Showing papers in "Canadian Geotechnical Journal in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, volume change constitutive relations for unsaturated soils are proposed from a semi-empirical standpoint, where one equation describes the deformation of the soil structure and a second equation defines...
Abstract: Volume change constitutive relations for unsaturated soils are proposed from a semi-empirical standpoint. One equation describes the deformation of the soil structure and a second equation defines ...
272 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a procedure for developing design of earth slopes based on a permissible risk is formulated whereby experience, published research results, experimental test data and judgement can be consistently incorporated in the evaluation of uncertainties and reliability of a given design.
Abstract: Earth slopes are generally designed in an environment characterized by numerous uncertainties, stemming from limited sampling efforts on soil strata with variable soil properties, amplified further by the discrepancy between in situ and laboratory measured soil strengths. Additional uncertainties are also introduced from various simplifying assumptions and idealizations that are necessary for a practical mathematical analysis of stability.The uncertainties involved in the short-term stability of soil slopes have been evaluated from an extensive literature survey. A procedure for developing design of earth slopes based on a permissible risk is formulated whereby experience, published research results, experimental test data and judgement can be consistently incorporated in the evaluation of uncertainties and reliability of a given design. An example of slope design is presented to illustrate the proposed risk-based design method.
158 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of periferal contact bond and end bearing is used to transfer axial loads to bedrock by combining perifereal contact bond with end bearing.
Abstract: Rock sockets are used to transfer axial loads to bedrock by a combination of periferal contact bond and end bearing. The load distribution with embedded depth in relation to rock properties actuall...
108 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted dynamic experiments with small pile foundations in the field and compared the experimental data with theoretical predictions made by the authors. But the experimental results were limited to individual piles and a group of piles.
Abstract: Dynamic experiments with small pile foundations were conducted in the field. Individual piles and a group of piles were tested. The experimental data were compared with theoretical predictions made...
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the density and compressibility of miscible and immiscible air-water mixtures were formulated on the basis of the conservation of mass, and Boyle's Law was used to explain the compressibility.
Abstract: The density and compressibility of miscible and immiscible air–water mixtures are formulated on the basis of the conservation of mass. Boyle's Law accounts for the compressibility of free air and H...
85 citations
TL;DR: The sedimentation behavior of thick dispersions of mineral grains and water, a process that can be called hindered settling, is of some interest in geotechnical practice as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The sedimentation behaviour of thick dispersions of mineral grains and water, a process that can be called hindered settling, is of some interest in geotechnical practice. This study draws attentio...
72 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a design philosophy for piles in ice and ice-rich permafrost is proposed, whereby the pile settlements over the design life of the structure are retained within acceptable limits.
Abstract: A design philosophy for piles in ice and ice-rich permafrost is proposed, whereby the pile settlements over the design life of the structure are retained within acceptable limits.The secondary cree...
56 citations
TL;DR: The Frank Slide is the best known of a number of major rock slides in the Canadian Rockies as discussed by the authors, and seven other slides of the same order of magnitude are described from the Front and Main Ranges between Jasper and the United States border.
Abstract: The Frank Slide is the best known of a number of major rock slides in the Canadian Rockies. Seven other slides of the same order of magnitude are described from the Front and Main Ranges between Jasper and the United States border.The geometry and kinematics of the slides are controlled by discontinuities in the rock slide mass. Typically, the major part of the rupture surface is parallel to bedding; the orientation of the lateral margins and the scarp of the slide may be controlled by joint sets.Sliding tends to occur on slopes where bedding dips towards valleys at angles between 30 and 40° and in thickly-bedded, massive weathering rocks such as quartzites, dolomites, and limestones. Major causes of sliding appear to be erosion at the foot and lateral margins of the slide mass.The slides may be easily identified on aerial photographs by their effect on the local vegetation and by the characteristic appearance of their debris. All the slides observed are post-glacial, their frequency seems to have been un...
55 citations
TL;DR: Vane shear strength and cone resistance for Scandinavian soft to medium stiff clay has been compared for six different sites in Norway and Sweden as mentioned in this paper, at five of the sites, three in Drammen, one in Onso...
Abstract: Vane shear strength and cone resistance for Scandinavian soft to medium stiff clay has been compared for six different sites in Norway and Sweden.At five of the sites, three in Drammen, one in Onso...
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, simple shear devices are used fairly extensively in soil mechanics research, lately especially in connection with cyclic testing, and they are extended by extending existing isotropic, elast...
Abstract: Simple shear devices are used fairly extensively in soil mechanics research, lately especially in connection with cyclic testing. This presentation starts out by extending existing isotropic, elast...
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the observation and analysis of the rate and magnitude of settlement under the test embankment at Canadian Forces Station Gloucester, which has been in existence for 7 years.
Abstract: This paper reports the observation and analysis of the rate and magnitude of settlement under the test embankment at Canadian Forces Station Gloucester. The embankment has been in existence for 7 y...
TL;DR: In this article, the drivability of precast concrete piles through very dense soil and measuring the disturbance caused to the sensitive marine clay by the driving of displacement piles is investigated, and the results reported are of an investigation of a group of thirteen 12 in. (30 1.5 cm) diameter concrete piles driven through 60'ft (18'm) of sensitive marine clays followed by 10'ft 3'm of silt and sand and 13'ft 4'm of dense silt to end bearing in glacial till.
Abstract: The results reported are of an investigation of a group of thirteen 12 in. (30 cm) diameter precast concrete piles driven through 60 ft (18 m) of sensitive marine clay followed by 10 ft (3 m) of silt and sand and 13 ft (4 m) of very dense silt to end bearing in glacial till. The purpose of the test is to study the drivability of the piles through very dense soil and to measure the disturbance caused to the sensitive clay by the driving of displacement piles. Following a literature review, the paper presents the soil conditions at the site and the testing program. The test results are discussed and experience gained from the follow-up of the driving of 520 piles at the site is presented.Visual observations during pile driving, and analysis of driving records, show that a high pile quality is necessary at the site. The large driving resistance encountered in the very dense silt (150 to 300 blows/ft) would prevent low quality piles from reaching the competent glacial till and developing the needed bearing ca...
TL;DR: In this article, a series of deep, static and quasi-static penetration tests was carried out in July 1974 at a permafrost site near Thompson, Manitoba, using an electric penetrometer, as well as several short-term and stage-loaded pressuremeter tests.
Abstract: Within the scope of a study on the use in frozen soils of some geotechnical field investigation methods, a series of deep, static and quasi-static, penetration tests was carried out in July 1974 at a permafrost site near Thompson, Manitoba. The field study included stress – and penetration rate – controlled tests, performed with an electric penetrometer, as well as several short-term and stage-loaded pressuremeter tests. The study shows that a static penetration test can furnish valuable information on the time-dependent strength of frozen soil, provided the test is conducted either with a very accurate control of the penetration rate, or as a stage-loaded test. It is considered that a comparison of frozen soil strengths deduced from such a test, with those determined by pressuremeter tests or triaxial compression tests, can only be made at comparable strain rates. An attempt was, therefore, made in the paper to find a relationship between the penetration rate and an equivalent time to failure for the soi...
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that slimes can exist in an underconsolidated state, due to rapid rates of placing, and the utility of an impervious seal against the upstream face of the dam is analyzed.
Abstract: It is common for the rate of seepage through a tailings embankment to be estimated on the basis of a conventional flow net analysis assuming steady seepage conditions. Moreover an impervious seal is generally recommended against the upstream face of the dam to minimize seepage flow through the sand embankment. This study shows that, due to rapid rates of placing, slimes can exist in an under-consolidated state. Field measurements are cited in support of the theory and the implications of under-consolidated slimes in the pond are discussed in detail. Procedures to analyse the utility of an upstream seal are also discussed and design examples reflecting actual operating conditions are given.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with predictions and measured observations of the behaviour of a warm gas pipeline on permafrost, and describe the theoretical background for a mathematical model for the pipeline.
Abstract: This paper deals with predictions and measured observations of the behaviour of a warm gas pipeline on permafrost In the paper, descriptions of the theoretical background for a mathematical model
TL;DR: In this article, in situ stress measurements were carried out at a location near the Thorold Tunnel to a depth of 81 ft (25 m) and it was found that high horizontal stresses, varying from 1200 to 2100 psi (8300 to 14500 kPa) exist in each rock unit encountered.
Abstract: Performance of some structures constructed in rocks in southern Ontario have shown severe distress. It has been hypothesized that the problem is due to the high horizontal stresses existing in the rock formations. As part of a comprehensive investigation into the stress relief and time-dependent behavior of the rocks in this area, in situ stress measurements were carried out at a location near the Thorold Tunnel to a depth of 81 ft (25 m). The technique and procedure used are described in detail. It was found that high horizontal stresses, varying from 1200 to 2100 psi (8300 to 14500 kPa) exist in each rock unit encountered. The direction of the major principal stress in the horizontal plane appears to be orientated at N 60° E.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method was devised for using normal monthly mean temperatures to compute normal freezing and thawing degree-days in changeover months with adequate accuracy, and the tedious calculation of dail...
Abstract: A method has been devised for using normal monthly mean temperatures to compute normal freezing and thawing degree-days in change-over months with adequate accuracy. The tedious calculation of dail...
TL;DR: In this paper, a laboratory investigation into the deformation behavior of a rockfill material undergoing anisotropic compression at different stress ratios was described, and the extent to which elastic parameters derived from one-dimensional compression can predict the behaviour of the rockfill at other stress ratios is considered.
Abstract: A laboratory investigation into the deformation behaviour of a rockfill material undergoing anisotropic compression at different stress ratios is described. The extent to which elastic parameters derived from one-dimensional compression can predict the behaviour of the rockfill at other stress ratios is considered. Stress paths encountered in embankments of cohesionless fill are examined and the relevance of elastic parameters derived from one-dimensional compression tests in analysing the deformations of such embankments is assessed.
TL;DR: The Thorold Tunnel, constructed between 1965 and 1968, provides a four-lane highway crossing under the Welland Canal at Thorold, Ontario as discussed by the authors, where horizontal cracking was first observed in late 1967.
Abstract: The Thorold Tunnel, constructed between 1965 and 1968, provides a four-lane highway crossing under the Welland Canal at Thorold, Ontario. Horizontal cracking, initially observed in late 1967, has s...
TL;DR: An analytical method for predicting the settlement of a horizontal stratum of dry sand subjected to earthquake excitation is presented in this article, where an equivalent linear viscoelastic dynamic analysis is used to predict the settlement.
Abstract: An analytical method for predicting the settlement of a horizontal stratum of dry sand subjected to earthquake excitation is presented. An equivalent linear viscoelastic dynamic analysis is used to...
TL;DR: Theoretical studies show that high stress concentration occurs at the crown and invert, causing failure in the weaker layers of the bedded rocks, and the pattern and sense of movement are reversed when compared to 'normal' conditions of in situ stress state as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Sustained growth in urban development in southern Ontario has led to an increased activity in tunnelling in rocks. These sedimentary rocks are bedded and anisotropic in behaviour, In situ horizontal stresses considerably higher than the vertical overburden pressure exist in these rock formations. The combination of these two factors, together with the difficulties encountered in recent tunnelling projects, necessitates a reappraisal of current design concepts.Theoretical studies show that, because of these two factors, high stress concentration occurs at the crown and invert, causing failure in the weaker layers of the bedded rocks. In addition, the pattern and sense of movement are reversed when compared to 'normal' conditions of in situ stress state.Field observations made in three tunnels are described. The instability at the roof and floor and the observed pattern of radial displacements are consistent with the approach employed.Some requirements for temporary support under these conditions are outlin...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on the measurement of an arching effect over a large diameter flexible culvert, where an arch shape culvert was erected and covered by a 44'ft (13.4m) high embankment.
Abstract: The paper reports on the measurement of an arching effect over a large diameter flexible culvert. An arch shape culvert, 51 ft (15.5m) in span, was erected and covered by a 44 ft (13.4m) high embankment. An extensive instrumentation program was laid out in order to check the mobilization of an arching effect during construction by measuring displacements, earth pressures, and stresses in the steel. The instrumentation data indicated that a large portion of the load due to the weight of the soil above the structure was transferred to the adjacent area.
TL;DR: The expanding consumption of energy has created new demands for coal and increasing activity in the coal mining industry as discussed by the authors, however, the mining of coal is accompanied by coal wastes which are dumped...
Abstract: The expanding consumption of energy has created new demands for coal and increasing activity in the coal mining industry. However, the mining of coal is accompanied by coal wastes which are dumped ...
TL;DR: In this paper, analytical and semi-analytical results relating to the transient and steady-state thermal regime around uninsulated and insulated pipelines buried in permafrost are presented.
Abstract: Analytical and semi-analytical results relating to the transient and steady-state thermal regime around uninsulated and insulated pipelines buried in permafrost are presented.A comparison of the results with some published numerical work is included.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a technique for measuring the pressure generated when heaving is restrained in a frozen soil, freezing being achieved by thermoelectric cooling. Although steps were taken to min...
Abstract: The paper describes a technique for measuring the pressure generated when heaving is restrained in a frozen soil, freezing being achieved by thermoelectric cooling. Although steps were taken to min...
TL;DR: At the end of 1974 there were 45 accelerographs and 75 seismoscopes deployed in Canada as mentioned in this paper, and the number of accelerographs has increased to 75 by the year 2000.
Abstract: At the end of 1974 there were 45 accelerographs and 75 seismoscopes deployed in Canada. The Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources and the National Research Council of Canada have installed mos...
TL;DR: A simple and accurate method of measuring relative displacements along a borehole using circular magnets as markers and reed switches as sensors has been developed and is now widely used.
Abstract: A simple and accurate method of measuring relative displacements along a borehole using circular magnets as markers and reed switches as sensors has been developed and is now widely used.This note describes a new precise sensing system which is easily assembled and installed, together with a modified method of placing magnets. Details are given of the performance of the new system over a 2 year period for an investigation into the deformation properties of an heavily loaded week rock.
TL;DR: A 400 ft (122 m) long, five-span concrete bridge over Mud Creek, supported on end bearing steel piles, was instrumented to measure horizontal movements of its foundations as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A 400 ft (122 m) long, five-span concrete bridge over Mud Creek, supported on end bearing steel piles, was instrumented to measure horizontal movements of its foundations. Fifteen years of observations show that the abutments and piers have moved downslope and rocked back and forth through a small vertical angle about their bases. The net convergence of the abutments is about 4 cm. The horizontal movements were caused by soil creep in the marine clays of the steep valley slopes. The change in verticality of the piers was attributed to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck due to seasonal temperature variations. The steel end bearing batter piles were ineffective in maintaining the piers and abutments in their original positions. Le pont sur le Mud Creek, d'une longueur de 400 pieds (122 m), et constitue de cinq travees en beton supportees sur des pieux d'acier a resistance en pointe, a ete instrumente pour mesurer les mouvements horizontaux de sa fondation. Quinze annees d'observations montrent que les culees et les piles ont subit une translation vers le bas des talus et de faibles rotations autour de leur base vers l'avant ou l'arriere. La convergence nette des culees est de 4 cm. Les deplacements horizontaux ont ete causes par le fluage de l'argile marine dans les talus raides de la vallee. Le changement de verticalite des piles a ete attribue a l'expansion et la contraction du tablier du pont par suite des variations saisonnieres de temperature. Les pieux en acier inclines, a resistance en pointe, se sont averes incapables de maintenir le piles et les culees dans leur positions originales. [Traduit par la revue] Language: en