Showing papers in "Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry in 2010"

Evaluation of two herbal spices as feed additives for finisher broilers

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two herbal spices as feed additives for finisher broilers. 120 5-week old birds were randomly assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 10 birds per replicate. Four experimental diets were formulated such that diet I (T1) which served as the control contained neither ginger nor garlic. Diets 2 (T2) and 3 (T3) contained 0.25% garlic and ginger respectively. Diet 4 (T4) contained a combination of 0.25% of garlic and ginger. Response parameters evaluated include weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, blood parameters and carcass characteristics. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Results showed that birds fed supplemented diets had significantly (P 0.05) difference in the feed consumption of the birds among the treatments. The hematological indices, serum biochemistry and carcass characteristics of the birds among the treatment were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. The results of this study suggest that ginger and garlic can be included in broiler finisher diets without adversely affecting the performance of the birds.

BEHAVIOUR SURVEILLANCE AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN THE FRESHWATER FISH Labeo rohita (HAMILTON) EXPOSED TO SODIUM CYANIDE

Abstract: Sodium cyanide, is highly contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a toxic pollutant, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The toxicity tests were conducted by static renewal bioassay method on the juveniles of fish was evaluated. The LC50 value of sodium cyanide to Labeo rohita was found out to be 320 µg l -1 . One third (106 µg l -1 ) and one fifth (64 µg l -1 ) of the LC50 value was selected for sublethal studies. Behavioural patterns and oxygen consumption were observed in both (1/3 rd and 1/5 th ) sublethal concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 15 days). Sodium cyanide is highly toxic to the animal tested. Fish behaved irregular, erratic, and dartic movements, by followed hyperexcitability, loss of balance, finally settles to the bottom of the test chamber. A decrease in oxygen consumption was observed in 1/3rd (11.62% and - 4.52%) and 1/5 th (9.11% and -2.82%) sublethal concentrations. Fish under sublethal concentration were found to be under stress but not fatal.

Quality traits of carcass sides and meat of moravka and mangalitsa pig breeds

Abstract: Objective of this paper was to evaluate phenotypic variability of carcass side traits and quality of meat of fatteners (male castrated heads) of Moravka breed (M) and Mangalitsa (swallow-belly Mangalitsa - LM). The quantity and content of meat were determined based on dissection of left carcass sides (Walstra and Merkus, 1996). Also, nutritive properties of musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) were established. Obtained data were processed using GLM procedure of the program package SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Inst.Inc., 2002-2003). Results of the study show that Moravka fatteners had longer carcass sides (+6.82 and + 5.00 cm) compared to Mangalitsa breed, corrected to average body weight at slaughtering. Fatteners of M breed had in average higher total mass of back-loin part (+0.685, P<0.05) and average quantity of muscles in the same part of carcass side (+0.631 kg, P<0.01), compared to fatteners of LM breed. Also, they had higher quantity of muscle in belly-rib part (+0.237 kg, P<0.05) compared to LM. Share of muscle tissue in back-loin and belly-rib carcass side parts corrected for WCC, was higher in M carcass sides than in LM (P<0.01). Conversely, muscle tissue content in shoulders of Mangalitsa was higher (+4.8% ; P<0.05) than in Moravka. Share of muscle tissue in carcass sides of M pigs was by 4.3% higher compared to LM carcass sides. In m.l.d. of Moravka water content was higher (+6.1%, P<0.01), content of total lipids (-6.5%, P<0.05) and cholesterol (-19.68 mg/100 g, P<0.001) was lower than in Mangalitsa.

Polymorphism of β-lacto globulin gene in Barki and Damascus and their cross bred goats in relation to milk yield

Abstract: β-LG gene polymorphism at the DNA level has been analyzed by PCR-RFLP and reported two novel genetic variants of the β-LG gene in Indian goats. However, no study has been reported in Barki Egyptian local goat breed, Damascus and their crossbred goats regarding β-LG polymorphism at DNA level. The association of β-LG polymorphism with milk yield has been reported in cows, sheep and Indian goats. However, this relation has not clarified yet in local or foreign goat breeds raised in Egypt. This study aimed to fingerprint β-LG gene in the Barki, Damascus and their crossbred goats in an attempt to have clear image about genotypes of β-LG gene in these breeds in relation to their milk yield. A total of 120 adult female does belonging to these three different genetic groups were analyzed by the PCR-RFLP method. The goats are raised by farmers in North West coast (Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt) in which goats are living in natural habitats. The amplified product was observed as 426 bp and the restriction digestion with SacII revealed three genotypes, namely AA, AB and BB at the β-LG locus. The frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were 0.1, 0.8, 0.1; 0.85, 0.1, 0.05; 0.41, 0.51, 0.08 in the Barki and Damascus and their crossbred goats, respectively. The frequency of (AA)genotype was higher in Damascus breed than Barki and Damascus x Barki crossbred and according to reference milk production was associated with significantly higher milk production in this goat breed as compared by the two other goat breeds.

The effects of probiotic Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 in the weaned pigs nutrition.

Abstract: Placing a ban on the use of antibiotics as additives for animal feed, had raised the producing risk, because of possibility for occurrence of many diseases in rearing piglets. One of alternative solutions is the use of probiotics as supplements, directly or in piglets feed. Aim of this study was to investigate the effects probiotic Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 on the rearing piglets in the period from weaning to fattening start. This experiment included 500 piglets, divided in 2 groups, 250 piglets in experiment group (5 cycles with 50 piglets each) and 250 piglets (5 cycles with 50 piglets) in control group. Difference between experimental and control groups were in the way of feeding, experiment group had Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 supplement and control was without. Influence of these probiotics was observed on the parameters: feed conversion ratio, daily gain increase and mortality. Piglets in the experiment group with probiotic Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 in the ration showed lower feed conversion, higher daily growth increase and lower percentage of mortality, during this experiment. The difference between control and experimental group, for all parameters values, were established as statisticaly very significant (p<0.01) effect of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 on rearing piglets in the period from weaning to the beginning of fattening.

Phenotypic and genetic parameters of reproductive traits in Tunisian Holstein cows.

Abstract: Various factors influencing reproduction in dairy Holstein cows were routinely evaluated and genetic parameters were estimated for four traits for assessing fertility of artificially inseminated cows: Calving to first service interval (CFSI), calving interval (CI), calving to conception interval (CCI), and number of services per conception (NSC). Data used in this investigation consisted of records of insemination and calving events on Tunisian Holstein cows. Records were registered from 1994 to 2003 in 150 herds to study the effects of non-genetic factors and estimate the heritabilities of those fertility traits. The factors examined were: month and year of calving, herd, parity, and year-month of calving. The effect of month and year of calving (or insemination), herd, parity and year-month of calving were included in the model and were significant (P < 0.01) except for the number of lactations that does not have an effect on the number of services per conception. A decreasing efficiency in cow fertility was observed over the last years, with a longer day for first service interval. Heritability for fertility traits was low ranging from 0.027 for NSC to 0.067 for CI. The results suggested that more attention should be paid to herds with too low fertility traits and that monitoring/alert and intervention schemes should be tested in research/action approaches.

Application of molecular markers in livestock improvement

Abstract: With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.

Herbs in a sustainable animal nutrition.

Abstract: Animal has a direct impact on the quality of meat, milk and eggs in a positive and negative sense. Over the composition of a meal for animals can manipulate the quality of products of animal origin and can be achieved by a variety of nutritional, sensory, chemical, physical and physiological characteristics. The use of medicine in intensive and extensive farming is a big and risky to the quality of food and thus health. In organic farming of animals is not allowed to use medicines. Because are increasingly looking for natural healing resources. Herbs provides, in the manufacture of animal feed, a real opportunity to increase value through the use of different functional additions. Addition food for animals, really can improve its functionality in terms of a physiological effect. In developed countries in Europe is very strong trend of replacing synthetic antibiotic drugs based on medicinal herbal preparations. As herbal feed additives may be used drug (finely divided dry medicinal herbal raw materials), herbal extracts or herbal isolate (e.g. essential oil). The paper gives a short overview of the most important potential of herbal medicinal materials with antibacterial activity, antiinflammatory, digestion-stimulating, laxative, antidiarrhoeal, choleretic etc. activities that have an approved application in human medicine and which can be added to animal feed for use in different animal health disorders. The use of herbs is more current and all higher, in human and veterinary food industry.

Investigation of the effect of Tribulus terrestris extract on some characteristics of the reproductive capacity of guinea fowl

Abstract: The effect of Bulgarian product Vemoherb-T (dry extract of Tribulus terrestris) on some characteristics of the reproductive capacity of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) was studied. A trial was conducted with 30 Pearl-gray Guinea fowls, at the age of 32 weeks, divided in two groups, 12 female and 3 male each. The birds from the two groups were fed the same mixture. The experimental group received the tested product once daily in a dose 10 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks. The laying intensity, egg morphology and fertility, the weight of testes and ovaries were controlled. It was found a higher laying intensity (P<0.05), similarly higher egg weight (P<0.001), yolk weight (P<0.01), left testes weight (P<0.05) and egg fertility in the experimental group. No significant differences about egg white weight and yolk color between the both groups were found.

Competitiveness of table eggs from non-cage housing systems

Abstract: Experiences of developed countries show that production costs in non-cage housing systems for layer hens are from 8 to 59%, and in organic production over 200% higher compared to production costs in the conventional cage system. Consequently, eggs deriving from non-cage systems can be competitive only provided that the consumers are willing to pay adequately higher price for eggs produced in said way. In this paper, 720 consumers were interviewed with aim to determine to what extent they are prepared to pay higher price for eggs deriving from non-cage systems. Obtained results show that over ¾ of consumers were willing to pay higher price for such eggs. This, however, was limited in majority of consumers (53%) to increase of price by up to 20%. This is enough to cover increased costs of production in the floor system, but not in case of free range system and organic production. Taking into consideration the fact that in EU, from year 2012, serious egg deficit can be expected due to the ban of housing of layers in battery cages, and that this deficit will probably be covered by supply from surrounding countries, it can be concluded that for certain number of producers transition to non-cage housing systems can be good business decision. For most of them, however, transition to so called enriched cages poses less risk, and in this production system they can expect premium price for egg with increase of production costs not exceeding 15%.

Management of fermentation process in ensilaged livestock feed

Abstract: The control of fermentation process in ensilaged livestock feed is based on the knowledge of biomasses. The important aspects are the suitability for ensilaging (the content of fermentative carbohydrates and buffer capacity of the biomass), providing of the correct level of dry matter and anaerobic environment, wilting, using the chemical additives such as organic acids and their salts, using of biologic additives (inoculants), adsorption of mycotoxins, etc. In purpose of making the process of ensilaging of grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixes, the silages are prepared as bales or silo-tubes.

Use of California mastitis test, somatic cells count and bacteriological findings in diagnostics of subclinical mastitis

Abstract: We have performed diagnostics of sub clinical mastitis in three different cow breeds with comparison of California mastitis test results, somatic cells count at quarter level and with bacteriological findings confirmation in order to justify their appliance in mastitis diagnostics. In total, 90 cows or 360 quarters of mammary gland have been examined. In 63.3 % of the examined cows, with different racial origin, positive reaction to California mastitis test have been established. Usually, positive reaction have been found in milk of one and two quarters, with reaction intensity of one and two plus. SSC higher than 200.000 in 1 ml is established in 60 % of cases and the most often causes of mastitis were staphylococcae, streptococcae and mixed infections. With continuous use of this methods it is possible to timely detect presence of sub clinical mastitis and so to obtain satisfactory results in prevention and therapy of mastitis, as well as improvement in amount and quality of milk.

Global trends in milk production and trade: the impact on the European milk market.

Abstract: The extremely instable milk price development in the last decade has changed the production, investment volume and the trade positions in milk sector in many countries. The price growth on 30% in 2007 and fall in 2008, increased the risk especially for the producers with low technology, making small business in this sector unprofitable. This instability hardly affects European milk producers during the reduction of the EU protection of milk market. The goals of this paper are to eliminate the major reasons for the price instability on the global milk market, and to show how the changes in the global prices, production and trade impact the milk market in the European Union.

Amelioration of oxidative stress in broilers during summer

Abstract: A comparative study on antistressor and antioxidative effects of synthetic vitamin C and polyherbal feed premix Ayucee supplementation in broilers was conducted during the summer months of June-July when the mean temperature-humidity index was 84.74±2.51. Day old broiler chicks (n =60) were randomly divided into three groups. Control group I was given basal diet and treatment groups (II&III) were supplemented with Synthetic vitamin C (100g/tonne of feed) and Ayucee (100g/tonne of feed) from day 0 to six weeks of age. Biochemical parameters were analysed after 3rd & 5th week & erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes were analysed after 3rd & 6th week of experiment. Hormonal & immunological parameters were analysed after 6th of experimental study. After 3rd week, mean plasma glucose, cholesterol & antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase (GSSG) were significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower in treated groups (II & III) than control (I); however total protein, albumin to globulin ratio & antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (P≤ 0.05) different in group II & III compared to group I. After 5th week, mean plasma glucose, total protein, albumin globulin ratio were significantly (P≤ 0.05) different in both the treatments compared to control. Erythrocytic GSSG were significantly (P≤ 0.05) different in both the treatments than control, as observed after 6th week. Stress hormones namely cortisol & thyroxine (T4) were observed to be significantly (P≥0.05) higher in untreated control than the treated groups. However, the two treatments did not differ significantly. Mean total immunoglobulin (Ig) level was significantly (P≤0.01) higher in AYUCEE & vit-C treated birds than control after 6th week of study. It can be concluded from the results that oxidative stress in broilers during summer could be ameliorated using antioxidant synthetic vitamin C & the polyherbal antistressor, immunomodulator & adaptogenic feed premix AYUCEE.

The effect of multiphase nutrition on production performances of broilers

Abstract: Multiphase broiler nutrition is important from the standpoint of nutrition optimization, economical efficiency of production and protection of the environment. Objective of research is to investigate the effect of multiphase nutiriton, i.e. different mixtures used in broiler nutrition, whse protein content has been reduced in several phases during first fattening stage, on production performances of broilers. Investigation was carried out on 608 individually tagged male chickens, Ross 308 strain, divided into 4 groups: T1 (control group) - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1-21 st day; T2 - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1 st to 7 th day, and from 7 th to 21 st day diet containing 21.5% protein; T3 - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1 st to 14 th day and from 14 th to 21 st day diet containing 21.5% protein and T4 - nutrition with mixture containing 23% of protein from 1 st to 3 rd day, from 4-6 th day with 22.55% protein, 7-9 th day with 22.10% protein, 10-12 th day diet with 21.65% protein, 13 - 15 th day with 21.20% protein, 16-18 th day with 20.75% protein and 19 th -21 st day diet with 20.30% protein. Main production parameters were registered during the trial period (from 1 to 21 st day).Through processing of obtained data it ewas established that chickens of the T4 group (2092.42g), had realized statistically significantly higher body mass compared to T2 (2025.00g) and T3 (2020.07g), but not in relation to control group T1 (2055.16g), during trial period of 42 days. Also, it can be concluded that in regard to daily gain in period up to 21st day, no statistically significant differences between trial groups were established, however, for the entire trial period, average daily gain of chickens in T4 group (48.84g) was statistically considerably higher compared to T2 (47.24g) and T3 (47.13g), whereas in relation to T1 no differences were established T1 (47.99). Feed conversion differed between groups, precisely in favor of the application of multiphase broiler nutrition, i.e. feed conversion of the trial group T4 (1.870) was the best compared to T1 (1.918), T2 (2.005) and T3 (1.970). Based on obtained results it can be concluded that multiphase nutrition had effect on production performances, primarily level of food utilization.

Some significant exterior and reproductive properties of the English Thoroughbred horse population from the Stud Farm "Ljubicevo" - Serbia.

Abstract: The investigation included 5 stallions (average age of 10.40 years) and 33 mares (average age of 10.33 years) with pedigree of the English Thoroughbred horse breed that are used for breeding on the Stud Farm Ljubicevo - Serbia. The investigation of some significant properties relating to the exterior (at stallions) and reproductive ones (at mares) were carried out in the year 2009. The following average exterior (body) measures of the stallions: the body mass (474.80 kg), withers height (160.46 cm), trunk or body length (161.88 cm), breast circumference (187.96 cm) and tibia circumference (19.22 cm) were within the standards of this horse breed of the age. The gestation period at mares, regardless the sex of a colt, averagely lasted 337.70 days. With the mares having had a male colt, the gestation lasted a little bit longer (338.92 days) than with the mares having had female colts (336.90 days). The difference in the gestation duration (2.02 days) was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Between the age of the mares and the gestation duration (regardless the sex of a colt) it was found a positive slight correlation (rp=0.320). Furthermore, between the age of the mares and the gestation duration it was found medium (rp=0.453) correlation at male colts, and quite poor correlation (rp=0.202) at female colts. Found coefficients of the phenotype correlation were not statistically confirmed (P>0.05).

Health status and bio-security plans on pig farms

Abstract: Preservation of necessary level of swine herd health status is the most important aspect of bio-security, farm production and successful welfare protection. It involves a list of bio-security measures which must be essential part of production technology, including good rearing conditions and other prophylactic measures appliance. According to previously performed investigations, a list of elements required to establish standards for bio-security for particular pig farm was created. The list includes elements related to assure spatial., microclimate and hygienic conditions for pigs rearing, care, nutrition and watering, surveillance, regrouping and transport of swine, disease outbreak control, barns equipment and production process organization which are performed by veterinarians and zootechnicians. Bio-security standards must concern necessary level of swine herd health status and organization, size and type of operation and anticipate all compulsory measures for health control and disease spreading prevention, particularly those whose outbreak must be reported. In bio-security plan structure present epidemiological situation, potential herd health and production threats, as well as possible solutions must be concerned.

Goat cryptosporidiosis and its importance at goat production pathology

Abstract: Goat cryptosporidiosis is parasitic disease with clinical signs at kids at 4-10 days old. Presence of great number of cryptosporidial oocyst is usually in goats without clinical signs of disease. At goats were established Cryptosporidium parvum. Kid cryptosporidiosis had high morbidity and mortality rate. Symptoms of acute cryptosporidiosis include lack of appetite, and weight loss. Clinical signs are yellow diarrhea with odor smell, and some time are present a blood. Animals had abdominal pain, anemia, lost of appetite, dehydration, tenisms, weakens and lost of weight. Occurrence depressive and inactivity. Pathological changes are present in small intestine. In acute cases were thickens gut wall, edema, hyperemia at cecal and colon mucus. There are present numerous hemorrhage, and present of mucofibrinal seam dark brown colored. Those pathological changes drawl resorption and induced clinical signs of disease. Consequence are significant increase of kid accrescense, its weakens and less develop.

The effect of breeding region and year on milk traits of simmental bull dams

Abstract: Cows which represent top of the genetic value of the population in regard to their traits are chosen for bull dams. Selection is based on origin, production performance (quantity of milk, milk fat and protein content), milking/dairy traits, reproductive indicators, exterior and linear type scores. This study included 292 cows of Simmental breed selected for bull dams on the territory of Republic of Serbia during one year. Selection of cows for herd of bull dams was done after finalized first and subsequent lactation. In this study, the effect of region and year of calving on milk traits is presented. Applying the method of least squares average value of milk production was obtained - 5.754,49 kg, milk fat content - 3,98% and quantity of milk fat - 230,24 kg. Regions had statistically highly significant effect (P 0,05).

Improved diagnostic strategy for foot-and-mouth disease in Bulgaria

Abstract: Foot - and - mouth - disease is severe, highly contagious disease of cloven - hoofed animals that affects large animal livestock species and various wildlife species. Different countries has a different FMD status which require a disparate approach defining the diagnostic and control strategy. A variety of new diagnostic tests and procedures was developed to improve FMD laboratory diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contemporary diagnostic tools and the ability of our laboratory to detect FMD virus or viral genome in field samples and cell culture fluids using an Ag ELISA, TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and Virus isolation combined with chromatographic - LFD (lateral flow devises) tests.

Molecular-phenotypic analysis and efficiency of crossing on meat production in local chicken strains.

Abstract: DNA was extracted from blood of developed local stains of chicken; Bandara, Gimmizah, and their crossing (Bandara x Gimmizah and Gimmizah x Bandara). RAPD-PCR technique was applied to detect genetic similarity as a band sharing (BS) among chicken hybrids and their parents using nine short oligonucleiotides primers. The genetic similarity as BS-values was calculated and ranged from 68 to 91%. Bandara male with Gimmizah female appeared positive heterosis at 8 wks of age. However, evidence from this study indicated that crossing of the developed local hens is capable of rapidly improving the body weight of their progeny during the marketing age. This study reflected the ability of RAPD-PCR for establishing the association between genetic similarity as a band sharing and heterosis (hybrid vigor).

Comparative research on the fattening aptitudes of the growing lambs of local Romanian breeds

Abstract: In Romania, suckling lamb meat is on demand during the Easter, but growing suckling lambs just for this purpose is not profitable. The paper performed a comparative study of the fattening aptitudes of the lambs from three local sheep breeds to produce carcasses demanded on the international market. The research was done on three groups (Carabash, Tsigai and Tsurcana breeds) of 16 weaned lambs each, with an initial weight between 21-27 kg and continued until the animals reached an weight of 35-38 kg. The experiment started after a period of accommodation to the experimental maintenance and feeding conditions. The animals were kept indoors under similar conditions of feeding and microclimate. The body weight of the animals was measured at the beginning and end of each fattening period, as well as the average daily gain and the total weight gain for each breed. During the late period of fattening, control weighing was performed until the target weight has been achieved. The Carabash lambs, which had the highest lambing weights of all the investigated breeds, proved to be the most precocious as weight gain. Over 44 fattening days they recorded an average daily gain of 0.258±0.016 kg, reaching a slaughtering weight of 38.46±1.178 kg with a feed conversion ratio of 4.66 FU. The Tsigai lambs, less precocious than the Carabash lambs, recorded an average daily gain of 0.191±0.043 kg, over 86 days 86, reaching a slaughtering weight of 37.16±0.130 kg, with a significantly higher feed conversion ratio, of 6.35 FU. The Tsurcana lambs, on the bottom position as fattening aptitudes, reached and average daily weight of 0.154±0.0142 kg over 91 days, reaching a slaughtering weight of 35.25±1.445 kg with a feed conversion ratio of 6.44FU.

The effects of different pre-mixtures in nutrition of sows and piglets

Abstract: In the last ten years we have been witnesses to import of numerous premixes produced by various producers and of different quality in regard to concentration of ingredients which are their main components. There is relatively few data on the effects of their nutritive value in pigs, so this research was carried out with objective to verify the effects of several different imported premixes and those produced according to domestic concept, in nutrition of sows, suckling piglets and weaned piglets. Research was performed on private farm in the vicinity of Sabac in Serbia. Obtained results showed that there was no significant difference in losses of body masses and food consumption in sows during lactation period. Nutrition of suckling piglets using mixture which contained adequate premix of domestic production improved the growth rate by 7.6%. Cost of food when domestic premixes were used in nutrition of sows and piglets was by 5.3% lower, and value of realized piglets by approx. 26.0% more favourable when domestic premixes were used in nutrition of sows and suckling piglets. Piglets in rearing were fed mixtures containing imported premixes showed no significantly important effect on gain, but had poorer feed conversion by 6.2% compared to animals fed diets containing domestic premix. Domestic premix in mixtures reduced the cost of mixtures by 3.4% and reduced the cost of gain of piglets in rearing by 9.9% compared to nutrition with diets containing imported premixes. In general, obtained results shoed that use of both types of compared premixes can be recommended, but it is more economically efficient to use domestic premixes in nutrition of sows and piglets.

ACUTE TOXICITY OF METAL CYANIDES TO INDIAN MAJOR CARP Labeo rohita (HAMILTON)

Abstract: Static renewal bioassay tests were carried out to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of metal cyanides to the Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The 96 hour LC50 value for the sodium cyanide, zinc cyanide and copper cyanide to the fish L. rohita were 0.32 mg/L 0.35 mg/L, and 1.1 mg/L respectively. Among the metal cyanide tested, sodium cyanide is found to be more toxic than the other cyanide complexes. In general behavioral responses of the fishes exposed to cyanide included uncontrolled swimming, erratic movements, loss of balance, moving spiral fashion with sudden jerky movements, vertical movements lying on the sides of the test chamber and rapid flapping of the opercular movements with opened mouth finally settles to the bottom

Occurrence and practical solvent possibility of gilts preinsemination anestrus

Abstract: Gilts reproductive efficiency is one of the primary factors of successful piglets' production. This performance, among other things, is expresses by the number of pregnant gilts, with desirable genetic traits, body weight and age, sexual maturity status, and general good health, provided for the replacement of sows in primary herd. This goal is very difficult to achieve in practical conditions. The main reason is occurrence of prolonged preinsemination anoestrus (oestrus was not detected even after 8 months of age). This paper review the occurrence of prolonged preinsemination anoestrus, based on the results of our and study of other authors. All studies consistently show that, in most of these gilts, pubertal cyclic ovarian activity were established, that silent oestrus occurred in only 4% of the cyclic gilts, and that this problem can be solved by applying appropriate technologies for oestrus detection, and by treatment with adequate hormonal preparations.

Genotypic response of two soybean varieties with reduced content of KTI to application of different nitrogen level

Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of different amounts of nitrogen on the grain yield and nutritive value in two soybean genotypes (Laura and Lana). Studied varieties belong to different maturity groups (Laura is in the group I, while Lana is in the group II) and they both have reduced content of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI). Four treatments of fertilization were tested: 0 kg N ha -1 , 30 kg N ha -1 , 60 kg N ha -1 and 90 kg N ha -1 . Field trials were carried out in dry land farming, at location Putinci, during the years 2008 and 2009. In both research years, variety Lana had higher grain yield and oil content then variety Laura. Method of nitrogen fertilization has been proved as an effective tool for increasing of grain yield and protein content in both varieties. The results of the study showed that application of 90 kg N ha -1 increased the grain yield and protein content of soybean more than application of other treatments (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha - 1 ). All nitrogen fertilization levels decreased the oil content.

The influence of replacing slow with rapid starch in growing rams' diets on the level of rumen microbial proteosynthesis.

Abstract: The objective of the study was to estimate the level of microbial proteosynthesis in sheep, following the replacement of a classical ingredient (corn) with a rapidly fermentable energy source (barley), when protein ingredient of the compound feed is highly degradable (rapeseed meal).The diets were tested on two groups of four Merinos rams each, weighing 50-55 kilos. Regular procedure for in vivo digestibility tests was used and urine was collected for determination of purine derivatives concentrations. The consumption of the two diets led to similar nutritional supplies: 1.26-1.29 MFU, 124-129 g IDPN, 112-118 g IDPE; the groups being distinguish only in terms of the dynamics of energy availability at the ruminal level. The amount of purine derivatives excreted in urine were 12.58 mmols/day in the corn group and 9.49 mmols/day in the barley group; consequently, the rumen microbial proteosynthesis was estimated at 43.11 g IDMP/day for the corn group and 31.3 g IDMP/day for the barley group (P=0,396). It is concluded that the effect of synchronizing the energy and protein dynamics in barley group was counteracted by the fact that energy and protein availability were limited to the first hours after administration of the compound feed, when the capacity of the ruminal microorganisms to grow was probably exceeded. In order to maximize their growth potential, it is necessary to extend the period of synchronized ruminal availability of energy and protein.

Farming of rabbit local breed as an alternative activity on small scale farms in Albania.

Abstract: Rabbit breeding on small scale family farms is carried on as an alternative production activity, in Albania. Extensive production system and breeding of local rabbit breed are most frequent. Albanian local rabbit can be classified in middle size breed group. It is a population with high morphological and biological variability, with variation in coat colour. Rabbit farming is a useful production activity on small scale family farms. Breeding 2-3 couples of reproducing rabbits could increase the gross annually income of family farm up to 22-28 percent.

The influence of chemical composition of milk on yield of semi-hard cheese

Abstract: The aim of paper was to examine the impact of the milk quality on yield of semi-hard naturally dried cheese, produced in cheese plant factory ZZ "Cijevna" in Podgorica. Tests were conducted on 6 samples of bulk milk of cows and 6 productive batch of cheese. Chemical tests of the bulk milk have been done on the device MilcoScan 4000, and the determination content dry matter of whey and dry matter of cheese on the device MilcoScan FT 120. Theoretical yield of cheese was determined in two ways: 1) based on the content of fat and protein content in milk and 2) based on dry matter content of milk, dry matter of whey and dry matter of cheese. Actual yield of cheese is determined on the base of the total amount of cheese obtained after pressing and the amount of wasted milk. The average value for the fat content in the examined milk amounted to 3.79%, protein 3.24%, 4.26% lactose and dry matter content without fat 8.24%. The average value for the theoretical cheese yield by first method was 10.65% and by second method 9,30%. The average of actual cheese yield amounted to 11.26%. We found a very high positive correlation between content of fat in milk and actual cheese yield (0.929032) and mean positive correlation between content of protein in milk and actual cheese yield (0.613141), content of lactose in milk and actual cheese yield (0.651317) and between dry matter content in milk and actual cheese yield (0.651956).

The effects of probiotics on campylobacter jejuni and salmonella spp. with respect to the meat and the organs of slaughtered chickens

Abstract: Our research deals with the effects of probiotics on Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. with respect to the meat and organs of slaughtered chickens. For the scope of our experiment, we used 250 one-day old chicks, divided into 5 groups. Initially, control chicken group was fed with feed not containing probiotics. Other groups were fed with feed containing different probiotics. Fattening-intended food was standardized for all groups. All chicken groups were exposed to the same ambient conditions. Following 42 days period of fattening, chickens were slaughtered. We took 30 samples of liver, intestine and swabs from perianal region for the needs of bacteriological examination. Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. were determined by selective media. On the basis of obtained results, we can say that the application of probiotics in chicken feed reduces considerably the onset of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. in meat and organs.