Showing papers in "Brain Research Reviews in 2009"

TL;DR: Central mechanisms of MAPKs, especially ERK, include regulating the activity of glutamate receptors and potassium channels and inducing gene transcription, which contribute to pain sensitization after tissue and nerve injury via distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms.

TL;DR: Analysis of the circuitry within the RVM reveals that the neural basis for bidirectional control from the midline system is two populations of neurons, ON-cells and OFF-cells, that are differentially recruited by higher structures important in fear, illness and psychological stress to enhance or inhibit pain.

TL;DR: Findings support the notion that mental training procedures can be applied as a therapeutic tool in rehabilitation and in applications for power training.

TL;DR: The accumulated evidence indicates that multiple events converge to mediate METH-induced terminal degeneration and neuronal apoptosis, and suggest that pharmacological strategies geared towards the prevention and treatment of the deleterious effects of this drug will need to attack the various pathways that form the substrates of METH toxicity.

TL;DR: Evidence presented in the current review showing the importance of IL-1beta in animal and human pain states, suggests that blockade ofIL-1 beta be considered as a therapeutic opportunity.

TL;DR: The present review summarizes the neuroprotective effects of calorie restriction, of the ketogenic diet and of ketone bodies, and compares their putative mechanisms of action.

TL;DR: A better understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of TLRs in the normal and diseased nervous system, may lead to novel approaches for preventing neuronal degeneration and promoting recovery of function in an array of neurodegenerative conditions.

TL;DR: The author reviews the recent findings on the role of the glutamatergic system in the neurobiology of MDD and in new potential therapeutic targets (NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, ceftriaxone, minocycline, N-acetyl-L-cysteine) for MDD.

TL;DR: Results of clinical studies in neuropathic pain patients suggest that neuroimaging may help determine mechanisms of altered brain functions in pain as well as monitor the effects of pharmacologic interventions to optimize treatment in individual patients.

TL;DR: Overall, some molecules demonstrated potential analgesia in certain conditions (postsurgical pain, postherpetic neuralgia, pain in diabetic neuropathy, osteoarthritis, bunionectomy, and Morton's neuroma), whereas others fell out of the clinic due to on-target liabilities or failed to demonstrate efficacy.

TL;DR: This work compares spontaneous and experience-dependent structural plasticity with lesion-induced (reactive) structural Plasticity that occurs during development and in the adult brain.

TL;DR: The importance of understanding the mechanisms in the differential regional pain syndromes after SCI in the chronic condition is proposed, and Targeting regional mechanisms will be of enormous benefit to the SCI population that suffer chronic pain, and will contribute to better treatment strategies for other chronic pain Syndromes.

TL;DR: Though clusterin can be viewed as a multipotent guardian of brain, it is unable to prevent the progressive neuropathology in chronic AD.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided for two emerging signaling pathways between injured sensory neurons and spinal microglia: chemotactic cytokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/CCR2 and cathepsin S/CX3CL1 (fractalkine)/C X3CR1 and the plasticity of these two chemokine systems at the level of the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord is discussed.

TL;DR: This review summarizes recent findings on peripheral mechanisms underlying the generation and inhibition of pain by focusing on events occurring in peripheral injured tissues that lead to the sensitization and excitation of primary afferent neurons, and on the modulation of such mechanisms.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that data of reinstatement with the CPP are to be viewed with caution until more extensive analysis of operant procedures has been performed, and that further research will undoubtedly improve the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of relapse to drug seeking.

TL;DR: This article constitutes a comprehensive review summarizing key findings on the organization and properties of this network that has been referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion.

TL;DR: The current state of knowledge in this area is summarized with particular attention to how such findings relate to endogenous mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia and potential applications for therapeutics based on modulation of intracellular Cl(-) gradients or pharmacological interventions targeting GABA(A) receptors.

TL;DR: A brief overview of recent advances in voltage gated calcium channels is provided, as presented at the Spring Pain Research conference (Grand Cayman, 2008).

TL;DR: Experimental findings indicate that early onset and extended housing in an environment with enhanced sensorimotor, cognitive, and social stimulations results in significant changes in brain biochemistry, synaptic connectivity, and neuronal function in enriched animals.

TL;DR: This review represents a concise summary of a number of modern approaches being undertaken to circumvent the psychotropic effects of cannabis use, with a particular emphasis upon CB(2) receptor agonists.

TL;DR: The reviewed studies suggest that chronic drug intake leads to an upregulation of the brain dynorphin system in the striatum and in particular in the dorsal part of the Striatum/caudate putamen, which might inhibit drug-induced dopamine release and provide protection against the neurotoxic effects of high dopamine levels.

TL;DR: In this review, the neurobiological characteristics of zinc will be discussed, including its distribution and the processes by which its homeostasis is regulated, and the substantial effects zinc may have on neuronal functioning will be examined.

TL;DR: A variety of potential plasma biomarkers for AD and MCI have been identified, however the findings need replication in longitudinal studies, and this area of research promises to yield interesting results in the near future.

TL;DR: The present review will focus on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors and GABA receptors in the modulation of pain perception.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that ketamine's effects are not restricted to pyramidal cells, but extend to GABAergic interneurons and the glia and other neurotransmitter systems are discussed, and increased extracellular glutamate levels following NMDA antagonist administration stand out as a well replicated finding.

TL;DR: This paper analyzes the relationship among the changes in hippocampal functions, abnormal behavior and pathophysiological changes in zinc deficiency, based on the data from experimental animals to understand the importance of zinc as a signaling factor.

TL;DR: The roles of TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and TRP ankyrin 1 ( TRPA1) in the activation of nociceptors by heat and cold environmental stimuli, mechanical force, and by chemicals including exogenous plant and environmental compounds as well as endogenous inflammatory molecules are highlighted.

TL;DR: Unravelling of the complex functions of HIF-1alpha may be important when designing neuroprotective therapies for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated the existence of paradigmatic, methodological and statistical defaults that interfere with assessing the presence or absence of sex/gender differences in fMRI research, especially with regard to language processing.