Showing papers in "Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America in 1979"
213 citations
TL;DR: In 1970, Nyle C. Brady, then Chairman of the Agricultural Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, convened a meeting in Washington, D.C. of a Task Force on the Role of Agricultural Scientific Societies as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In December 1970, Dr. Nyle C. Brady, then Chairman of the Agricultural Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, convened a meeting in Washington, D.C. of a Task Force on the Role of Agricultural Scientific Societies. Represented were: Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), American Society of Agronomy (ASA), American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA), Weed Science Society of America (WSSA), American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), Poultry Science Association (PSA), American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS), American Dairy Science Association (ADSA), American Society for Range Management (ASRM), and the Rural Sociological Society (RSS). The consensus was to pursue further “the idea of an independent association of the agricultural science societies,” thus a planning committee was appointed.
190 citations
TL;DR: As resistant cultivars become more widely used in pest management their compatibility with biological control agents will become an important consideration.
Abstract: Although the combined effectiveness of resistant cultivars and biological control has been studied in a few instances, the interactions between plant resistance and arthropod predators and parasites remain poorly known. Most investigations of plant resistance to insects have focused on the pest-plant interaction; however, as resistant cultivars become more widely used in pest management their compatibility with biological control agents will become an important consideration.
112 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of data obtained from this volume of data, viz., rate of establishment of natural enemies in classical biological control, is presented.
Abstract: Since ca. 1890, applied entomologists throughout the world have been introducing exotic natural enemies to obtain classical biological control. Recently, C. P. Clausen and coworkers prepared a summary of this phase of biological control (Clausen 1978) which treats the subject on a worldwide basis up to 1968. In the present paper, we present an analysis of data obtained from this volume, viz., rate of establishment of natural enemies in classical biological control.
110 citations
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48 citations
TL;DR: The coevolution of the Insecta with the plant kingdom provides an important area of investigation for both basic and applied research in entomology and the first fossil records of insect damaged leaves are found in the Permian.
Abstract: The coevolution of the Insecta with the plant kingdom provides an important area of investigation for both basic and applied research in entomology. The relatively enormous numbers of species involved, perhaps some 500,000 insects and 200,000 plants and the vast expanse of more than 300 million years of evolutionary time concerned, serve not only to provide virtually limitless examples of relationships for study but also have obscured many of the key interrelationships in the mists of time. According La Smart and Hughes (1973), the first land plants appeared about 420 M yr BP in the Devonian period and the first flowering plants occurred about 225 M yr BP in the Triassic. These were followed by the development of fruits in the Cretaceous little more than 100 M yr BP. This segment of evolutionary time was overlapped by the evolution of insects which emerged about 300 M yr BP in the Carboniferous and were well diversified into modern orders by the Permean 270 Myr BP (CSIRO 1970). The first fossil records of insect damaged leaves are found in the Permian about 270 M yr BP.
47 citations
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32 citations
TL;DR: Komarek et al. as mentioned in this paper used fire as a plausible tool for insect management and scattered reports of fire use against insects have continued to appear down to the present. But the attention of later insect managers was shifted away from fire by wildfire prevention campaigns and the emergence of insecticides.
Abstract: Fire rapidly releases heat of lethal intensity near its source. This property was well recognized and often utilized by applied entomologists in the late 1800sand early 1900s (Komarek 1971). The attention of later insect managers was shifted away from fire by wildfire prevention campaigns and the emergence of insecticides. Fire nevertheless remained a plausible tool, and scattered reports of fire use against insects have continued to appear down to the present.
31 citations
TL;DR: The Rhodesgrass mealybug (formerly known as Rhodesgrass scale), Antonina graminis (Maskell), became a major pest of various Texas forage and lawn grasses in the early 1940s and biological control approach appeared the most logical means for a solution to the problem.
Abstract: The Rhodesgrass mealybug (formerly known as Rhodesgrass scale), Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Fig. 1), became a major pest of various Texas forage and lawn grasses in the early 1940s. The mealybug was described by Maskell in 1897 from specimens collected at Hong Kong, China. This insect was first identified from the United States in 1942 by Harold Morrison from specimens collected from rhodesgrass, Chloris gayana Kunth, by Nick Diaz, King Ranch Agronomist, Kingsville, TX. Many susceptible forage grasses were found to persist only 2–4 yr. Infested lawn grasses required more fertilizer and water, and less clipping was suggested. Pesticidal control was prohibitive since the mealybug generally was located beneath leaf sheaths and was difficult to reach with pesticides. Total coverage with an organophosphate pesticide was necessary for adequate control but cost was usually unjustified. The biological control approach appeared the most logical means for a solution to the problem.
TL;DR: The onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), is believed to have originated in the palearctic region and it is now a serious pest in many onion-growing areas of the United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of Asia.
Abstract: The onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), is believed to have originated in the palearctic region. It had spread to North America by the middle of the 19th century and it is now a serious pest in many onion-growing areas of the United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of Asia. Scott (1969) provided a general bibliography of this pest since its original description in 1826. The importance of the onion maggot increased rapidly when it developed resistance to organochlorine insecticides in the late 1950's and early 1960's. These compounds have been phased out almost completely and they have been replaced by 2 less-persistent groups of compounds, the organophosphorus insecticides and the carbamates. The lack of persistence enables mid- and late-season maggots to damage the crops. In addition, the pest has already developed low but significant levels of resistance to several currently recommended compounds (Harris and Svec 1976).
TL;DR: Multilure, the aggregation attractant for the smaller European elm bark beetle, Seolytus mullistriatus (Marsham), is being used to bait traps for bark beetle surveys and bark beetle suppression studies.
Abstract: Multilure, the aggregation attractant for the smaller European elm bark beetle, Seolytus mullistriatus (Marsham), is being used to bait traps for bark beetle surveys and bark beetle suppression studies (Arciero 1979, Birch 1979, Cuthbert and Peacock 1979, Lanier 1979, Lanier et al. 1976).
TL;DR: The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), has become an increasingly important pest of cotton and other crops as the range of the species and its resistance to pesticides have increased.
Abstract: The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), has become an increasingly important pest of cotton and other crops as the range of the species and its resistance to pesticides have increased. These facts plus public concern for pollution of the environment and the need of farmers for methods of monitoring populations of the budworm so controls can be applied at the proper time have increased the need for information concerning the efficiencies of insect traps and attractive baits associated with the use of traps.
TL;DR: Results are presented that shows multilure to be a very potent attractant and indicates that its use for mass-trapping can contribute to the control of Dutch elm disease (DED).
Abstract: Since 1975 we have been testing the concept of protecting groves of elms with pheromone-baited traps that attract beetles and interrupt their immigration to healthy elms. Here I will present a summary of results that shows multilure (Pearce et al. 1975) to be a very potent attractant and indicates that its use for mass-trapping can contribute to the control of Dutch elm disease (DED). This procedure differs from, but is not in conflict with, the prophylactic protection of individual elm trees by insecticides and fungicides.
TL;DR: Probit analysis is a conventional technique for evaluating a quantal response to a stimulus and has been applied to other kinds of investigations.
Abstract: Probit analysis is a conventional technique for evaluating a quantal response to a stimulus (Finney 1971). Data amenable to this analytical method include the results of bioassays of drugs, insecticides, and fungicides. With suitable generalization, probit analysis has been applied to other kinds of investigations (Press 1972).
TL;DR: A serious problem in Dutch elm disease control is posed by flights of bark beetles arising from the infection of lingering populations of wild elms surrounding urban ‘control’ areas and the idea of killing the trees cheaply and in a way that renders them unsuitable for beetle breeding becomes attractive.
Abstract: A serious problem in Dutch elm disease control is posed by flights of bark beetles arising from the infection of lingering populations of wild elms surrounding urban ‘control’ areas. It is seldom economic to attempt beetle or disease control in these peripheral stands and in most cases proper sanitation procedures are out of the question. Consequently, where esthetics and safety are not important considerations, the idea of killing the trees cheaply and in a way that renders them unsuitable for beetle breeding becomes attractive.
TL;DR: In the United States, the so-called sugarcane rootstalk borer weevil, is at present found only in the state of Florida, infesting citrus andother host plants in Orange, Seminole, and Broward Co.
Abstract: In the United States, the so-called sugarcane rootstalk borer weevil. Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.), is at present found only in the state of Florida, infesting citrus andother host plants in Orange, Seminole, and Broward Co. It was first discovered near Apopka (Orange Co.) in a citrus nursery in 1964 (Woodruff 1964). Since then it has been interrepted numerous times on plant material moving from Puerto Rico to Florida. By 1968, a quarantine area of 2600 ha had been established in Orange Co. This area has been extended 3X, and by 1975 encompassed 13,000 ha in Orange and Seminole Co. In addition, foliage and ornamental nurseries in Broward Co. have been found to be infested with weevils.
TL;DR: It is useful to divide the life cycles of insects into 4 main phases: reproduction, growth and development, dormancy, and (to a greater or lesser degree) movement and migration, which sets the stage for appropriately timing the active stages that follow.
Abstract: It is useful to divide the life cycles of insects into 4 main phases: reproduction, growth and development, dormancy, and (to a greater or lesser degree) movement and migration. Each of these episodes must be synchronized to specific biotic and abiotic requisites that vary with the season. For most insects, diapause is the primary factor that synchronizes the annual rhythm of their life history phases with appropriate seasonal conditions (see Tauber et al. 1979). Diapause is a genetically determined and environmentally controlled state during which development is suppressed, metabolic activity is lowered, resistance to environmental extremes is increased, and behavioral activity is altered or reduced. One of the main functions of diapause is to initiate dormancy at the suitable time; subsequently the end of diapause sets the stage for appropriately timing the active stages that follow.
TL;DR: The State of California is funding research to develop methods for suppressing the fungus and vector, should the disease become more widely established in California, in the future, and one of these methods is a trapping system using pheromone-baited traps to remove large numbers of the smaller European elm bark beetle.
Abstract: Dutch elm disease was first discovered in California in 1975 and the State of California has since been involved in a program to eliminate all sources of infection from the counties where the disease has been located (Arciero 1979). However, the State is also funding research to develop methods for suppressing the fungus and vector, should the disease become more widely established in California, in the future. One of these methods is a trapping system using pheromone-baited traps to remove large numbers of the smaller European elm bark beetle. Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), from cities such as Sacramento, which have large numbers of valuable elms.
TL;DR: Since 1974, when the aggregation attractant of the smaller European elm bark beetle was first synthesized, techniques for using the attractant to manipulate beetle populations have been trying to develop techniques to suppress beetle populations.
Abstract: Since 1974, when the aggregation attractant of the smaller European elm bark beetle was first synthesized (Pearce et al. 1975). we have been trying to develop techniques for using the attractant to manipulate beetle populations. Tests have been conducted in several locations, each with a different beetle-disease-tree interaction. For example, tests were conducted to prevent the beetles—which vector the Dutch elm disease fungus (DED)—from migrating into small groves of elms that have no significant indigenous beetle populations (Lanier et al. 1976; Lanier 1979). Other tests were designed to suppress beetle populations in small isolated towns that are free of DED (Birch et al. 1977; Birch 1979). And tests were conducted to suppress beetle populations in relatively large elm plantings where both the disease and beetles have been established for several years (Cuthbert et al. 1977).
TL;DR: During the past 200 years the elm has been one of the most important trees in the landscape of Southern Britain where, in particular, the English elm have been of major importance as a hedgerow tree in rural environments.
Abstract: During the past 200 years the elm has been one of the most important trees in the landscape of Southern Britain where, in particular, the English elm ( Ulmus procera Salisbury) has been of major importance as a hedgerow tree in rural environments.
TL;DR: Many species of the hemipteran family Anthocoridae are known in the United States, but 2 emerge as the most abundant and economically important, in the genus Orius, have wide distribution.
Abstract: Many species of the hemipteran family Anthocoridae are known in the United States, but 2 emerge as the most abundant and economically important. These species, in the genus Orius, have wide distribution. O. tristicolor occurs transcontinentally in North America (Kelton 1963), and its distribution extends into Central and South America (Herring 1966). O. insidiosus is more common in the eastern U.S., but occurs southward from Utah and southern California into Mexico, Central and South America (Herring 1966).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Although the combined effectiveness of resistant cultivars and biological control has been studied in a few instances, the interactions between plant resistance and arthropod predators and parasites remain poorly known as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Although the combined effectiveness of resistant cultivars and biological control has been studied in a few instances, the interactions between plant resistance and arthropod predators and parasites remain poorly known. Most investigations of plant resistance to insects have focused on the pest-plant interaction; however, as resistant cultivars become more widely used in pest management their compatibility with biological control agents will become an important consideration.
TL;DR: The purpose of this communication is to point out some of the special meanings given by epidemiologists to terms that are commonly used in different senses by ordinary people such as entomologists, in the hope that communication betweenEntomologists and epidemiologist will be facilitated.
Abstract: The science of epidemiology had a modest beginning in the collection of data on the occurrence of epidemic disease. The “father” of epidemiology, William Farr, was a statistician to the 1st Registrar General of England and Wales ca. 1837. He studied the frequency of deaths ascribed to epidemic diseases such as smallpox in certain intervals of time, and attempted to rationalize epidemic curves so that they could be used for predictive purposes. The methods utilized by Farr and later workers have now been extended to disease in general so that epidemiology is no longer the science of epidemic disease. It now embraces the study of the occurrence of disease in populations, both infectious and non-infectious disease, both epidemic and non-epidemic disease. As epidemiological methods have been created, modified, and codified, the science has developed its own distinctive terminology which frequently utilizes familiar terms but defines them in more or less unusual ways. The purpose of this communication is to point out some of the special meanings given by epidemiologists to terms that are commonly used in different senses by ordinary people such as entomologists. This is done in the hope that communication between entomologists and epidemiologists will be facilitated.
TL;DR: Grower-oriented, pest management information may be divided into 2 general classes: (1) regional advisory recommendations, formulation of which requires specialized knowledge or facilities located only at a few central sites; and (2) farm-specific recommendations, which may modify the regional advisories.
Abstract: Grower-oriented, pest management information may be divided into 2 general classes: (1) regional advisory recommendations, formulation of which requires specialized knowledge or facilities located only at a few central sites; and (2) farm-specific recommendations, which may modify the regional advisories. For example, Poston et al. (1978) developed a model for optimizing insecticide-application dates for the southwestern corn borer, Diatrea grandiosella Dyar on a country-by-country (i.e., regional) basis. It is probable, however, that all fields in a country might not possess economic infestations. Thus, the final decision to spray on the optimal date must be made at the individual farm level. Achieving this degree of resolution exceeds the capabilities of purely centralized pest-management systems (Croft et al. 1978).