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Showing papers in "Canadian Geographer in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated important geometric features of spatial data and obtained answers to three questions, including whether the eigenvectors associated with the three largest eigenvalues of a binary geographic weights matrix have natural interpretations.
Abstract: Gaining a better understanding of spatial data and a deeper meaning of spatial statistical results gleaned from geo-referenced data requires a more complete knowledge of properties of the underlying geometry. This paperaddresses these two topics by further investigating important geometric features of spatial data. The importance of this work is expressed in the geographic information system literature regarding representations of geographic space, as well as various geographic literatures concerned with spatial statistical modelling. Answers to three questions are obtained here. One asks whether or not those eigenvectors associated with the three largest eigenvalues of a binary geographic weights matrix have natural interpretations. A second question asks whether or not the eigenvalues of a geographic weights matrix prove useful in understanding the sampling distribution for spatial autocorrelation in a given geographic landscape. A third question addresses the issue of spatial autocorrelation components of geo-refer-enced phenomena. The analysis summarized in this paper documents responses to these three questions. Empirical evidence is gleaned from both Canadian urban census tract data and the square tessellations of remotely sensed data. Afin ?obtenir une meilleure comprehension de donnees spatiales et un sens plus approfondi de resultats statistiques spatiaux decoulant de donnees spatialisees, il faut une connaissance plus complete des proprietes de la geometrie sous-jacente. La presente etude porte sur ces deux sujets en etudiant plus avant des caracteristiques geometriques importantes des donnees spatiales. La pertinence de ce travail est confirmee par la litterature sur les systemes ?information geographique concernant des representations de ľespace geographique, ainsi que par divers courants de la litterature gegraphique portant sur la modelisation statistique spatiale. Des reponses A donneratrois questions ont pu etre obtenues dans ce travail. Tout ?abord ľon se demande si les vecteurs propres associe's aux trois plus grandes valeurs propres ?une matrice gegraphique binaire de ponderation ont des interpretations naturelles. Une deuxieme question portant sur les valeurs propres ?une matrice geographique de ponderation concerne leur utilitye pour la comprehension de la distribution ?echantillonnage de ľauto-correlation spatiale sur un paysage gegraphique donnees Une troisieme question concerne le probleme de la composition de ľautocorrelation spatiale presente dans des donnees spatialisees. L ‘analyse resumee dans la presente etude comporte des elements de reponseaG ces trios questions. Une demonstration empirique est faite a partir de donnees du recensement urbain canadien aľechelle des secteurs, et a partir de la mosaique carree habituelle de donnees satellitaires. Mots-cles: Fonctions propres, Geometrie, donnees spatialisees, autocorrelation spatiale, statistique spatiale, partition de surfaces

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an empirical analysis of 220 resource-dependent communities across six resource sectors, focusing specifically on their labour-market characteristics and the relationship between resource dependence and spatial isolation.
Abstract: Our impressions of Canadian resource-dependent communities are often still influenced by the classic works of Innis, Robinson, Lucas, Siemens, and others. Although this research has proven to be valuable, it has also established several generalizations regarding these settings, including the perceptions that community labour forces and economic structures are relatively homogenous, that nonresource sectors play an insignificant role in the communities, and that these communities are found primarily in isolated northern regions. These generalizations are now beginning to be questioned, given the rapid economic and social changes taking place in these communities and the recent theoretical and empirical contributions of geographers and other social scientists. This paper summarizes this classic research, then challenges these generalizations by discussing recent applications of the concepts of economic restructuring and labour-market segmentation theory to the context of resource-dependent communities. To further illustrate these characteristics, the paper then presents an empirical analysis of 220 Canadian resource-dependent communities across six resource sectors, focusing specifically on their labour-market characteristics and the relationship between resource dependence and spatial isolation. Nos impressions des communautes mono-industrielles canadiennes specialisees dans la production des ressources sont souvent encore influencees, entre autres, par les etudes classiques de Innis, Robinson, Lucas, et Siemens. Bien que cette recherche ait prouve sa valeur, elle a aussi servi aetablir plusieurs generalisations concernant ces milieux, incluant les notions que la main d'oeuvre et les structures economiques de ces communautes sont relativement homogenes, que les secteurs non-relies a l'exploration des ressources n'y jouent qu'un role peu significatif, et que ces communautes se retrouventsurtout dans les regions isolees du nord. Ces generalisations sont maintenant soumises a une remise en question, compte tenu des changements economiques et sociaux rapides dont ces communautes font l'objet et des recentes contributions theoriques et empiriques de geographes et d'autres chercheurs en sciences sociales. Cet article resume cette recherche classique et conteste ces generalisations en commentant les recentes applications du concept de restructuration economique etde la theorie de la segmentation du marche d'emploi associes au contexte des communautes dependentes de l'extraction de ressources. Afin d'illustrer ces caracteristiques, l'article presente une analyse empirique portant sur 220 communautes canadiennes et sur six secteurs de ressources, etse concentre plus specifiquement sur les caracteristiques de leur marche de la main-d'oeuvre et sur les liens existant entre la condition de dependance a une ressource et l'isolation spatiale.

175 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, seven major themes are outlined in the formation of music geography: I - origins (non-geographical), II - world distribution and types, III - location analysis, IV-source areas of musical activities, V - trends based on electricity, VI - impact of music on landscapes, and VII - global music.
Abstract: Music geography first emerged as a subfield of cultural geography c. 1970, During the past 25 years, a significant body of research has been published in scholarly journals, books, and reference works. Seven major themes are outlined in the formation of music geography: I - origins (non-‘geographical’); II - world distribution and types; III - location analysis; IV-source areas of musical activities; V - trends based on electricity; VI - impact of music on landscapes; and VII - global music. A view is offered of how an eighth theme (technological innovations) might develop on the basis of recent observations. La geographiede la musique est apparueau debut comme un sous-domaine de la geographie de la culture aux alentours de 1970. Au cours des vingt-cinq dernieres annees, un grand nombre de travaux sur ce sujet a ete publie dans des revues scientifiques, des livres et des ouvrages de reference. On peut cerner sept themes principauxdans la formation de la geographie de la musique: 1. les origines (non ‘geographiques’); 2. la repartition mondiale et les genres; 3. /‘analyse de /‘emplacement; 4. les sources regionales des activites musicales; 5. les tendances fondees sur l'electricite; 6. l'impact de la musique sur les paysages; 7. la musique globale. A partir de recentes observations, on propose une perspective sur l'elaboration eventuelle d'un huitieme theme, a savoir les innovations technologiques. Mots-cles:geographie de la musique, geographie de la culture, sources regionales, paysage sonore, musique globale.

71 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The location and type of Japanese property investments in Canada are examined as a case study of the increasing globalization of property markets and the remarkable rise of Japanese international investors in the late 1980s as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The location and type of Japanese property investments in Canada are examined as a case study of the increasing globalization of property markets and the remarkable rise of Japanese international investors in the late 1980s. Unpublished official statistics and company interviews indicate investment patterns had uneven implications for Canada's cities and regions. Even though Toronto is often seen as Canada's world city, Japanese investors as a whole overlooked the commercial potential of its property markets. The majority of their real estate investments took advantage of Japanese tourism growth in Pacific Canada and were associated with hotels and golf courses in Vancouver and its surrounding region. The author stresses the importance of Japanese perceptions, as well as local opportunities and constraints, in shaping the geography of Japanese real estate investment in Canada. L'emplacement et le type des investissements japonais au Canada sont examines comme etude de cas sur la globalisation croissante des marches de biens et la mon-tee remarquable des actionnaires internationaux japonais a la fin des annees 80. Les statistiques officielles non-publiees montrent des implications inegales dans les villes et les regions du Canada. Bien que Toronto soit considere souvent comme la ville mondiale du Canada, les actionnaires japonais dans ľensemble ont neglige son potentiel commercial. La majorite des investissements sur les biens immobiliers ont pris avantage de la croissance du tourisme japonais au Canada Pacifique, et fut liee aux hotels et terrains de golf a Vancouver et dans les environs de la ville. ľauteur souligne ľimportance des perceptions japonaises, aussi bien que les occasions et contraintes locales, en faconnant la geographie de leur investissement de biens au Canada. Mots-cles: investissement de biens au Canada; actionnaires japonais; investissements immobiliers

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Fred Dahms1
TL;DR: The distribution of the elderly, rural non-farmers and migrants in Census Subdivisions around the south shore of Georgian Bay in 1991 was analyzed by Statistics Canada as mentioned in this paper, showing that over 90 percent of those 60 and over are in the rural nonfarm category.
Abstract: Custom Statistics Canada tabulations were used to analyse the distribution of the elderly, rural nonfarmers and migrants in Census Subdivisions around the south shore of Georgian Bay in 1991. The proportion of persons 60 and over in this area is well above the provincial average. In manycsDs, over 90 percent of those 60 and over are in the rural nonfarm category. Townships on the Bruce Peninsula were particularly attractive to elderly nonfarm migrants, while Wasaga Beach was an important destination for the elderly. Forallareas, the Colden Horseshoe around the western end of Lake Ontario was the largest source of elderly migrants from 1986 to 1991. Des totalisations speciales de Statistiques Canada ont ete utilisees pour analyser la distribution des migrants, des personnes âgees, et des non-fermiers vivant sur les bords de la Baie Georgienne en 1991. La proportion de gens âges de 60 ans et plus est bien au dessus de la moyenne provinciale. Dans plusieurs subdivisions de recensement, plus de 90% de gens aCges de 60 ans et plus appartiennent a la categorie rurale non agricole. Les cantons de la Peninsule de Bruce ont particulierement attire les migrants âges de secteurs non agricoles. d'autre part Wasaga Beach etait une destination importante pour les personnes âgees. La region du ‘Golden Horseshoe’, a l'extremite ouest du Lac Ontario, a ete celle qui a fourni le plus de migrants âges de 1986 a 1991.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, mobility decisions of elderly movers are assessed, and compared with a control group of "stayers" in rural areas, where the location of infrastructure and services can prove less flexible and decision making can be more difficult.
Abstract: Elderly mobility patterns often constitute a greater challenge in rural areas, where the location of infrastructure and services can prove less flexible and decision making can be more difficult. In this paper, mobility decisions of elderly movers are assessed, and compared with a control group of ‘stayers’. These groups appear to act to some extent as different populations. Nonmovers are apprehensive about the future, while many movers see positive outcomes resulting from their relocation. Service and support policies are discussed. If rural-dwelling seniors are not to be ‘forced’ or ‘imposed upon’ to move, then policies must be enacted that build more creative support systems. Les types de migration des personnes agees presentent souvent un plus grand defi dans les milieux ruraux, ouľemplacement de ľinfrastructure et des services peut etre moins flexible et ou la prise de decisions peut etre plus difficile. Dans cette etude on evalue les decisions des vieux de se deplacer en comparaison a vec un groupe de controle qui est reste sur place. II semble que ces deux groupes agissent dans une certaine mesure comme deux populations differentes. Ceux qui restent s'inquietent de ľavenir, tandis que plusieurs de ceux qui se deplacent prevoient des resultats positifs de leurs migrations. On discute les politiques de service et de soutien. Pour eviter les migrations ‘forcees' ou ‘obligatoires' des personnes agees dans les milieux ruraux, il faut promulguer des politiques qui produiront des systemes de soutien plus createurs. Mots-cles: vieillissement, personnes agees, rural, mo-bilite, migration

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that firms develop different types of flexibility with respect to production, technology, and employment in sometimes novel ways that do not correspond to ideal types, and demonstrate the internal differentiation of flexibly specialized regions.
Abstract: In this paper, we articulate the relationships between strategies of flexible specialization, uncertainty, and the firm in order to emphasize the internal differentiation of flexibly specialized regions. Conceptually, the paper argues that this variability is an implication of uncertainty which has been neglected in the literature. In particular, in response to uncertainty, firms develop different types of flexibility with respect to production, technology, and employment in sometimes novel ways that do not correspond to ideal types. Empirically, the argument is demonstrated through a detailed examination of several case study firms operating in the wood remanufacturing industry of the Vancouver metropolitan area, British Columbia. Ceffe etude montre comment s'amculent les relations entre les strategies de specialisation flexible, les incertitudes du marche et la firme afin de souligner les differenciations a l'interieur des regions a specialisation flexible. De facon conceptuelle, on discutera ici du fait que la variabilite decoule de l'incertitude du marche, point sur lequel on n'a pas beaucoup ecrit. Notamment, pour repondre a l'incertitude, les firmes developpent des types differents de flexibilitye portant sur la production, la technologie et la main-d'oeuvre par des moyens quelquefois innovateurs qui ne correspondent pas a des criteres ideals. La demonstration est faite, de facon empirique, par un examen detaille de plusieurs cas de compagnies de I'industrie manufacturiere du bois d'oeuvre de la region du Vancouver metropolitain, en Colombie-Britan-nique. Mots-cles: Specialisation flexible, incertitudes du marche, industrie manufacturiere du bois, strategic de I'entreprise, Vancouver.

25 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was undertaken to assess the possible implications of global climatic warming on water-based recreation activities of Nahanni National Park Reserve (nnpr), and two complementary management strategies, ecological and visitor monitoring, were proposed to respond to uncertainties associated with environmental change.
Abstract: Prospects of global climatic change may present challenging physical, biological and managerial problems for Canadian national parks. A study was undertaken to assess the possible implications of climatic warming on water-based recreation activities of Nahanni National Park Reserve (nnpr). Significant increases in mean annual temperature and moderate increases in precipitation totals are expected for the park under a doubling of co2. Under such conditions, hydrological changes would have little effect on the execution of river recreation, whereas forest fire and ecological changes would likely ha ve significant impacts on the experience of river recreation. Two complementary management strategies, ecological and visitor monitoring, are proposed to respond to uncertainties associated with environmental change. Le changement global du climat peut poser de nou veaux problemes d'ordre physique, biologique et dans l'amenagement des Pares Nationaux Canadiens. Une etude a ete entreprise pour etudier les impacts possibles du rechauffement global sur la recreation aquatique dans la reserve nationale Nahanni (nnpr). Une augmentation significative de la temperature moyenne est accompagnee d'une legere augmentation de la precipitation comme nous l'esperions en cas de doublement de CO2. if y aura peu d' effets sur l'utilisation des rivieres a des fins recreatives. Les feux de forets ainsi que le changement ecologique auront des impacts plus significatifs. Deux strategies d'amenagement, l'une ecologique et l'autre au niveau des visiteurs, sont proposees pour repondre au changement environnemental dans le Pare.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of more than 17,000 examples of Canadian FDI (at various points in time) has been retrieved and analyzed, and it was determined that market, trade (with Canada), labour, and crime conditions were critical place-specific criteria that affected the spatial decisions of Canadian direct investors.
Abstract: Foreign direct investment (fdi) research on Canada has historically been centred on incoming rather than outgoing controlling capital. Yet the activities of Canada-based multinational enterprises (mne) have fostered an impressive outflow of direct investment abroad. To appreciate the importance of Canada's mne, one must understand the spatial and functional characteristics of Canadian parent companies and their foreign direct investments. To realize this goal, a sample of more than 17 000 examples of Canadian fdi (at various points in time) has been retrieved and analyzed. Spatially, the favourite target of Canadian outward fdi has been the United States and then the United Kingdom, but significant agglomerations of Canadian controlling capital can be found in many parts of the world (particularly in Western Europe, the Caribbean region, Australia, and Brazil, and in various Asian destinations). The locations of Canadian parent companies have been heavily biased toward the largest metropolitan cities. Additionally, multinational enterprises headquartered in Toronto and Montreal control (by far) the most foreign subsidiaries. In general, manufacturing, financial, and mining activities have constituted the most important endeavours of Canadian multinationals abroad. This pattern of functional emphasis, however, does vary with each specific location. Through a stepwise regression procedure, it was determined that market, trade (with Canada), labour, and crime conditions were critical place-specific criteria that affected the spatial decisions of Canadian direct investors. Par le passe, la recherche sur les investissements directs a I‘etranger (ide) du Canada a ete axee sur les entrees de capital de controle plutot que sur les sorties. Pourtant, les actives d'entreprises multinationales basees au Canada ont engendre“un flot impressionnant d'investissements directs a l’etranger. Pour appecier l'importance des entreprises multinationales du Canada, on doit comprendre les caracteristiques geographiques et fonctionnelles des compagnies meres canadiennes, et leurs investissements directs a l'etranger. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un echantillon de plus de 17 000 exemples de ide canadiens (a differents moments) a ete choisi et analyse. Geographiquement, la cible favorite des ide canadiens vers l'exterieur a ete les Etats-Unis, puis le Royaume-Uni, mais on retrouve d'importantes concentrations de capital de controle canadien en plusieurs autres parties du monde (surtout en Europe occidentale, dans la region des Caraibes, en Australie, au Bresil etdans diverses destinations asiatiques). Pour le choix de la localisation de leurs sieges sociaux, les compagnies meres canadiennes ont nettement favorise les plus grandes metropoles. De plus, ce sont les entreprises multinationales dont les sieges sociaux sont a Toronto et a Montreal qui gerent la plupart (et de loin) des filiates etrangeres. En general, les activites manufacturieres, financieres et minieres ont const'itue“la plus importante part des projets des multinationales canadiennes a l‘etranger. Cette tendance varie cependant selon les endroits. Par un modele de regression, il a eteetabli que les conditions de marche, de commerce (avec le Canada), de travail et de criminaliteetaient des criteres decisifs qui affectaient les choix geographiques des investisseurs canadiens. Mots-cles: investissements directs a I'etranger, entreprises multinationales du Canada

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, the authors examined the relationship between domestic and foreign-owned companies in Canada by investigating the performance of its indigenous and foreign owned inventive companies at the national, subnational, and urban levels.
Abstract: Inventing is an important prerequisite for industrial economies to remain technologically competitive. Yet it is not well known how inventive companies of domestic or foreign ownership can affect a nation's technological base and, ultimately, its spatial-economic system. The present study examines this relationship in Canada by investigating the performance of its indigenous and foreign-owned inventive companies at the national, subnational, and urban levels. The results indicate that: (1) Canada's indigenous inventive companies are distinct from their foreign-owned counterparts in that they are generally smaller, are more apt to have teams of inventors, are more likely to develop product inventions, have come to manage a greater share of this nation's inventions, and are increasing their role in key Canadian industries; and (2) geographically, Canada's two largest cities and its core region were adversely affected by the declining inventiveness of American-controlled companies during the 1980s. L'esprit ?invention est une necessite pour que les economies industrielles restent en conditions de concurrence technologique. Cependant, on connait tres peu de la maniere que les entreprises inventives de propriete domestique ou etrangere affectent la base technologique ?un pays et, enfin, affectent son systeme spatio-econo-mique. La presente etude considere ces rapports au Canada au niveau national, sous-national et local, en exminant les performances des entreprises inventives indigenes et etrangeres. Les resultats indiquent (1) qu'au Canada les entreprises indigenes et inventives different de leurs analogues etrangers: en general elles sont plus petites, ont plus tendance a consister en equipes ?inven-teurs, sont plus susceptibles de developper les inventions produites, produisent une plus grande part des inventions canadiennes, et sont en train ?augmenter leur role dans les industries canadiennes; et (2) que le declin de ľesprit ?invention dans les entreprises dirigees par les americains a affecte defavorablement les deux villes les plus grandes au Canada, ainsi que la partie centrale du pays, pendant les annees 1980. Mots-cles: invention, Canada, proprieteetrangere, technologie, produit

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology for the removal of spurious correlation coefficients between variables that are in a functional relationship with one another is presented. But it is not shown that spurious correlation contributes practically nothing to the understanding of the phenomenon under investigation and a systematic method for its removal is desirable.
Abstract: In human and physical geography, researchers routinely calculate correlation coefficients between variables that are in a functional relationship with one another. At least part of the correlation between such variables is due to the functional relationship and is termed spurious correlation. Such correlation contributes practically nothing to the understanding of the phenomenon under investigation and a systematic method for its removal is desirable. This paper provides such a methodology for cases such as (A - B) and B, for any random variables A and B. The discussion is also extended to the linear regression model when the dependent variable is in a functional relationship with one or more of the independent variables. In this case, it is demonstrated that spurious correlation does not affect the parameter estimates or their standard errors. It could, however, distort the coefficient of determination substantially, giving the false impression with regards to the model's overall goodness-of-fit. In both correlation and regression, formulae for the calculation of spurious correlation are derived. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the formulae in practice. En geographie humaine et physique les chercheurs calculent souvent les coefficients de correlation entre les variables qui sont dans une relation fonctionnelle. Au moins une partie de la correlation entre de tels variables est le resultat de la relation fonctionnale qui s'appelle correlation apocryphe. De telles correlations ne contribuent pratiquement pas a la comprehension du phenomene etudie. On cherche done a“eliminer cette correlation, et nous offrons ici une methode pour l‘eliminer dans des cas tels que (A - B) et B, pour n'importe quel variable A et B. La discussion s'etend aussi au modele de regression lineaire quand la variable dependante est dans une relation fonctionnale avec un ou plus des variables independants. Dans ce cas, on a demontre que la correlation apocryphe n'influe pas sur l'estimation des parametres ou leurs erreurs-types. Elle peut, neanmoins, fausser dans une grande mesure le coefficient de determination, ce qui donne une fausse impression quant a l'adequation du modele. Dans les deux correlations et dans la regression, les formules pour le calcul des correlations apocryphe sont derivees. Nous avons indue des exemples pour demontrer l'application des formules en pratique.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that this policy has embraced a territorial component for selected domains - education, the judiciary, and government services - a fact that has helped to minimize backlash from the majority and aided the processes of extending language rights from the local level to the entire province.
Abstract: Franco-Ontarian language rights have been granted through a policy of gradualism over the past 25 years. It will be argued that this policy has embraced a territorial component for selected domains - education, the judiciary, and government services - a fact that has helped to minimize backlash from the majority and aided the processes of extending language rights from the local level to the entire province. This has been accomplished in education and the judiciary and appears to be in progress for government services. It is through an analysis of territoriality that the significance of these processes to substate nationalism is revealed. Durant les 25 dernieres annees, les Franco-Ontariens ont ete soumis a une politique d'apres laquelle ils ont obtenu peu a peu leurs droits linguistiques. Cette politique, qui touche a l'education, aux tribunaux et aux services gouvernementaux, a une composante spatiale qui a aidea minimiser les reactions de la majorite, tout en etendant les droits linguistiques du niveau local a la province entiere. Les droits linguistiques ont ete obtenus dans les domaines de lEducation et des tribunaux, et il parait que les memes droits seront acquis dans la domaine des services gouvernementaux. C'est par le biais d'une analyse territoriale, que se revele la signification de ces processus, au niveau provincial.


Journal Article
TL;DR: An analysis of hotels at the London INTERCHANGE OF HIGHWAY 401 (LIMITED ACCESS ROUTE from WINDSOR TO QUEBEC BORDER) can be found in this paper.
Abstract: ANALYSIS OF HOTELS AT LONDON INTERCHANGE OF HIGHWAY 401 (LIMITED ACCESS ROUTE FROM WINDSOR TO QUEBEC BORDER).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that close to 48 % of the Hull-Gatineau region presents risks of landslides, 18 % of which present high risk, 19% moderate risk, and 16 % low risk.
Abstract: La region de Hull-Catineau est en grande partie situee sur des depots ?« argile » marine tres sensibles. Une cartographie regionale des zones a risque de glissement de terrain y est done necessaire pour la planification de ľamenagement du territoire. Plusieurs methodes ont ete proposees, mais elles ne sontpas adequates parce qu'el-les sont trop laborieuses ou trop couteuses au plan des travaux sur le terrain pour une application aľechelle regionale et qu'elles ne tiennent pas compte de margesde securite. La methode propos`Ae ici est applicable sans travaux sur le terrain car on utilise uniquement des don-n`Aes multisources existantes traitees dans un systeme ?information geographique (sic). Cinq facteurs princi-paux, qui peuvent se combiner pour creer des situations de risque de glissement de terrain, ont ete retenus et ponderes ?apres leur importance. Ces facteurs sont les depots meubles sensibles (« argile »), la pente de surface (incluant les ruptures de pente), la pente du substratum rocheux, ľhydrographie et la presence de zones urbai-nes. La superposition de ces facteurs permet ľaddition des poids de chacun des facteurs qui se chevauchent, delimitant des zones a risques eleve, moyen et faible. Les resultats montrent que pres de 48 % de la region de Hull-Gatineau comporte des risques de glissement de terrain, dont 18%a risque eleve, 19%a risque moyen et 16 %a risque faible. Malgreľutilisation de marges de securitA, dans toutes ces zones, des precautions doivent etre prises en prevision ?amenagements et des etudes geotechni-ques locales doivent y etre faites cas par cas. The Hull-Gatineau region is largely located on very sensitive ‘clays’. A regional mapping of landslide risk areas is hence necessary for the planning of regional development. Many methods have been proposed but are not adequate because they are either too tepid in terms of security (because they do not take into account sufficient security margins) or too costly in terms of terrain surveys to be applied at the regional scale. The method proposed herein is applicable without having to rely on terrain surveys since solely existing multisource data processed within a geographical information system (as) are used. Five main factors, which can be combined for creating situations of landslide risks, were retained and weighted according to their importance. These factors are sensitive to the surficial deposits (‘clay’), the surface slope (including slope breaks), the slope of the bedrock, the hydrography, and the presence of urban areas. Areas of ancient landslides are also included. The superimposi-tion of these factors permits the addition of the weights of each of the factors that overlap each other, delimiting zones of high, moderate, and low risk. The results show that close to 48 % of the Hull-Gatineau region presents risks of landslides, 18 % of which present high risk, 19% moderate risk, and 16 % low risk. In spite of the use of security margins, in all these areas, precautions must be taken in relation to land development, and local geo-technical studies must be carried out on a case-by-case basis.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the life history of the Mihaychuk family, who emigrated to Canada from Bukovyna, Austria, in 1900, and who eventually settled at Arbakka in the Ukrainian bloc settlement of Stuartburn in southeastern Manitoba, is used as an illustration.
Abstract: Conventional approaches to the study of historical geography tend to use aggregate data to create discrete patterns and to formulate generalized explanations of the tumultuous process of frontier settlement and community formation. Life history, through the study of the actions of an individual or a family unit, can provide new insights into the decision-making process and the social tensions that accompanied pioneer settlement and community development on the frontier. The life history of the Mihaychuk family, who emigrated to Canada from Bukovyna, Austria, in 1900, and who eventually settled at Arbakka in the Ukrainian bloc settlement of Stuartburn in southeastern Manitoba, is used as an illustration. The process of chain migration and the economic outlook of the peasant settler is demonstrated. The capricious role of kinship linkages in settlement decision making is clarified and the fluidity of the frontier illustrated. The emerging social and economic mobility of the Canadian-born or Canadianized generation was shown by their dissatisfaction with the opportunities that their parents had sought. Remigration to new areas of frontier settlement was common, as was entry into school teaching as a springboard into the mainstream of Canadian life beyond the Ukrainian community of Stuartburn. Les demarches conventionnelles a l'etude de la geographic historique ont tendance a utiliser les donnees collectives pour creer des modeles distincts, et a formuler des explications generalisees du processus tumultueux de l' eAablissement a la frontiere et ensuite du developpement des communautes. A travers l'etude des actions d' un individu ou d' une famille, l' histoire de la vie peut parvenir a comprendre la maniere de prendre des decisions, ainsi que les tensions sociales qui caracterisaient les etablisse-ments et les communautes des pionniers a la frontiere. l' histoire de la vie de la famille « Mihaychuk » sert d'exemple. Les membres ont emigre au Canada du Bukovyna en Autriche en 1900 et ils se sont installers a Arbakka dans le hameau ukrainien de Stuartburn dans le sud-est de Manitoba. On decrit la procede de la migration en chaine et les previsions economiques des pionniers paysans. L ‘influence capricieuse des liens de parente aux decisions de la communaute se voit clairement; la variabilite des limites de la frontiere est aussi depeinte. La mobilite sociale et economique qui se developpait chez la population natale ou « canadienisee » se manifestait par le mecontentement avec les projets que leurs parents ont poursuivis. La reinstallation des families aux nouvelles regions etait commune, de meme que l'emploi dans le domaine de l' enseignement –ce qui servait de tremplin afin d' entrer au courant principal de la vie canadienne audela de la communaute ukrainienne de Stuartburn

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the spatial distribution of chemically defined P forms (NH4Cl-RP, BD-RP and NaOH-RP) in bottom sediments of two non-calcareous Canadian Shield Lakes.
Abstract: Nutrient dynamics in lake systems are influenced by the loading of sediment-associated phosphorus (P) from both internal and external sources. Despite efforts to control lake productivity through reductions in external P loading, water quality problems persist in some lakes due to high internal loading of P from bottom sediment. The present study examines the spatial distribution of chemically defined P forms (NH4Cl-RP, BD-RP, NaOH-RP, HCI-RP, and NaOH(S5)-RP) in bottom sediments of two noncalcareous Canadian Shield Lakes. Sediment P data are related to some of the physical and chemical variables that control internal P loading in lakes. The BD-RP and NaOH-RP forms are related to water depth and nonresidual iron and aluminum content of sediment. Approximately 80% of the total extractable P in the Muldrew Lakes sediment was bioavailable P (NH4Co-RP + BD - RP + NaOH - RP), which is about twice that reported in the literature for calcareous lakes. In order to model P cycling in the Muldrew Lakes, further research is required to determine the internal supply of P from the lakes' sediments and potential anthropogenic inputs ofP from private sewage disposal systems. La dynamique des nutriments dans un lac est influencee par I'apport en phosphore (P) provenant de sources internes et externes. Malgre les efforts deployes pour controler le taux de P par reduction de I'apport externe, la qualitye de I'eau demeure un probleme dans certains lacs a cause de la contribution interne provenant de la sedimentation de fond. Cette etude examine la distribution spatiale de formes chimiquement definies de P (NH4CI-RP, BD-RP, NaOH-RP, HCI-RP, and NaOH(85)-RP) presentes dans les sediments de fonds de deux lacs non-calcaires du Bouclier Canadien. Les contenus en P des sediments sont relies a certaines variables physiques et chimiques qui controlent I'apport interne des lacs. Le Bd-RP et le NaOH-RP sont relies a la profondeur de I'eau ainsi qu'aux contenus non-residuels de fer et d'aluminium du sediment. Environ 80% du P pouvant etre extrait du sediment des lacs Muldrew eait du P (NH4Cl-RP + BD-RP + NaOH-RP) biodisponible. Ceci represente le double de ce qui est rapporte dans la litteature pour des lacs calcaires. Afin de construire un modele du cycle du P dans les lacs Muldrew, il est important de determiner I'apport interne de P provenant de la sedimentation et les sources anthropiques potentielles provenant des systemes d'egouts prives.


Journal ArticleDOI
Michael Fox1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors set forth a number of geographic implications of such a reform, including the historic, demographic, linguistic, political, and territorial aspects of the Education Act of Quebec, known as Bill 107.
Abstract: This paper is based on a recent decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that will allow the Province of Quebec to restructure the system of education, from one based on religious affiliation to one based on language of instruction. The paper sets forth a number of geographic implications of such a reform, including the historic, demographic, linguistic, political, and territorial aspects of the Education Act of Quebec, known as Bill 107. While the change to linguistic-based boards is applauded, there is no clear understanding of what the new map of school board territories will look like, yet the implications of this decision are far-reaching. Cet article est base sur une recente decision prise par la Cour supreme du Canada qui permettra au Gouvernement du Quebec de restructurer le systeme d'education, c'est-a-dire de passer d'un systeme fonde- sur l'appartenance religieuse a un systeme fonde sur la langue d'enseignement. L'article demontre quelques une des repercussions geographiques d'une telle reforme, en plus des aspects historiques, demographiques, linguistiques, politiques et territoriaux de la Loi sur l'instruction publique du Quebec ou Loi 107. Meme si la mise sur pied de commissions administratives a caractere linguistique est approuvee, l'elaboration de la nouvelle carte des territoires desservis par chacune des commissions scolaires demeure ambigue, mais le retentissement de cette decision est d'une portee considerable.

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Barbara Welch1
TL;DR: This paper examined how far these two strategies reflected deep-seated cultural, philosophical, or ideological convictions, as opposed to idiosyncratic responses to specific sociopolitical circumstances, and made an appraisal of the records of both approaches in achieving positive results.
Abstract: In the 1960s, distinctive strategies were employed by British Commonwealth and French administrations to effect improvements in production and living standards in Eastern Caribbean territories. Commonwealth territories favoured ad hoc schemes, locally generated; French Antillean departements were subject to comprehensive four- or five-year plans, formulated in Paris. This paper examines how far these two strategies reflected deep-seated cultural, philosophical, or ideological convictions, as opposed to idiosyncratic responses to specific sociopolitical circumstances. An appraisal is made of the records of both approaches in achieving positive results. Dans les annees soixante, des strategies gouvernementales visant a ameliorer la productivite et le niveau de vieaux Petites Antilles variaient selon l'affiliation des iles, soit a la France soit au Commonwealth britannique. Les territoires du Commonwealth poursuivaient des projets ad hoc, concus sur place, tandisqu'aux Antilles francaises se deroulaient des plans integres de quatre ou cinq ans, formules en metropole. Ici on examine a quel point ces deux strategies refletaient des traditions culturelles, philosophiques ou ideologiques distinctes, profondement en-racinees, plutot que des reactions idiosyncratiques aux situations sociopolitiques particulieres. On tente d'evaluer les resultats des deux strategies.


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TL;DR: In this paper, a stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to describe the "upset" price of land in relation to six independent variables: population density, the number of mills, and distance to road.
Abstract: This paper traces the introduction into Upper Canada of elements of the New South Wales System. The most significant development was the institution in 1825 of a sales policy, at the instigation of the imperial government. Using data drawn from pro / co 47, stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to describe the ‘upset’ price of land in relation to six independent variables. Population density, the number of mills, and distance to road are identified as the most significant variables in the minds of those who set land prices. Dans cet article, on fait le suivi de certains elements du systeme ‘New South Wales' a partir de leur introduction dans le Haut-Canada. Leplus important fait a signaler est l'institution en 1825 d'une politique des ventes par le gouvernement imperial. A l'aide de donnees tirees du pro/co 47, une analyse de regression multiple pas-a-pas (‘step-wise’) est utilisee afin de caracteriser la mise a prix des terres par rapport a six variables independantes. l'analyse demontre que la densite de population, le nombre de moulins et la proximite de la route etaient les variables les plus significatives dans l'esprit des gens qui etablissaient les prix des terres.