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Showing papers in "Canadian Geotechnical Journal in 1978"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the transition from a saturated soil to an unsaturated soil is described in terms of two independent stress state variables, i.e., the shear strength of unsaturated and saturated soil.
Abstract: The shear strength of an unsaturated soil is written in terms of two independent stress state variables. One form of the shear strength equation isThe transition from a saturated soil to an unsatur...

1,306 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental evidence is produced to show that it is reasonable to assign a unique strength to all soils when at their respective liquid limits, and to redefine the plastic limit as the water conte... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Experimental evidence is produced to show that it is reasonable to assign a unique strength to all soils when at their respective liquid limits, and to redefine the plastic limit as the water conte...

415 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented simulation analyses of heat and water flow during soil freezing using a modified form of a model presented by Harlan, and tested the model is tested in a simulated environment.
Abstract: The objective of this report is to present simulation analyses of heat and water flow during soil freezing. The analyses utilize a modified form of a model presented by Harlan. The model is tested ...

262 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the bearing capacity of footings resting on subsoils consisting of two layers was investigated for the cases of a dense or stiff layer overlying a weak deposit, and a loose or soft la...
Abstract: The ultimate bearing capacity of footings resting on subsoils consisting of two layers has been investigated for the cases of a dense or stiff layer overlying a weak deposit, and a loose or soft la...

244 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a failure mechanism is proposed for the granular trench and analytical expressions for the ultimate bearing capacity of footings on stabilized soils are derived for various combinations of the parameters considered.
Abstract: There are many field situations where at least a moderate increase in the bearing capacity in weak clays is desired. One of the solutions for such situations is stabilization by installing a granular pile or stone column using empirical designs. The plane strain version of a granular pile is a granular trench. In the present investigation a failure mechanism is postulated for the granular trench and analytical expressions are derived for the ultimate bearing capacity of footings on such stabilized soils. Bearing capacity factors are presented for various combinations of the parameters considered. From the present study it has been reaffirmed that a granular trench significantly reinforces weak clay deposits.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the creep behaviour of the Saint-Alban clay has been investigated by means of drained and undrained triaxial taxial treasial torsions.
Abstract: To fill an important gap in the knowledge of creep phenomena, the creep behaviour of the intact, overconsolidated Saint-Alban clay has been investigated by means of drained and undrained triaxial t...

135 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that dissolved gas comes out of solution when confining stresses are removed rapidly, and this results in high natural shear strength of oil sand.
Abstract: Previously published data are inadequate to explain the high natural shear strength of oil sand Dissolved gas comes out of solution when confining stresses are removed rapidly, and this results in

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the soil disturbance due to the driving of two groups of 116 concrete piles each in sensitive marine clay was studied on a construction project in eastern Canada Pore water pressures, heave, and later
Abstract: Soil disturbance due to the driving of two groups of 116 concrete piles each in sensitive marine clay was studied on a construction project in eastern Canada Pore-water pressures, heave, and later

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pore pressures observed under 30 embankments on clays of widely varying geological origin and geographical location were analyzed to confirm the validity of the concepts developed from the Saint... as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The pore pressures observed under 30 embankments on clays of widely varying geological origin and geographical location are analysed to confirm the validity of the concepts developed from the Saint...

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The chart developed by Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli for estimating average elastic settlement of embedded foundations is examined to determine whether improvements can be made in the light of moder....
Abstract: The chart developed by Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli for estimating average elastic settlement of embedded foundations is examined to determine whether improvements can be made in the light of moder...

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on homogeneous isotropic soils is examined and the test results of the anisotropic shear strength of cohesionless soils are reviewed.
Abstract: Previous test results of the anisotropic shear strength of cohesionless soils are reviewed. The theory of the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on homogeneous isotropic soils is exte...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, laboratory measurements of adfreeze strength of Ottawa fine sand to three different types of model piles under constant rates of loading are reported, f, at peak lo...
Abstract: Laboratory measurements of adfreeze strength of Ottawa fine sand to three different types of model piles under constant rates of loading are reported in this paper. Adfreeze strength, f, at peak lo...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study of experiments on model plane strain footings subject to repeated loading was conducted and it was reported that the load was returned to zero at the end of each cycle.
Abstract: A study is reported of experiments on model plane strain footings subject to repeated loading. The load was returned to zero at the end of each cycle. This is characteristic of a train wheel load p...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a limit equilibrium method of analysis is proposed for the study of progressive failure in slope stability under a long-term condition, based on effective stresses, and the formulation of the method is...
Abstract: A limit equilibrium method of analysis is proposed for the study of progressive failure in slope stability under a long-term condition. Based on effective stresses, the formulation of the method is...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Some structures built in different rock formations in Southern Ontario have been subjected to various degrees of distress, such as heaves of quarry bottoms, buckling of concretes, etc as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Some structures built in different rock formations in Southern Ontario have been subjected to various degrees of distress. These case histories include heaves of quarry bottoms, buckling of concret...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the pore pressures generated during construction under the center lines of four test embankments on a soft sensitive clay indicates a significant departure from the classical methods of pore pressure prediction.
Abstract: The detailed analysis of the pore pressures generated during construction under the center lines of four test embankments on a soft sensitive clay indicates a significant departure from the classical methods of pore pressure prediction.In the early stages of loading, the clay is overconsolidated and is characterized by a high Cv. As a result a significant consolidation occurs even in the very short duration of the construction. Due to this consolidation the vertical effective stresses increase rapidly until they reach the preconsolidation of the clay. At this point the clay becomes normally consolidated, and further loading occurs at constant effective vertical stress.The YLIGHT model of clay behaviour proposed by Tavenas and Leroueil may be used to fully understand this behaviour.In Part II, it will be shown that these findings apply in fact under most embankments and a prediction method will be proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that the so-called analysis based on the vane shear strength corrected according to Bjerrum gives the minimum factor of safety and may be too conservative during stage construction.
Abstract: The stage construction of seven high embankments on soft clays on the north shore of the St. Lawrence Valley has provided an excellent opportunity to check the applicability of the concepts of limit and critical states to the analysis of the behaviour of clay foundations.The construction pore pressures have confirmed the development of a significant consolidation in the initial period of construction.The consequences of this consolidation on the behaviour of the clay, in particular in terms of available strength, and on the method of stability analysis have been found entirely consistent with the general model proposed by Leroueil, Tavenas, Mieussens and Peignaud.It is suggested that the so-called analysis based on the vane shear strength corrected according to Bjerrum gives the minimum factor of safety and may be too conservative during stage construction. Effective stress analyses are shown to be more representative of the true stability conditions, and they have been successfully used to accelerate the...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two methods of laboratory measurements of time-dependent deformations of rocks due to the relief of in situ stresses are described, and experiments were performed on specimens taken from seven rock formations in southern Ontario.
Abstract: Two methods of laboratory measurements of time-dependent deformations of rocks due to the relief of in situ stresses are described. Experiments were performed on specimens taken from seven rock formations in southern Ontario. It was found that some rock types exhibit considerable time-dependent deformation, generally consistent with observed field behaviour. In addition, the swelling behaviour of the shaly rocks is anisotropic and constituent layers of the same rock formation may possess very different swelling characteristics. Mineralogical tests performed showed that the observed swelling behaviours are related to the composition and clay fabric of the rock.For detailed analysis of the test results, a rheological model was employed to represent the time-dependent deformation. Model parameters for three rock types have been obtained.Because the tests are simple and inexpensive to perform, it becomes practical to carry out a large number of tests for the evaluation of potential problems due to time-depend...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the design of foundations in permafrost areas for large structures involves a knowledge of the thermal and mechanical properties of frozen soil, and the recent creep data for frozen soils and ice are studied.
Abstract: The design of foundations in permafrost areas for large structures involves a knowledge of the thermal and mechanical properties of frozen soil Recent creep data for frozen soils and ice are revie

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theoretical considerations indicate that wherever a glacier is forced into compressive flow by physical features that tend to decrease flow downstream, shearing thrust planes develop in the ice causing brecciation, slickensides, overthrust faulting, and drag folding of glacial sediments that have been carried up into the ice as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Field evidence in Saskatchewan indicates that glaciotectonic processes result in a significant change in the shear strength properties of the sediments and the boundary conditions for the groundwater regime. Glacier ice-thrusting resulting in the deformation and shearing of bedrock and glacial sediments appears to be widespread throughout southern Saskatchewan and probably elsewhere where continental glaciers overran clay shale or weakly cemented bedrock. Theoretical considerations indicate that wherever a glacier is forced into compressive flow by physical features that tend to decrease flow downstream, shearing thrust planes develop in the ice causing brecciation, slickensides, overthrust faulting, and drag folding of sediments that have been carried up into the ice. The conditions required to produce this phenomenon include upslope movement of the glacier over a concave surface and net ablation in the glacier regime. Three examples of the engineering implications of this process are included where mass...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the foundation conditions revealed the presence of structural discontinuities such as nugget and blocky structure, joints, fissures, and slickensides.
Abstract: Case histories of failure of water-retaining structures on highly plastic clay indicate that the intact strength of the clay does not reliably predict the stability condition. A study of the foundation conditions revealed the presence of structural discontinuities such as nugget and blocky structure, joints, fissures, and slickensides. A re-analysis of the failures, using the normally consolidated strength of the soft highly plastic clay, as suggested by Skempton and Hutchinson for stiff fissured clays, gives a more reliable prediction of the in situ stability condition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the bearing capacity of piles penetrating through clay into sand was investigated and the case of a pile penetrating into a sand stratum overlying clay was discussed. But the bearing capacities were not investigated.
Abstract: The previous Part 1 of this paper deals with the bearing capacity of piles penetrating through clay into sand. In the present Part 2 the case of piles penetrating into a sand stratum overlying clay...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore several aspects of the "discontinuous" approach to prediction of settlements of foundations on jointed rock and present the results of experiments with numerical annealing.
Abstract: This study explores several aspects of the 'discontinuous' approach to prediction of settlements of foundations on jointed rock. The first part presents the results of experiments with numerical an...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the bearing capacity of jacked and driven piles in non-uniform soils consisting of clay and sand is investigated, and it is shown that they are capable of penetrating through clay into sand.
Abstract: The paper summarizes investigations on jacked and driven piles in non-uniform soils consisting of clay and sand. Part 1 deals with the bearing capacity of piles penetrating through clay into sand w...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Saint Jean Vianney landslide has redirected attention to soil studies conducted in 1941, as part of the site investigation program for the adjacent wartime Shipshaw power project as mentioned in this paper, which was conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Abstract: The Saint Jean Vianney landslide has redirected attention to soil studies conducted in 1941, as part of the site investigation program for the adjacent wartime Shipshaw power project. These include...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a basket centrifuge is used to increase total stress levels in small models made of natural or reconstituted soil, and allow direct observation of repeated failures.
Abstract: Centrifugal model tests increase total stress levels in small models made of natural or reconstituted soil, and allow direct observation of repeated failures. A novel use of a basket centrifuge is ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of these model tests are presented as an analogous prototype by the application of the simple scaling laws, which when compared with the actual prototype were found to present a realistic facsimile of the landslide as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The slide which occurred at Lodalen, Oslo in 1954 was used to compare the behaviour of soil models tested in a centrifuge with a well-documented prototype event.The paper describes the centrifugal testing of three models prepared from block samples in which an attempt was made to simulate the stress history of the site. The results of these model tests are presented as an analogous prototype by the application of the simple scaling laws, which when compared with the actual prototype were found to present a realistic facsimile of the landslide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a system of non-contacting displacement transducers was used to record radial deformation in repeated load triaxial tests, and the transducers were installed in a non-collision-free manner.
Abstract: A system of non-contacting displacement transducers has been used to record radial deformation in repeated load triaxial tests. Operating principle, system capabilities, and installation technique ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a high clay strength and apparent preconsolidation may be a result of chemical processes such as cementation at the contact points of the clay particles.
Abstract: A high clay strength and apparent preconsolidation may be a result of chemical processes such as cementation at the contact points of the clay particles. In order to study some of the mechanical pr...