conducted using a survey method in 7 sites from February to August 2016. The result showed that spatially Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphor (TP) in the lake were not evenly distributed and temporally influenced by the inflow. The development of algae biomass in Rawapening Lake determined ratio of TN/TP. Nutrient criteria as follow: oligotrophic was 5.96 - 14.39, mesotrophic was 14.39 - 42.15, eutrophic 42.15 - 51.65, and hyper-eutrophic > 51.65. These criteria could be used in designing controlling eutrophication problem by arranging nutrient input from both external and internal sources in order to meet those limit. The benefits of research contributes to the development of environmental monitoring methods to assess the trophic status using more appropriate in accordance with the conditions of the tropics region. It also could be used for consideration in policy direction and orientation of land use in catchment areas in relation to water quality of the lake.

Assessing Students’ Ethnicities and Critical Thinking Skill to Develop PBL Based-Biology Learning Tools

Abstract: A survey has been conducted in grade XI natural science of senior high school, at odd semester, academic year 2016/2017 in Samarinda, Indonesia. The focus of this research are to determine the students’ ethnicities, and the responses of biology teachers about students' critical thinking skills, and Problem-Based Learning . Sampling technique was total sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Data was analysed by techniques used descriptive. The results of the data analysis show that the compositions of students’ ethnics are: Java (12.7%), Bugis (6.9%), Kutai (13.3%), Banjar (13.3%), and other ethnics (28.5%). Most of the teachers (86.0%) who already understood about the learning approaches, said that they already understood , while the remaining 14% did not understand the patterns of Problem-Based Learning . In addition, 23.3% teachers said that students were less able to explain, express opinions, and make conclusions; 76.7% said that students are sufficiently able to explain, express opinions, and make conclusions. Future research related to biology learning in multiethnic students needs to be conducted to get more information. The design of learning tools needs to consider the ethnic  of the students in strengthening critical thinking skills. Similar research needs to be done to obtain more information.The findings of this research are the students’ ethnicities of the XI class of Natural Sciences, as well as the responses of high school biology teachers about students' critical thinking skills in Biology.

Effect of lime pretreatment on microstructure of cassava stalk fibers and growth of Aspergillus niger.

Abstract: Cassava stalk can be converted into sugar-based product by using microorganism. Unfortunately, lignin act as a barrier of optimal bioconversion. Cassava stalk needs pretreatment process for removing this barrier. The effect of lime pretreatment on microstructure of cassava stalk fibers and the growth of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6114 were observed in this research. The cassava stalks were reduced into 0.147- 0.297 mm size and pretreated with 1 % Ca(OH) 2 . Lime pretreated and unpretreated cassava stalk was used as solid medium for Aspegillus niger FNCC 6114. The effect of pretreatment method on fibers microstructure of cassava stalk was evaluated through SEM micrograph. The growth and metabolism activities of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6114 were monitored through SEM micrograph of media after fermentation. The other parameters examined were changes in glucosamine, reducing sugar levels, and spores’ quantity. Lime pretreatment altered microstructure of cassava stalk fibers. However, cassava stalk without lime pretreatment gave better growth of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6144 based on metabolism activities parameters. Cassava stalks is suitable as media for Aspergillus niger FNCC 6144 through solid state fermentation. For better growth of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6144 fine-sized cassava stalk should not be lime pretreated. The results of this study provide information about the pretreatment of cassava stems which was effective in supporting the growth of Aspergillus niger. Enhancements the utilization of cassava stems by using fungi, for example Aspergillus niger can overcome the accumulation of organic waste that can interfere with environmental sustainability.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Daemonorops draco Resin

Abstract: Daemonorops draco has been reported for its antibacterial activity and empirically used for wound healing by Anak Dalam ethnic at Jambi Province, Sumatera-Indonesia. This study was performed to evaluate antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of D. draco resin collected from Jambi. D. draco resin was extracted using n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli , whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriacidal concentration (MBC) was determined by microdilution method. In addition, antibiofilm activity was evaluated by violet crystal method. The result showed that extraction yield of ethyl acetate was higher than methanol and n -hexane. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of D. draco exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity against S . aureus compare to n -hexane extract. MIC and MBC of methanol extract and chromatographic fraction (F5.1) of ethyl acetate extract were 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, antibiofilm assay revealed that all extracts were inhibit initial attachment of bacteria cell in biofilm formation. This result revealed a novel information that  D. draco extracts was potential as inhibitor of biofilm formation. TLC bioautography of D. draco extracts indicated that constituent with Rf of 0.71 performed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus . This finding expected to strengthen the scientific backup for utilization of D. draco by society.