Showing papers in "Canadian Geotechnical Journal in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a numerical study of the effects of snow cover on long-term, periodic, steady-state equilibrium ground temperatures and show that mean annual ground temperatu...
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the effects of snow cover on long-term, periodic, steady-state equilibrium ground temperatures. It is shown that mean annual ground temperatu...
506 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the active component of one of the engineered barriers that are being considered in Sweden to surround the final disposal sites of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors was chosen because of its low permeability and ion diffusivity and of its self-healing ability through swelling.
Abstract: Na bentonite is the active component of one of the engineered barriers that are being considered in Sweden to surround the final disposal sites of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors. It has been chosen because of its low permeability and ion diffusivity and of its self-healing ability through swelling. These properties are due to mineral–water interactions that yield a microstructural pattern with very narrow passages and a low average mobility of interparticle water molecules at high bulk densities.
185 citations
TL;DR: A moderately intense storm at Trap Bay, Alaska, triggered a small debris slide in a forested midslope depression that was instrumented to record the maximum piezometric rise.
Abstract: On October 1, 1980, a moderately intense storm at Trap Bay, Alaska, triggered a small debris slide in a forested midslope depression that was instrumented to record the maximum piezometric rise. Al...
151 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of temperature cycling on the volume change behavior of soil is examined during isotropic consolidation tests in the laboratory, and experiments were performed on six different natural marine samp...
Abstract: The effects of temperature cycling on the volume change behavior of soil is examined during isotropic consolidation tests in the laboratory. Tests are performed on six different natural marine samp...
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of externally applied pressure on frost heave is reviewed together with some of the thermodynamic aspects of pressure effects and new experimental data are presented for the first time.
Abstract: Background studies illustrating the effect of externally applied pressure on frost heave are reviewed together with some of the thermodynamic aspects of pressure effects. New experimental data are ...
117 citations
TL;DR: Physical model tests on cemented classified tailings and sand backfills have been carried out to determine the strength requirements for stability when vertical fill faces are exposed as mentioned in this paper, and the results show that the results are similar to those of the results obtained in this paper.
Abstract: Physical model tests on cemented classified tailings and sand backfills have been carried out to determine the strength requirements for stability when vertical fill faces are exposed. The results ...
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new sounding instrument called a piezocone was built at Universite Laval to investigate the magnitude, effects of rates of penetration, and rate of dissipation of the excess pore pressures according to the location of the porous stone on the apparatus.
Abstract: The static cone penetration test is a valuable tool for the investigation of soil deposits but its potential may be further improved in the future if the pore pressures generated around the cone tip during the penetration are measured.A new sounding instrument called a piezocone was built at Universite Laval to investigate the magnitude, effects of rates of penetration, and rate of dissipation of the excess pore pressures according to the location of the porous stone on the apparatus.The magnitude of the pore pressures induced during driving is a maximum at the cone tip and then decreases along the shaft as measured by porous stones located behind the cone tip. Induced pore pressures at the tip are independent of the rate of penetration, but a very small rate effect may influence the pore pressures measured behind the cone tip. The results show that the use of the ratio u/qc for soil characterisation may be considered only after adoption of standards regarding the location of the sensing element and the r...
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the ratio of the water intake velocity to the temperature gradient across the frozen fringe, called the segregation potentness, is close to steady-state conditions.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that, close to steady-state conditions, the ratio of the water intake velocity to the temperature gradient across the frozen fringe, called the segregation potent...
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the application of this method to a sensitive clay from Quebec shows an aggregated structure, the aggregates being separated by 1 1'μm size voids.
Abstract: The cryoscan is an apparatus equipping the JEOL scanning electron microscopes, and allowing the observation of freeze-fracture planes of samples whose temperature is maintained below −100 °C. The application of this method to a sensitive clay from Quebec shows an aggregated structure, the aggregates being separated by 1 μm size voids.
76 citations
TL;DR: The validity of using a distribution coefficient (Kd) in the mathematical prediction of strontium and cesium transport through uniform saturated sand was investigated by comparing measured breakthrough curves with curves of simulations using the advection-dispersion and the Advection equations.
Abstract: The validity of using a distribution coefficient (Kd) in the mathematical prediction of strontium and cesium transport through uniform saturated sand was investigated by comparing measured breakthrough curves with curves of simulations using the advection-dispersion and the advection equations. Values for Kd were determined by batch equilibration tests and, indirectly, by fitting the mathematical model to breakthrough data from column experiments. Although the advection-dispersion equation accurately represented the breakthrough curves for two nonreactive solutes (chloride and tritium), neither it nor the advection equation provided close representations of the strontium and cesium curves. The simulated breakthrough curves for strontium and cesium were nearly symmetrical, whereas the data curves were very asymmetrical, with long tails. Column experiments with different pore-water velocities indicated that the shape of the normalized breakthrough curves was not sensitive to velocity. This suggests that the...
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the ultimate bearing capacity of footings resting on subsoils consisting of a weak sand layer overlying a strong deposit was investigated based on model tests of strip and circular footings.
Abstract: The ultimate bearing capacity of footings resting on subsoils consisting of a weak sand layer overlying a strong deposit has been investigated. Based on model tests of strip and circular footings i...
TL;DR: The widely distributed loessic soils of China are described in this paper, concentrating on the collapsible soils of the upper strata of the Loessic series, and a general trend of gradual, steady reduction in the tendency to collapse on wetting is found going in the direction from northwest to southeast.
Abstract: The widely distributed loessic soils of China are described, concentrating on the collapsible soils of the upper strata of the loessic series. A general trend of gradual, steady reduction in the tendency to collapse on wetting is found going in the direction from northwest to southeast. Cases of damage and flooding tests of pits are cited for illustration. Results of electron microscope studies of structural features of loess specimens from different locations are compared with the engineering behavior, especially the susceptibility to self-subsidence and degree of collapsibility.In view of this trend and the differences between loessic soils of different regions, a preliminary zoning of the loessic soils was made, resulting in seven zones as shown on a schematic map.
TL;DR: In this paper, three groups of surficial materials are especially prone to slope failure and they are glaciomarine sediments, a group of materials commonly used in the urban environment of British Columbia.
Abstract: Landslides in surficial deposits occur commonly in the urban environment of British Columbia. Three groups of surficial materials are especially prone to slope failure. These are glaciomarine sedim...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present laboratory test data relating design factors, such as cement content, pour pulp density, and pour pulp pour ratio, for ground control backfill in underground mines.
Abstract: Bulk pours of cemented tailings sands are used as ground control backfill in underground mines. This paper presents laboratory test data relating design factors, such as cement content, pour pulp d...
TL;DR: In this paper, the Konrad-Morgenstern theory of frost heave using the segregation potential concept is briefly outlined, and the method of predicting frost-heave under field conditions is reviewed.
Abstract: The Konrad–Morgenstern theory of frost heave using the segregation potential concept is briefly outlined, and the method of predicting frost heave under field conditions is reviewed. A recent paper...
TL;DR: Minicomputers and automatic curve-fitting techniques have been proposed for rational, repeatable, inexpensive results, but conclusions drawn from the tests still depend strongly on the curve- fitting procedures.
Abstract: Evaluation of soil properties from laboratory tests requires the use of empirical procedures. It has proved difficult to establish procedures for identifying yield stresses that are independent of ...
TL;DR: In this paper, a time-domain reflectometry technique was compared with the temperature measurement method for locating the frozen-unfrozen interface in water and sandy soils, and it was shown that the TDR can locate the interface to within ± 0.5 cm and in the field to within 2.4 cm.
Abstract: The time-domain reflectometry technique was compared with the temperature measurement method for locating the frozen–unfrozen interface in water and sandy soils. This technique depends on the high-frequency (1–1000 MHz) electrical properties of water that change significantly and abruptly between the liquid and solid phases. Parallel wire transmission lines were inserted into the soil to guide electromagnetic pulses produced by a time-domain reflectometer (TDR). The frozen–unfrozen interface produced reflections measured by the TDR which were in turn used to locate the interface as it moved along the transmission line. In the laboratory it was possible to locate the interface using the TDR to within ±0.5 cm and in the field to within ±2.4 cm. These errors were equal to those associated with the temperature measurements. Keywords: soil freezing, temperature measurements, dielectric constant, time-domain reflectometry.
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive formulation for the estimation of excess pore pressures during consolidation, when sedimentation takes place, is presented, based on the general nonlinear behavior of the system.
Abstract: A comprehensive formulation for the estimation of excess pore pressures during consolidation, when sedimentation takes place, is presented The development is based on the general nonlinear behavio
TL;DR: The slake durability test has been proposed as a means of predicting the engineering performance of shales Testing of sections in the two major shale units of Ontario show that the test is capable of making distinctions between apparently similar shale samples as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The slake durability test has been proposed as a means of predicting the engineering performance of shales Testing of sections in the two major shale units of Ontario show that the test is capable of making distinctions between apparently similar shale samples Queenston Shale has generally lower durability than the Georgian Bay Formation samples Inspection of the shale fabric shows that this is due partly to inefficient cementing by calcite in Queenston Shale, but is primarily because the microcracks in Queenston Shale are more curved than those in Georgian Bay Formation Variation in shale durability within the shales is controlled by mineralogy In Queenston Shale, it is controlled almost entirely by calcite cementation In Georgian Bay, where hard bands (shaly limestone) are present, these dominate the test, giving a high durability However, pure shale durability is controlled by clay contentComments on the performance of the test are made that aim to make the testing process and interpretation of
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a seepage control liners for hydraulic structures, where the primary intent is mitigation of contaminant migration effects on the environment, and the field hydraulic properties, liner thickness, and liner-fluid compatibility were considered in design.
Abstract: Procedures satisfactory for the design of seepage control liners for hydraulic structures are not generally sufficient for the design of pollution control liners, where the primary intent is mitigation of contaminant migration effects on the environment. Contaminant migration rates and concentrations are controlled by seepage rate, dispersion and diffusion processes, and attenuation mechanisms such as filtration, precipitation, adsorption, and biodegradation. Both liner and subsoil (or bedrock) properties affect contaminant migration; thus, both should be considered as part of the overall liner system. Mechanisms for controlling migration are limited by the perceived extent of the liner system. Typical liner materials include compacted clays, admixes, polymeric membranes, spray-ons, and sealants. The field hydraulic properties, liner thickness, and liner–fluid compatibility should be considered in design
TL;DR: An investigation of the movement of contaminated groundwater from inactive uranium tailings through a sand aquifer is being conducted at the Nordic Main tailings impoundment near Elliot Lake, Ont..
Abstract: An investigation of the movement of contaminated groundwater from inactive uranium tailings through a sand aquifer is being conducted at the Nordic Main tailings impoundment near Elliot Lake, Ontar...
TL;DR: In this article, a cone penetration test with a conical tip equipped with a filter is presented, where the filter arrangement has a significant effect on the registered magnitude of excess pore pressure.
Abstract: The European Symposium on Penetration Testing (ESOPT) held in Stockholm in 1974 has contributed to the improvement of interpretation methods and also to the standardization of the cone penetration test (CPT). In recent years, the importance of the pore pressures generated during cone penetration has led to the development of new sounding equipment to measure this parameter in addition to the usual cone penetration parameters.The apparatus developed at Universite Laval consists of a conical tip equipped with a filter in order to measure pore pressure and cone resistance simultaneously during the penetration. In addition, since the conical tip is detachable, five types of tips were used in the study in order to vary easily the position of the pore pressure pick-up and to study the pattern of pore pressures generated at or behind the cone tip.The results show that the filter arrangement has a significant effect on the registered magnitude of excess pore pressure. The generated pore pressures are highest when...
TL;DR: The authors measured the thermal diffusivity and expansion coefficient for rock cores of a limestone and granitic gneiss, recovered from a deep hole at Darlington Generating Station, Ontario.
Abstract: Measurements of the thermal diffusivity and expansion coefficient for rock cores of a limestone and granitic gneiss, recovered from a deep hole at Darlington Generating Station, Ontario were carrie...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a study of stability by effective stress analysis of four embankments that were built to failure; three of these embanksments are located in Narbonne, Lanester, an...
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of stability by effective stress analysis of four embankments that were built to failure; three of these embankments are located in Narbonne, Lanester, an...
TL;DR: An analytical model for quasi-static creep forces parallel to the slope at the center of a long rigid structure on a snow-covered slope is derived and checked by the finite element method as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An analytical model for quasi-static creep forces parallel to the slope at the center of a long rigid structure on a snow-covered slope is derived and checked by the finite element method. The formulation accounts for interruption of snow creep (internal deformation) and glide (slip of the entire snowpack over the ground). The average pressure and length of the zone of influence of the structure upslope are predicted fairly accurately for the range of parameters of interest in comparison with finite element results assuming linear creep and glide constitutive laws. The model is also compared with the equations provided by Haefeli as used in the Swiss Guidelines for Avalanche Defense.
TL;DR: In this article, a probabilistic method to estimate the mass strength is presented and its practical application is illustrated by a case study, where the distribution of mass strength of jointed soils in the field is bimodal, with the intact strength as an upper limit and the joint strength as a lower limit; it varies with direction and with the geometry of the potential slip surface.
Abstract: Structural defects in the form of relict joints are frequently found in residual soils derived from the decomposition of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Previous studies indicate that the shear strength along relict joints is generally less than that of the intact material and therefore such joints form planes of weakness in the jointed soil. Slope designs in jointed soils, based on the strength of the intact material without considering the presence of adversely oriented relict joints, may be unsafe. The distribution of mass strength of jointed soils in the field is bimodal, with the intact strength as an upper limit and the joint strength as a lower limit; it varies with direction and with the geometry of the potential slip surface. In order to describe this behaviour, a probabilistic method to estimate the mass strength is presented and its practical application is illustrated by a case study.
TL;DR: In a major cutting in the completely decomposed volcanics in Hong Kong, closely spaced relict joints were found throughout the residual soil as discussed by the authors, which is believed to be the precipitation of iron-manganese decomposition products that have filled the joints in the parent rock during the weathering.
Abstract: In a major cutting in the completely decomposed volcanics in Hong Kong, closely spaced relict joints were found throughout the residual soil. The persistence of the exposed joint surfaces varies from several centimetres to more than 10 m. The joint surfaces, which are generally smooth and sometimes slickensided, are usually coated with a thin black-brown deposit. The origin of this deposit is believed to be the precipitation of iron-manganese decomposition products that have filled the joints in the parent rock during the course of weathering. Chemical analyses carried out on typical specimens have confirmed a high concentration of iron and manganese oxides. Results of laboratory shear strength testing show that the peak strength parameters along joint surfaces and of the intact material are: c′ = 0, and c′ = 6 kPa, respectively. Analyses of joint survey data indicate that relict joint orientations occur in systematic major sets and that joint spacings roughly follow a Poisson distribution.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential for lateral instability of highly stressed, near-surface sedimentary rocks such as the Paleozoic deposits of southern Ontario and western New York State is investigated analytically.
Abstract: The potential for lateral instability of highly stressed, near-surface sedimentary rocks such as the Paleozoic deposits of southern Ontario and western New York State is investigated analytically. The minimum magnitude of the in-situ stress required for a pressure ridge to form is easily computed once values are obtained for the stratum thickness and short-term Young's Modulus, the weight of overburden, and the residual friction with the over- and underlying material. Consideration is also given to the increased likelihood of instability associated with excavations of different widths and depths. Keywords: rock, excavations, quarries, instability, pressure ridges, mechanisms.
TL;DR: In this paper, numerical models are assembled taking into account the appropriate material properties, model geometries, and boundary conditions in order to simulate as closely as possible the stress response of a reservoir to induced fracturing.
Abstract: Examination of the field evidence suggests that induced vertical fractures in the cohesionless, shallow oilsand reservoirs of northeastern Alberta are unlikely to remain vertical when large volumes of hot fluids are injected into them.Numerical models are assembled taking into account the appropriate material properties, model geometries, and boundary conditions in order to simulate as closely as possible the stress response of a reservoir to induced fracturing. The results suggest that generation of horizontal fractures is extremely likely and that thermal input enhances this probability. Overstress (above overburden) may be maintained by an elastic skin effect on the fracture boundary. Continued displacement and pore pressure permeation can overcome this overstress resulting in the cyclic stress buildup–breakthrough pattern reported in the literature.The inadequacy of static geomechanical models (no fracture orientation change) is pointed out; correct simulation requires correct process comprehension.
TL;DR: The groundwater flow pattern around the retaining structures of deep excavations affects the resultant water pressure, the active and passive earth pressure, and the piping and bulk heave potential.
Abstract: The groundwater flow pattern around the retaining structures of deep excavations affects the resultant water pressure, the active and passive earth pressure, and the piping and bulk heave potential...